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Ξ,, :,,,,,,,,, 1967, ( 100007) :, (, ) 1930,, ( ) 1990,,, ( ) (neo2classic realism, Ξ World Politics International Security WP IS Edward Hallett Carr, The Twenty YearsCrisis 1919 1939 : An

1 Ξ,, :,,,,,,,,, 1967, ( ) :, (, ) 1930,, ( ) 1990,,, ( ) (neo2classic realism, Ξ World Politics International Security WP IS Edward Hallett Carr, The Twenty YearsCrisis : An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. London : MacMillan, Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics. Reading, M. A. : Addison2Wesley, Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence. Boston, M. A. : Little and Brown, Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony : Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, Robert Axelord and Robert Keohane, Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy : Strategies and Institutions. WP, vol. 38, no. 1 (October 1985), pp

2 , state2centric realism), (missing link),,,,,, ( ),, ( ), :,,,, ( Everybody is a constructivist. ) : ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, :,,,,,,, (neo2), Giden Rose, Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. WP, vol. 50 (October 1998), pp Alexander Wendt, Anarchy Is What States Make of It. International Organization, vol. 46, no. 2 (Spring 1992), pp ; Social Theories of International Politics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2000., Robert O. Keohane (ed. ), Neorealism and Its Critics. New York, N. Y. : Columbia. University Press, 1986, pp ; David A. Baldwin (ed. ), Neorealism and Neoliberalism : The Contemporary Debate. New York : Columbia University Press, 1993, Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Neorealism and Neoliberalism. WP, vol. 40, no. 2 (January 1988), pp :,

3 (neo2classic),,, ( ) : 1, 1 OFFENSIVE REALISM DEFENSIVE REALISM : NEOLIBERALISM,??,, : ( )? pp , : (, 1998 ) Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 105 ; Robert Powell, Absolute and Relative Gains in 142,,,,, Robert Putnam, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics : The Logic of Two2Level Games. International Organization, vol. 42, no. 3 (Summer 1988),, (critical theory), International Relations Theory. APSR, vol. 85 (December 1991), pp

4 1 :,,? OFFENSIVE REALISM DEFENSIVE REALISM NEOLIBERALISM,, :? : ( ) (, ) :,, ( ),, :,,,,,, (self2help),,,,, John Herz, Idealist Internationalists and the Security Dilemma. WP, vol. 2, no. 2 (January 1950), pp ; Robert Jervis, Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. WP, vol. 30 (January 1978), pp ; Charles L. Glaser, The Security Dilemma Revisited. WP, vol. 50 (October 1997), pp ; Charles Glaser, Political Consequences of Military Strategy : Expanding and Refining the Spiral and Deterrence Models. WP, vol. 44 (July 1992), pp Talioferro, Jeffery W. Talioferro, Security Seeking under Anarchy. IS, vol. 25, no. 3 (Winter 2000Π01) ; Robert Jervis, Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation : Understanding the Debate. IS, vol. 24, no. 1 (Summer 1999), pp ,,, Jeffery w. Talioferro, Security Seeking under Anarchy, p , pp.

5 2003 3,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17,,,, ( ),,,, John Mearsheimer, The False Promise of International Institutions. IS, vol. 19, no. 3 (Winter 1994Π95), pp. 5 Charles L. Glaser, Realists as Optimists : Cooperation as Self2help. IS, vol. 19, no. 3 (Winter 1994Π95)., Charles Lipson, International Cooperation in Security John Keegan, A History of Warfare. New York, N. Y. : Vintage Books, and Economic Affairs. WP, vol. 37 (October 1984), pp. 1 23

6 , :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, :, (constructed) Wendt, Anarchy is What States Make of It, pp Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 126., ;

7 2003 3,,,,,,,,,,, 1980,,,, :,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, John Mearsheimer, Back to the Future ; Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World,, , (, 1993 ) , (, 2000 ) 127 : Order. New York : Simon and Schuster, ; Shiping Tang and Peter Hay Gries, China s Security Strategy : From Offensive to Defensive Realism and Beyond. EAI Working Paper, no. 97 (October 2002), East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore

8 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,, (,, ),,,,,,,,, :,,, ;, ;, (self2fulfilling prophecy),,,, John Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pp March W. Organization, vol. 55, no. 2 (Spring 2001), pp Stephen Van Evera, Causes of War : Power and the Roots of Conflict. Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press, 1999, Jack Snyder, Myth of Empire : Domestic Politics and International Ambition. Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press, 1991, pp. 1, ; Van Evera, Causes of War, pp. 6 9 ; Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pp ,, Jim Hoagland, White House Doom and Gloom May Just Add to the Problem. Washington Post, March 24, 2001 Zacher, The Territorial Integrity Norm : International Boundaries and the Use of Force. International 147

9 2003 3, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, (predator state),,,,,,, (contingent realism), :,,,,,, ( ),, Schweller Ikenberry ( G. John Ikenberry, After Victory : Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and Schweller, The Problem of International Order Revisited. IS, vol. 26, no. 1 (Summer 2001), pp , Jervis, Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation : Understanding the Debate Wendt, Anarchy is What States Make of It, pp (contingent realism) Glaser Glaser, Realists as Optimists Jervis, Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation. 148 the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, 2001) Randall

10 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Andrew Kidd, Game Theory and the Spiral Model. WP, vol. 49 (April 1997), pp Talioferro, Talioferro, Security Seeking under Anarchy, pp :, : :, 21 :,, 2001,

11 2003 3,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, :,, , 24 29, : ; Kanti Bajpai, India : Modified Structuralism. In Muthiah Alagappa ( ed. ), Asian Security Practice. Stanford, C. A. : Stanford University Press, 1998, :

12 noted : the public participation pattern and the expert rationality2oriented pattern. As far as value choice is concerned, public participation is preferred. However, excessive public participation in technical matters may lead to high costs in administrative resources without proper use of knowledge, even though the process may be legitimized in a sense. As issues involved in the administrative regulatory process tend primarily to be technical, the expert rationality2oriented pattern should be given priority, with public participation serving as a counterbalance to avoid atyranny of expertsor calculations deviating from the public interest. Since in China the allocation of administrative power is highly centralized and its exercise unprofessional, the reform of rulemaking should start by rationalizing the institutional structure of the administrative system and cultivating professional ethics to improve expert rationality and, with that, public participation for more legitimacy. (11) Protection of Legitimate Expectations in Administrative La w Yu Lingyun 128 A state under the rule of law is obliged to balance the principle of non2fettering with the rights of those subject to administration. It is also a major step toward a more reliable government, an important task for China after its entry into WTO. The system of protection of legitimate expectations, a widely recognized theory and common practice of administrative law in both the Anglo2American and continental legal systems, may be of great help to China. Legitimate expectations may be defined in a broader and a narrower sense ; we focus here on the narrow sense of the term. In its narrow sense, legitimate expectation protects the confidence of subjects of administration in expectations stemming from the actions of administrative bodies, rather than specific rights or defensible interests. It is made possible by some of the basic requirements of a modern society : protection of reliability, rule of law, good administration, and economic efficiency. The state is expected to provide procedural, substantial or compensatory remedy to administrative counterparts whose legitimate expectations are adjudged violated. Introducing this system will be of great significance in China where the theory and practice of administrative law has lagged behind and solutions to pressing problems are called for. (12) Sensitivity of Theories of International Politics to Their Time Tang Shiping 140 From observations of human social evolution, we see that contending theories of international politics in the past were intractable because they were based on a mistaken assumption : a theory of international politics that can provide a better account of history should also offer better guidance to the present and future foreign policy of a state. Since human societies go through many different development stages, and since international politics varies from stage to stage, theories of international politics applied to different stages should be time2 sensitive. (13) Monologues : A Way of Expression in Chinese Poetry Writing Dai Weihua 151 Monologue2like poems constitute a genre in classical Chinese poetry. It grew from the Chinese tradition of poetry for self2expression,as well as the literati s experience of solitude and their need to express their feelings. The typical forms of the genre include poems in series and gu ti, a pre2tang form in ancient China, usually obscure and ambiguous, and often addressed to a hidden listener. 208

西方三大霸权的战略比较——兼论美国制度霸权的启示意义•

西方三大霸权的战略比较——兼论美国制度霸权的启示意义• - 1 Pax Americana Pax Romana Pax Britannica 2 3 20 60 4 1 1998 4 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books, 1990, p.50. 3 Immanuel Wallerstein, Three