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1 ( 79 ) 3,,,,,,,,, Schiffrin (1987) Fraser ( ) Traugott & Dasher ( 2002), ( discourse marker), ( discourse connectives),,,,,,,, ( subjectivity) (, 2001a) (p rocedural) ( Traugott, ; Traugott & Dasher, 2002),, (p rocedural meaning) ( concep tual meaning), ( assertion), (, 2005),, 3,,, 50

2 :,,, ( Traugott & Dasher, 2002: 156) (2005a),,, (, 2004a) (, 2004a;, 2004) (, 2005;, 2006) (, 2004b;, 2006) (, 2005) (, 2006) ( conventionalization),,,,, :,,,,,, (, ) : (1),,?,, (2), (3),,,,,,, ( donkey sentence), ( variable),,,,,, (4),?,, 51

3 ( 79 ) X, X,,,,,,,,, :, ( invited inference) ( Traugott & Dasher, 2002: 17) ( utterance meaning),,, ( semanticization) (Hopper & Traugott, 2003: 235) : (5),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (6),, ;, (7),,, (8),,? (9),,, ( idiomatize),,, ( ep istem ic paren2 theticals) ( Traugott & Dasher, 2002: 206), ( scope),,,,, ;, 52

4 :,, : (10),,,,, (11) 10,,, (12),,,,, (13),,,,,, (14),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,, : 53

5 ( 79 ) : ( ) ( ),,,,,, ( Traugott & Dasher, 2002: 187),,,,,,,, : (15),? ( ) (16),? ( ),, : (17),,, ( ) (18),,, ;, ( ) (19),,, ( ) (, 2000: 146;, 2002: 95),, : (20),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :, : (21),,,, : 54

6 : (22),,,,, ( abduction) : ( ) :, ( ) : :,, : ( ) :, ( ) : :,,,,, : (23),,,, (24),,,,,,, : (25), ( 5,, 2005 ),, :,, A ( scale) ( Fillmore Kay & O Connor, 1988; Kay, 1990;, 2001b), B, A, B,,,, (meta2language),,,, : (26)?,,, (27),,, (28),,, (29),,, (30), 55

7 ( 79 ),,,,,,,,, ( intersubjectivity) ( Traugott & Dasher, 2002: 23),,,,,, 4,,, : (31),,,,!,, (32),,?,,,,, (33),, (34),, (35),,, (36),,,,? (37),! (38),,, (39)!, like,,, like : and like, cos like, but like, Imean like, ( formulaic) (Anderson, 2001,, 2004),,,,, : (40),,, (41),,,? (42),,, (43),! 56

8 :,, ( 40) ;, (41) (43) :,, ( ),, (42) :, (, ) : ( ), +, ( ),,,, : + : (44),! (45),!,,,, ( 44),,,,,,,,, (40) (45),,,,,, : (46),?,,,, ;,,,,, : (47),!,,,!, : 57

9 ( 79 ) η γ, : (48),, :,?, ( ) ),,,, 2),,,,,, ;,, 3),,, (, 2000),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, gλϖ 4), gλω, / ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 5) :, (2006), 58

10 :,,, :, ), ;,,, 2), ( ) ;, ;,, 4. 3,, (, b; B rinton & Traugott, 2005),,,,,,, : 1), ;, (, 2006) : (49)?, 2), (, 2000 ) B rinton & Traugott(2005),,, (, 2004b),,,, : 1) Jakob2 son (1959) Mel cuk (1976) (, 2005b),,, 2), 3),,, ( Traugott & 59

11 ( 79 ) Dasher, 2002; B rinton & Traugott, 2005),,,, (2004) (2006) Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it. Cheng & Huang (1996),,, ( convention),, : : p, q : q : p,,,,,,, Tarski 20 30, (object language),, (meta), (object) ( talk) ( Lyons, 1977;, 2001),,,,, :, :!,,!,,,,, gλϖ,,,, gλω, (2006) /, 2 (2002) :, : (2004a), : (2004b) :,, (2000), : (2000), 5 (2004), 1 (2004a), 4 (2004b), 1 (2004), 5 (2006), 4 60

12 : (2005), 6 (2006), 5 (2001), 4 (2006), 2 (2001a), 4 (2001b), 6 (2005a), 2 (2005b), 3 (2004), 3 (2005), 2 (2006), 1 (2005), 5 Anderson, G. ( 2001) Pragm atic m arkers and sociolinguistic variation. Am sterdam: John Benjam ins. B rinton, L. & E. C. Traugott ( 2005) Lexicalization and language change. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cheng, L. L. & C. T. J. Huang (1996) Two types of donkey sentences. N atural Language Sem antics 4. 2, Fillmore, C. J., P. Kay &M. C. O Connor ( 1988) Regularity and idiomaticity in grammatical constructions: The case of let alone. L anguage 64. 3, Fraser, B. ( 1996) Pragmatic markers. P ragm atics 6. 2, Fraser, B. ( 1999) W hat are discourse markers. Journal of P ragm atics 31, Hopper, P. J. & E. C. Traugott ( 2003) Gramm aticalization. 2nd revised edn. Cambridge: Cambridge Universi2 ty Press, Jakobson, R. (1959) Boas view of grammatical meaning. Selected w ritings II: W ord and language. The Hague: Mouton Kay, P. (1990) Even. L inguistics and Philosophy 13, Lyons, J. ( 1977) Sem antics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mel cuk, I. A. (1976) On supp letion. L inguistics 170, Schiffrin, D. ( 1987) D iscourse m arkers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Traugott, E. ( 1995) Subjectification in grammaticalization. In D. Stein & S. W right ( eds. ), Subjectivity and subjectivisation: L inguistic perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Traugott, E. ( 1997) The discourse connective after all: H istorical p ragmatic account. Paper p resented for ICL, Paris. Traugott, E. & R. Dasher ( 2002) R egularity in sem antic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.,,,,, :, 40 ( : ) 61

13 The subjects were asked to judge whether a stimulus was legal or not. The results show that the position awareness emerges and fully developes at the beginning level, while the awareness of the component does not develop until the interm ediate level. Based on these results, we p ro2 pose to pay more attention on the components of Chinese characters in teaching. Kew w ords orthographic awareness awareness of components component position awareness Chinese character teaching L ex ica liza tion and the or ig in of d iscourse markers DO NG X iufang, p50 This paper analyzes two discourse markers in Chinese: Shu zh d o ( ) and B i shu ( ). These two discourse markers are the result of lexicalization. During the p rocess of ac2 quiring the function of discourse marker, Shu zh d o and B i shu experienced sim ilar syntactic and sem antic changes. Syntactically, they all started as free phrase and became single word2 like unit. Sem antically, they all underwent conventionalization and sem anticization of utterance meaning. M any Chinese discourse m arkers originated from verbal constructions, appearing ei2 ther in the front position or in the final position of a clause. some other functional categories, and they can have variants in form. They do not tend to be cliticized as The analysis of discourse markers can throw some light on the relationship between lexicalization and grammaticalization: The two p rocesses can lead to the same kind of result, i. e. both of them can give birth to func2 tional categories, and the two p rocesses can app ly to the same form successively. Key w ords lexicalization discourse marker conventionalization p ragmatic inference An ana lysis of syn tactic ma tch ing pa ttern s of the subjective sca le of quan tity and c i ( ), d u ( ) and le2 ( 2) HU J iangang, p72 B ased on a study of subjective quantity, this paper puts forward the concep tion of subjective scale of quantity ( SSQ), by which we have exam ined the modal adverbs of c i ( ) and d u ( ) and the modal particle le2 ( 2) and find that c i is a marking word for a subjective inade2 quate quantity, d u is a subjective adequate quantity and le2 is a subjective super2adequate quantity. Restricted by their significances on SSQ respectively, they follow different syntactic patterns when matching with quantitative phrases (QP) to form constructions such as QP + c i/ d u, QP + le2 + c i/ d u, c i +QP, d u +QP + le2, etc.. Key w ords scale of subjective quantity subjective adequate quantity subjective ade2 quate quantity subjective super2adequate quantity An ana lysis of Indonesian2Ch inese studen ts acqu isition of Ch inese tr iphthongs W ANG M aolin and SUN Y uq ing, p89 This paper is an analysis based on a phonetic experiment of Indonesian2Chinese students acquisition of Chinese triphthongs. The authors find that the testees who have studied Chinese for about 6 to 12 months comm itted some errors in p ronouncing Chinese triphthongs, w ith the nuclei of iao, iou and uei under2articulated and the coda of ua i over2articulated. It is also found that when uei is p receded by different consonants, there is not much change in the articu2 lation of its nucleus, instead, the articulation of the medial changes a lot. This find is signifi2 cant both theoretically and p ractically.

,,,,, : (5), (6),,, , 335, 126 : (61% ) 61 (18% ) 68 (21% ) (72% ) 18 (14% ) 17 (14% ) ,,,,,, 0. 3,, (7) (8)

,,,,, : (5), (6),,, , 335, 126 : (61% ) 61 (18% ) 68 (21% ) (72% ) 18 (14% ) 17 (14% ) ,,,,,, 0. 3,, (7) (8) 3 A B, A B,,, 0. 1, : (1) / (2) /,, : (3), (4),,,, (1996 7 3 ), 1 ( d ng) : ;, : ; ; 2 ( k n), :, (1981 ) ( d ng), ( ) : ;, 0. 2 : 3,, zu zu zu,,, 27 23 2009 1,,,,, : (5), (6),,, + + 1993 1997, 335, 126