女同志家庭親子關係法制之研究-lupy論文

Transcription

1 Study on the Laws of Parent-Child Relationship in Lesbian Family

2 2

3 Study on the Laws of Parent-Child Relationship in Lesbian Family Abstract Lesbians and gays are not allowed to marry according to the laws in Taiwan now, and only the married couple of husband and wife could use the Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART). It is also doubt that whether the court will grant the adoption of lesbian and gay parents. However, there were draft Basic Law for Human Rights Protection and draft Marriage Act for Lesbians and Gays once proposed, those discussions and proposals in the end will formulate the future family in Taiwan. This paper will review the parent-child relationship on the aspects of the possibilities provided from the ART and the existing lesbian families in Taiwan, though there are limited support and many obstacles from the law now. In Chapter 2, I introduced the difficulties and the challenges which lesbian families faced in Taiwan, the Taiwan lesbian family status and materials were from the LaMaNews, e-paper for the lesbian mothers, and the field work observation from joining the Lesbian Mothers Alliance, which combined into the Taiwan LGBT Family Rights Advocacy in July We can see there are urgent needs of the family rights protection for the LGBT families, and those needs are showed from the different ways of composing lesbian families, for example, using the ART to have children, lesbian and gay married to each other under private joint agreements, claiming for custody when divorce, factual nurturing and caring relationship etc. In Chapter 3, I discuss about the family rights and 3

4 important conditions of forming a family, reviewing the related laws and regulations, the right of reproduction, and the right of reproductive autonomy. In Chapter 4, I argue whether the limitation on LGBT forming family can be justified under the Constitution of R.O.C.? I argued that the restriction on lesbians, gays and single persons using ART, and the rejection on the application of adoption only because the sex orientation of homosexuals are against the equal protection principle of the Constitution. In Chapter 5, I introduce the legislatures which protect same sex couple s relationship, for example, the Registered Partnership Act in Demark, the Civil Partnership Act in the UK, the civil union and domestic partnership in some states in the United States. There are also cases using second-parent adoption, joint adoption and Equitable Estoppels to build the parent-child relationship for the lesbian families in the United States. In conclusion, no matter the law or the court shall not ban LGBT to form their family and their right of reproduction; the existing LGBT families need the protection of stable parent-child relationship, which will also be the best interest of the child. The law shall give the equal protection for LGBT families on the non-discriminatory basis. Key words: LGBT family, Parent-child relationship, LaMaNews, Lesbian mothers, family right, and freedom of reproduction. 4

5 录 选 样 2-1: (A European Menu of Partnership Recognition Options)

6 1 -- Daddy & Papa Daddy & Papa ( 1 ) -- Johnny Symons William Rogers Zachary (2008/1/26 ) 6

7 (the best interest of a child) A B C A D A D D A A ( ) 7

8 1.1 (intention) msn 3 8

9 4 (self-insemination) msn (pride parade) (2008/1/10 ) G-PaPa KKCITY BBS (Hsin-Chu Tongzhi City) BBS MSN

10

11 11

12 /4/

13 (83) ( )( ) (83) ( ) ( id=11&kind_id=2 2005/1/2 )

14 ( ) : ( 16 ) /07/ upload/m_38296_ htm (2007/4/14 ) 15 ( ) ( ), (2007/1/21 ) (2008/1/1 ) 14

15 (coparenting) (selfinsemination) (known sperm donor) 15

16 MSN ( 2008/1/6 ) 18 (2008/1/6 ) T TS(Transgender ) T

17 V 25 V V 30 V V V V V V V 22 [ ] (2008/1/11 ) 17

18 V V V V V V 23 V V (self-insemniation) Angel Angel Angel( ) Angel (T) Louise [ ] (2008/1/1 ) 24 Angel /1/

19 Angel bbs / (5466)BBS kkcity bbs telnet://bbs.kkcity.com.tw (2008/1/22 ) 28 Jo [ ] T (2008/1/2 ) 19

20 ok ok (2007/6/3 ) 30 (2007/6/3 ) 20

21 lover (2007/6/3 ) 21

22 gay gay gay 32 ( ) 33 ( ) 32 la_ma_news (2007/6/3 ) 33 ~ (2008/1/2 ) 22

23 Lupy (2008/1/26 ) 35 v.s blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/article/ (2008/1/26 ) 23

24 gay 24

25 ( ) (2008/1/2 ) 25

26 1075 / 26

27 % 4/ Patricia Hill Collins motherhood. fed (2008/1/2 ) 27

28 /09/07 39 Jeffrey Weeks, Brian Heaphy, and Catherine Donovan, Same Sex Intimacies: Families of choice and other life experiments, New York: Routledge, 2001, pp

29 Melissa Etheridge Melissa T 29

30 (2008/1/2 ) 30

31 3 3.1 Cooley 41 (Socialization) (Affection and Companionship) (Regulation of Sexual Behavior) (Reproduction) (Providing of Social Status) (Economic Security) (Protection infants, children and the aged) Charles Cooley, 1902: Human Nature and the Social Order, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, revised edn

32 (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) ( ),, ( ) ( ) ( International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ) (2006/11/9 ) A (XXI) (2007/6/10 ) 32

33 ( International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ) (a) (b) A (XXI) (2007/6/10 ) 49 34/180 (2007/6/10 ) 33

34 (h) (c) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (Grundrecht) ( ) 34

35 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

36

37 (subjektives Recht) (Wertenscheidung) (Institutesgarantie) 55 Carl Schmitt Peter Badura, Art. 6 GG Kommentar in Maunz/ Dürig, Rdnr Carl Schmitt Verfassungslehre ~ (2007/4/6 ) 37

38 (verfassungsschutzwürdige) 2.22 (Menschenrechtsqualität)

39 62 爲

40 64 ( One Wedding and a Revolution ) Gavin Newsom 爲 64 Stephen Color Betacam 20min Kate Kendell 2004 ( 2005/1/2 ) P.3d 737, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 317 (2005). 2005/03/ /3/ / 03 / 15 ncdata_id=523 (2007/4/13 ) 40

41 3.4 Hill(1991) 説 爲 Hill, J. L. (1991) What does it mean to be a 'Parent'? The claims of biology as a basis for parental rights, New York University Law Review 66: Bayne, Tim, Kolers, Avery, "Parenthood and Procreation", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = < plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2006/entries/parenthood/> (2007/5/13 ) 71 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p

42 (ART) ART Louise Brown 1978 Louise Brown (1) (2) (3) 73 ART 74 渉 (self-insemination) 75 SI Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, pp

43 卽 (Lesbian Baby boom) Tong, Rosemarie. Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction, 1989, Westview Press : Patterson, Charlotte J., Families of the Lesbian Baby Boom: Parents' Division of Labor and Children's Adjustment, Developmental Psychology, v31 n1 p Jan Suzanne M. Johnson & Elizabeth O'Connor, The Gay Baby Boom: the Psychology of Gay Parenthood, New York university,

44 ( ) Robertson 81 Brennan Eisenstadt Baird 82 Roberson 83 Roberson (Johnson & O connor,2002; Patterson, 1996 ) Shultz ART (2007/1/14 ) 81 John A. Robertson, GAY AND LESBIAN ACCESS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY, 55 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 323, p.3, p Eisenstadt, 405 U.S. at 453 (emphasis in original). 83 John A. Robertson, GAY AND LESBIAN ACCESS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY, 55 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 323, p.3. 44

45 84 85 ( ) 爲 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, pp Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p371, p

46 46

47 (48)

48 AI(artificial insemination) SI(self insemination) (Sachgerechtigkeit) (Sachgesetzlichkeit)

49 ( ) 90 (zwingenderforderlich) ( ) Dazu BVerfGE 1, 208, 248, 252,; 51, 222,235ff. 92 (48) (48) (48)

50 Patterson (26 ) 19%(7 ) 11%(4 ) (in de facto joint custody) See, e.g., Frederick W. Bozett, Gay and Lesbian Parents (1987); American Psychological Association, Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives, 30 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 620 (1975); Charlotte J. Patterson, Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents, 63 CHILD DEV (1992). 50

51 Patterson 97 Beechey 98 Edmund Leach (the cereal-packet norm family) 99 (Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority HEFA ) HEFA 2006 IVF IVF 100 ( ) 97 Charlotte J. Patterson, "LESBIAN MOTHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN: Findings form the Bay Area Families Study", in Joan Laid & Robert-Jay Green edited, Lesbians and Gays in Couples and Families, California: Jossey-Bass Inc., 1996, pp Beechey, V Familial ideology, in V. Beechey & J. Donald (eds) Subjectivity and Social Relations, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 99 Pamela Abbott & Claire Wallace An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives Single women and lesbian couples urged to speak out on the fertility services they receive HEFA ( 2007/11/3 ) 51

52 ( ) ( 1061 ) ( 1065 ) Howard W. Jones, Jr., and Jean Cohen, IFFS Surveillance 04, Fertility and Sterility, VOL. 81, No. 5, Suppl. 4, May 2004, pp

53 Maurice Freedman, Chinese lineage and society : Fukien and Kwangtung, London : Athlone Press, 1966; Lineage organization in Southeastern China, London : Athlone Press,

54 gene ( 1114 ) ( 1138 ) ( 1223 ) ( 17 ) ( ) Convention on the Rights of the Child IVF (2007/4/22 ) 54

55 Michael H. v. Gerald D. 106 Michael H. Gerald D. Michael H. Michael Michael H. v. Gerald D. 111 (1) (2) S.Ct. at 2340 (1989) (holding constitutional a statute preventing biological father or child from challenging presumptive fatherhood of mother's husband) 107 Cal.Evid. Code 621(a) (West Supp.1989). 108 Michael H. v. Gerald D., 191 Cal.App.3d 995, 1000, 236 Cal.Rptr. at 812(1987) Cal.App.3d at 1009, 236 Cal.Rptr. at Id. at 1010, 236 Cal.Rptr. at S.Ct. at 2340 (1989) 112 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, pp330-33,

56 Brennan 113 Michael H. (self-insemination) (artificial insemination) SI AI ( ) S.Ct. at 2351 (Brennan, J., dissenting). 114 Chodorow, Nancy(1978)The reproduction of mothering psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley University of California Press.( (mothering) ) Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Mother Nature A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection, ( ) 56

57 115 卽 (vouluntary fatherhood versus mandatory motherhood) ( ) Kif Augustine-Adams (men sire citizens; women birth children) (2007/6/18 ) 116 NSC H Kif Augustine- Adams, Gendered States: A Comparative construction of Citizenship and Nation, 41 VAL J. INT'L L.93, 114(2000). 57

58 ( intent-based parenthood) 117 ( ) Hill 1991, Parker 1982, Shultz 1990, Stumpf 1986 Hill, J. L. (1991) What does it mean to be a 'Parent'? The claims of biology as a basis for parental rights, New York University Law Review 66: Parker, P. (1982) Surrogate Motherhood: The Interaction of Litigation, Legislation, and Psychiatry, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 5: Shultz, M. M. (1990) Reproductive Technology and Intent-based Parenthood: An Opportunity for Gender Neutrality, Wisconsin Law Review 297/2: Stumpf, Andrea E. (1986) Redefining Mother: A Legal Matrix for New Reproductive Technologies, The Yale Law Journal 96: Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p ( Paternal Instinct ) (Murray Nossel)/ 75 / Betacam/ /2004 ~

59 (second-parent adoption) Shultz Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p

60 122 Eskridge & Spedale Eskridge Spedale 爲 爲 Eskridge Spedale ( our parents are gay and so is life ) parents ( ) (come out ) (2007/4/14 ) 123 Eskridge, William N./Spedale, Darren R., Gay marriage :for better or for worse? : what we've learned from the evidence, chapter 6, Drawing Lines: Scandinavian Lessons for the American Marriage Debate, pp , Oxford Uni. Press, New York, Marie MANDY our parents are gay and so is life 2003 / ( 2005/1/3 2004//12/ ) 60

61 Johnson O connor (respect others and value diversity) (sizable minority) Suzanne M. Johnson & Elizabeth O'Connor, The Gay Baby Boom: the Psychology of Gay Parenthood, New York university, 2002, pp Suzanne M. Johnson & Elizabeth O'Connor, The Gay Baby Boom: the Psychology of Gay Parenthood, New York university, 2002, pp Chambers, Rethinking the Substantive Rules for Custody Disputes in Divorce, 83 MICH.L.REV. 477, (1984), at ( ) Mnookin, Child Custody Adjudication: Judicial Functions in the Face of Indeterminacy, 39 LAW & CONTEMP.PROBS. 226 (1975), at ( ) 61

62 128 Michael H. Gerald D. 129 Finnerty Boyett Finnerty Boyett 130 Boyett Boyett Boyett Finnerty Boyett Finnerty Finnerty Boyett Finnerty Finnerty 131 E.B. v. FRANCE 14 (prohibition of discrimination) 8 (right to respect for private and family life) E.B. 45 R R. E.B (Jura Social Services Department) Michael H. v Gerald D., 109 S.Ct. 2333, 2345 (1989) (plurality op.) ("[T]o provide protection to an adulterous natural father is to deny protection to a marital father, and vice versa."' (emphasis in original)). But see Finnerty v. Boyett, 469 So.2d 287, 293 (La.Ct.App.1985) (court accepted that child could have two fathers; case discussed infra text accompanying notes ).109 S.Ct (1989) So.2d 287 (La.Ct.App.1985) 131 E.B. v. FRANCE, 43546/02, GRAND CHAMBER JUDGMENT, Press release, EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 038, The Court has found that France breached Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) of the Convention, in a case concerning the refusal by the French authorities to grant the applicant s request to adopt a child. In its judgment, the Court considered, in particular, that the applicant s homosexuality had been a decisive factor in the evaluation of her request to adopt. (2008/1/30 ) 62

63 R. E.B live-in fathers, intermittent fathers 133 E.B. v. FRANCE Id. at , and Note, Bastardizing the Legitimate Child: The Colorado Supreme Court Invalidates the Uniform Parentage Act Presumption of Legitimacy in R.McG. v. J.W., 59 DEN.L.J. 157, 172 (1981) (by L. Shoemaker). 63

64

65

66 Civil Union or Partnership Eskridge & Spedale (A European Menu of Partnership Recognition 138 Kathleen E. Hull, Same-Sex Marriage: The Culture Politics of Love and Law, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p Kathleen E. Hull, Same-Sex Marriage: The Culture Politics of Love and Law, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p William N. Eskridge, Jr. & Darren R. Spedale, Gay Marriage: For Better or for Worse?, New York: Oxford, 2006, p

67 Options) 141 cohabitation( ); De Facto Unions( ) Pactes Civil ( ) 67 Life Partnership( ); Partnerships( Civil Partnership( ) Registered ) ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ (ˇ)* ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ (ˇ)* (ˇ)** ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ * Marriage ( ; ; ) 141 William N. Eskridge, Jr. & Darren R. Spedale, Gay Marriage: For Better or for Worse?, New York: Oxford, 2006, p.89. ˇ

68 ** (stepchild) (unrelated child) Eskridge & Spedale (cohabitation) (De Facto Unions) (Joint Parental Rights over Partner s Kids) (Joint Adoption) (Life Partnership) (Civil Partnership) (Registered Partnerships) (stepchild) (unrelated child) (Registered Partnership Act) Section 2, (2) of The Danish Registered Partnership Act. Text of Act no. 372 of June 7, (translated by Darren Spedale). William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, Appendix 1, pp

69 (joint adoption) ( 144 ) Section 4 (1) and Section 2 of Act to Amend the Registered Partnership Act. Text of Act no. L70A of May 20, (translated by Darren Spedale). William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, Appendix 1, pp William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, p William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, p Children in Homosexual Families, Summary, Report from the Swedish Government Official Reports, SOUI 2001:10), English summary, p Linda Nielson, Family Rights and the Registered Partnership in Denmark, International Journal of Law and the Family 4 (1990): 305. Additional information on government policy from interview by Darren Spedale with Jonna Waage, civil servant at the Denmark Ministry of Justice, Copenhagen, August,

70 148 ( child testament ) (Civil Partnership Act) (Civil Partnership Act 2004) William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, p William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, Note 48 of. Chapter 3, p Civil Partnership Act 2004 ( acts2004/ htm 2005/1/3 ) 151 (Civil Partnership Act) ( /11/28 ) 70

71 (Ability to apply for parental responsibility for your civil partner s child) (Recognition under intestacy rules) (Access to fatal accidents compensation) (Protection from domestic violence) (Recognition for immigration and nationality purposes) (Civil Partnership Act 2004) (Children Act ) 104 A(1) 105 (1) (a) (b) 78 pragraph15(2) (parent) 79 (Adoption and Children Act 2002) 152 Children Act 1989 (c.41) /5/30 ) 71

72 (CPA) (Euan Robson) (Keith O'Brien) 153 (Gay Dads) (Rainbow Family) Adoption and Children (Scotland) Act ( "parent") /06/ Catholics opposed to gay couple adoptions, The Scotsman, June 1, news.scotsman.com/scotland.cfm?id= /5/ Adoption and Children (Scotland) Act acts2007/ htm 2007/5/30 72

73 5.1.3 (civil union) (domestic partnership) (civil union) 156 domestic partnership Lewis v. Harirs Lewis v. Harris (New Jersey Law Against Discrimination) Lambda Legal In Your State (2007/5/31 ) 157 Lewis v. Harris, 188 N.J. 415, 908 A.2d 196 (N.J. Oct 25, 2006) (NO. A-68 SEPT.TERM 2005) :2-1 Law_Against_Discrimination_Text.pdf (2007/11/22 ) 73

74 (Civil Union Act) Lewis v. Harris In the Matter of the PARENTAGE OF The Child of Kimberly ROBINSON. 161 (Superior Court of New Jersey) (Patricia Medina Talbert) (Kimberly Robinson) (Jeanne LoCicero) (ACLU-NJ) 159 Domestic Partnership, Department of Health and Senior Services, State of New Jersey /5/ Article 92 of New Jersey Civil Union Act. (2007/5/31 ) N.J.Super. 165, 890 A.2d 1036 (2005) 74

75 (co-parenting agreement) (second-parent adoption) (joint adoption) /06/ Pa. CONS. STAT. ANN (2003). 164 Lambda Legal, Second Parent Adoption Mailer, document updated 03/15/07. ( /12/09 ) 75

76 (second-parent adoption) (joint adoption) 169 In loco parentis 170 in loco parentis 171 in loco 165 In re M.M.D. and B.H.M., 662 A.2d 837 (D.C. App. 1995); In re Adoption of M.M.G.C., 785 N.E. 2d 267 (Ind. App. Ct. 2003)( ); Petition of K.M., 653 N.E.2d 888; Adoption of Tammy, 619 N.E.2d 315 (Mass. 1993); In re Adoption of Two Children by H.N.R., 666 A.2d 535 (N.J. Super. Ct. 1995); In re Jacob, 660 N.E.2d 397 (N.Y. 1995); In re Adoption of R.B.F., 803 A.2d 1195 (Pa. 2002); In re Adoption of B.L.V.B. and E.L.V.B., 628 A.2d 1271 (Vt. 1993). 166 In re Hart, 806 A.2d 1179 (Del. Fam. Ct. 2001). Jane S. Schacter, Constructing Families in a Democracy: Courts, Legislatures and Second-Parent Adoption, 75 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 933 (2000). 167 Patricia M. Logue, "The Rights of Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children" Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, A Journal and Digest of Family Law, Volume Number 1, pp (2007/6/2 ) 168 Lambda Legal, Second Parent Adoption Mailer, document updated 03/15/07. ( /12/28 ) 169 CONN. GEN. STAT. 45a-724 (a)(3)(2003), superseding In re Adoptionof Baby Z., 724 A.2d 1035 (Conn. 1999); 15A VT. STAT. ANN (b)(2002), codifying B.L.V.B., 628 A.2d See also UNIF. ADOPTIONACT cmt., 9 U.L.A. 69 (Supp. 1999). 170 In loco parentis: : in the place of a parent, Findlaw Dictionary, Berkowitz, Legal Incidents of Today's "Step"' Relationship: Cinderella Revisited, 4 FAM.L.Q. 209, 212 (1970). 76

77 parentis ( While you were sleeping ) Mahoney, Support and Custody Aspects of the Stepparent-Child Relationship, 70 CORNELL L.REV. 38, at 42 n. 23 (1984), 173 in loco parentis Memorandum Opinion at 2, Carney v. Dianna, No. 89,191,039-CE 99,949 (Baltimore City Cir.Ct. Jan. 11, 1990) (discussed infra text accompanying notes ). 174 While You Were Sleeping - An Alternative Family Adoption Story, by Stephanie Burks; illustrated by Kelli Bienvenu, Little Mam Publishing, (2007/6/3 ) 77

78 Equitable Estoppel ninalazycat While you were sleeping ( ) 6 (2007/6/3 ) 176 Record at 1-2, 25, Sabol v. Bowling, No. CF-27,024 (Cal.Super.Ct., Los Angeles Cty., Jan. 30, 1989) (discussed infra text accompanying notes ); Memorandum Opinion at 1-2, Carney v. Dianna, No. 89,191,039-CE 99,949 (Baltimore City Cir.Ct. Jan. 11, 1990) (discussed infra text accompanying notes ). 177 In re Paternity of D.L.H., 142 Wis.2d 606, , 419 N.W.2d 283, 287 (1987). 78

79 Karin T. Michael T. 180 Michael T ( Marlene A.T.) 181 Karin T. Karin T (alternative insemination) Michael T. Karin T. Michael Michael T. Michael T. Michael T. (parent) (Black s Law Dictionary) ( one who procreates, begets and brings forth offspring. ) 183 ( parent ) Michael T. Michael T. Karin T. 178 Nancy D. Polikoff, THIS CHILD DOES HAVE TWO MOTHERS: REDEFINING PARENTHOOD TO MEET THE NEEDS OF CHILDREN IN LESBIAN-MOTHER AND OTHER ONTRADITIONAL FAMILIES, 78 Geo. L.J. 459, pp Record at 1-2, Sabol (No. CF 27,024) Misc.2d 14, 484 N.Y.S.2d 780 (Fam.Ct.1985). 181 Id. at 15, 484 N.Y.S.2d at 781. Polikoff she Michael T. Polikoff Micharl T Id. at 15-16, 484 N.Y.S.2d at Id. at 19, 484 N.Y.S.2d at 784 ( BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1003 (5th ed.1979)). 79

80 5.3 ( ) 184 (Registered Partnership Act) (Civil Partnership Act) (domestic partnership) (civil union)

81 6 81

82 82

83 (Lesbians, Gay men, Bisexuals, Transgenders, Queers) 185 (Registered Partnership Act) (Civil Partnership Act) 185 To-Get-Her pub TO-GET-HER (2007/12/13 ) 83

84 84

85 (1) Pamela Abbott & Claire Wallace An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Mother Nature A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection, Carl Schmitt Verfassungslehre Carl Schmitt / (48) (48)

86 NSC H ~ xitem=29888&ctnode=3838&mp=26 86

87 MSN Angel ninalazycat While you were sleeping ( ) Louise [ ] Jo [ ] T v.s TO-GET-HER [ ]- ~web01/360/26.htm ( Paternal Instinct ) 2004 (Murray Nossel) ( One Wedding and a Revolution ) Marie MANDY our parents are gay and so is life 2003 / Love makes a family:gay parents in the 90's, videorecording, San Francisco, CA:Broadcast Communication Arts Department, School of Creative Arts, San Francisco State University ;1993, c1991.boston, distributed by Fanlight Productions, ISBN , videocassette (16 min.). BBS (5466) telnet://bbs.kkcity.com.tw:20036/ G-PaPa KKCITY BBS (Hsin-Chu Tongzhi City) telnet://bbs.kkcity.com.tw:21933/ ( ), 87

88 gsrat.net/library/lib_post.php?pdata_id= themeparkview?themeparkid=416 (2007/1/14 ) Beechey, V., 1986, Familial ideology, in V. Beechey & J. Donald (eds) Subjectivity and Social Relations, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Burks, Stephanie, illustrated by Bienvenu, Kelli, 2004, While You Were Sleeping - An Alternative Family Adoption Story, Little Mam Publishing. Chodorow, Nancy, 1978, The reproduction of mothering psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley University of California Press. Cooley, Charles, 1902: Human Nature and the Social Order, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, revised ed., Eskridge, William N./Spedale, Darren R., 2006, Gay marriage :for better or for worse? : what we've learned from the evidence, Drawing Lines: Scandinavian Lessons for the American Marriage Debate, pp , Oxford Uni. Press, New York. Freedman, Maurice, 1966, Chinese lineage and society : Fukien and Kwangtung, London : Athlone Press; 1958, Lineage organization in Southeastern China, London : Athlone Press. Hull, Kathleen E., 2006, Same-Sex Marriage: The Culture Politics of Love and Law, UK: Cambridge University Press. Johnson, Suzanne M. & O'Connor, Elizabeth, 2002, The Gay Baby Boom: the Psychology of Gay Parenthood, New York university. Patterson, Charlotte J., 1996, "LESBIAN MOTHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN: Findings form the Bay Area Families Study", in Joan Laid & Robert-Jay Green edited, Lesbians and Gays in Couples and Families, California: Jossey-Bass Inc. Tong, Rosemarie. Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction, 1989, Westview Press. 88

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