Microsoft Word - Intro to flower & fruit moprhology Solanaceae & ROsaceae.doc

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Microsoft Word - Intro to flower & fruit moprhology Solanaceae & ROsaceae.doc"

纲邓
7 years ago
Views:

1 Fruit Morphology and Seed Morphology: Building from the Flower in Solanaceae and Rosaceae 果实和种子的形态学 : 以茄科和蔷薇科为例 The chief parts of the flower are the petals (corolla), the sepals (calyx), the stamens (which produce pollen) and pistil which contains the ovaries and form the fruit. All of these arise from the floral receptacle. The based on the position of the pistil or carpel in relation to the receptable, flowers may be said to have a superior ovary (hypogyny), when the petals arise from the receptacle below the pistil), a inferior ovary (epigyny), when the petals and sepals arise from above of the ovary) or perigyny when the condition is in between. The family Rosaceae includes a spectrum from inferior to superior and producing a range of fruit types and thus provides good examples of how flowers develop into fruits. Other families are more highly consistent such as the Solanaceae which consistly has superior ovaries in its flowers which tend to form berries (fleshy fruits with many seeds) or dry berry-like capsules. By examining the fruits of various species in these families, which are familiar as many common food plants it is possible to become familiar with the basic range of variation in how fruits form and what their structures are called, especially for fleshy fruits. 花的主要组成部分包括花冠花萼雄蕊 ( 产生花粉 ) 雌蕊 ( 包括子房并形成果实 ) 这些都从花托上发育出来根据雌蕊或心皮与花托的关系, 可以分成下位式 ( 上位子房 ), 上位式 ( 下位子房 ) 和周位式蔷薇科包括了上述各类因此是很好的例子来说明如何从花变到果实其他科别更显示上述之一的特征, 如茄科全部都是上位子房 ( 下位式 ) 因此形成浆果 ( 肉质果有很多种子 ) 或者蒴果 ( 干果 ) 通过观察这两个科的不同种属, 可以熟悉一般食用植物的基本特征和各结构名称术语 : hypogyny 下位式 : 雄蕊花瓣萼片着生于子房的下部, 子房位置高于花的其他各部分 epigyny 上位式 : 雄蕊花瓣和萼片着生于子房的顶部, 子房位置低于花的其他部分 perigyny 周位式 : 雄蕊花瓣及萼片着生于花萼筒 ( 托杯 ) 上, 但并不真正接触上位的子房 ovary 子房 : 雌蕊膨大的基部, 内含胚珠 ovules 胚珠 : 未成熟的种子 stamen 雄蕊 : 花的雄性生殖器官 pistil 雌蕊 : 花的雌性生殖器官 corolla (petal) 花冠 ( 花瓣 ): 所有花瓣的总称

2 calyx (sepal) 花萼 ( 萼片 ): 所有萼片的总称 exocarp 外果皮 mesocarp 中果皮 endocarp 内果皮 pericarp 果皮 seed 种子 : 成熟的胚珠 seed coat 种皮 : 种子的外层包裹, 源于胚珠的珠被 axile placentation 中轴胎座式 : 胚珠着生在二室或多室子房的中轴上 basal placentation 基生胎座式 : 胚珠着生在单室子房的基部 free central placentation 特立中央胎座式胚珠着生于单室子房中央一个直立且与子房上部分离的柱上 parietal placentation 侧膜胎座式 : 胚珠着生于子房周缘壁上 drupe 核果 : 通常具单个种子并由石质内果皮包围的不开裂肉质果实 stone 果核 : 包裹着核果种子的木质坚硬内果皮 pseudocarps 假果 : 不是由子房而是由花托发育形成的果实, 如梨果 aggregate fruit 聚合果 : 通常指由单花的许多离生雌蕊形成的一簇或一组的小型肉质果如悬钩子的簇生小核果

3 Solanaceae: the example of the tomato 茄科 : 以西红柿为例 Selected taxonomy of the Solanaceae Solanceae (superior ovaries, hypogyny, fleshy fruits) Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) 西红柿番茄 Native South America 南美起源 Peppers/ chillis (Capsicum annum, other minor Capsicum spp.) 辣椒 Native South America 南美起源 China Wolfberry (Lycium chinense) 枸杞 Native China 中国起源 Aubergines/ eggplants (Solanum melongena) 茄子 Native Southeast Asia & India 东南亚印度起源 Tobacco (Nocotiana spp.) 烟草 Native Americas 美洲起源 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 马铃薯土豆 Native South America 南美起源 This family also includes many weedy species, usually poisonous, including species native to Eurasia, e.g. Solanum nigrum, Hyoscyamus niger, Datura spp. 这科也包括很多杂草, 一般有毒, 欧亚原生的有龙葵天仙子 ( 莨菪 ) 曼陀罗属

4 In the Solanaceae family resemblance can be readily seen by dissecting and comparing the fruits of common vegetables in the group, such as aubergines (Solanum melongea, tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), and sweet or chilli peppers (Capsicum annum). Slice them open longitudinally (radially) and latitudinally (transversely) and examine their structure. All share the basic structure typical of their family as seen in the figure above. In all cases the small orbicular seeds are attached to tissue in the middle of the fruit which derives from a division in the ovary (technically a false septum). This form of arrangement of the seeds derives directly from the arrangement of ovules in the flower and is called axile placentation 中轴胎座式 as the ovules arise from the central axis of the ovary. The cells of the ovary that contain the seeds form the endocarp of the fruit, which in tomatoes is quite watery while in peppers it is a vacuous air pocket, and in eggplants this hollow has been reduced to nothing. The denser flesh of the fruit is the mesocarp while the outer skin in the exocarp. Because the flower is hypogynous 下位式 the sepals are often visible on the fruit as leaf-like scales at the base of the fruit where it attaches to a branch.

6 Rosaceae 蔷薇科 The Rosaceae is a much larger and more diverse family that illustrates a range of fruit types, although these also reveal their evolutionary relationships. Once again this family is represented by a range of well-known fruits and garden plants which can be easily obtained and dissected. The Rosaceae can be broken into a number of quite distinct subfamilies, of which three with familiar representatives will be emphasised. 蔷薇科更大更多样化, 不过仍然可以看出之间的亲缘关系 Rosaceae, subfamilies: Spiraeoideae, 绣线菊亚科 actually a group of distinct lineages that form a grade (or paraphyletic group) at the evolutionary base (or primitive end) of the family. These show many of the basic characters that develop in the better known subfamilies. Neuradoideae (another small, less common subfamily) Rosoideae 蔷薇亚科盆子 ) 李桃杏 Rubus spp. (Blackberries, raspberries) 悬钩子属 ( 黑莓覆 Fragaria spp. (strawberries) 草莓属 Potentilla spp. (garden cinquefoils) 委陵菜属 ( 洋莓属 ) Rosa spp. (roses) Prunoideae (or Amygdaloideae) 李亚科?( 见附表 ) Prunus spp. (cherries, plums, peaches, apricots) 李属 ( 樱桃 Amygdalus communis (almonds) 扁桃 Maloideae 梨果 Apples (Malus spp.) Pears (Pyrus spp.) Loquats (Eriobatrya spp.) 枇杷 Medlars (Mespilus spp.) 欧楂果 Quinces (Cydonia spp.) 榅桲果

7 Prunoideae Simple epigynous 上位式 flowers, with single-celled ovules and single-ovule carpels, producing simple drupes containing a stone (seed with hard endocarp). Examples: plum, apricot, peach, cherry, almond.

8 Rosoideae Flowers with multiple ovules, producing multi-seeded fruits (or pseudo-fruits, pseudocarps 假果 ) such as roses and strawberries, or aggregate fruits 聚合果, such as the agglomeration of drupelets 簇生小核果 found in blackberry and raspberry

9 Maloideae Flowers epigynous, in which fruit development is focused on the swelling of a fleshy receptacle which envelopes the fruit, as in apples, pears and hawthorns.

194 边疆考古研究 ( 第 16 辑 ) 的情况, 如葡萄茉莉等至于偏桃偏核桃则是因果型命名的, 而称之为桃则与现代植物分类相吻合忽鹿麻, 明清文献常误释为巴丹杏, 究其原因, 可

194 边疆考古研究 ( 第 16 辑 ) 的情况, 如葡萄茉莉等至于偏桃偏核桃则是因果型命名的, 而称之为桃则与现代植物分类相吻合忽鹿麻, 明清文献常误释为巴丹杏, 究其原因, 可巴丹考 * 1 王银田 ( 暨南大学历史系, 广州,510632) 巴丹即巴丹杏, 中型落叶乔木或灌木, 按照现代植物学分类, 巴丹杏果树属蔷薇科 (Rosaceae) 李亚科 (Prunoideae) 桃属 (Amygdalus L.), 今称扁桃 (Amygdalus communis L.) 巴丹杏