wediscustherelationshipbetweenenclavesandpay, researchersshouldbeaware oftheimpact of preexisting diferences between the migrant workers who pa
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1 : CJS 33 : 2010,,,, : EthnicEnclavesRevisited:EffectsonEarningsofMigrant WorkersinUrbanChina ZHANG Chunni XIE Yu Abstract:Among rural-to-urban migrants, migrant workersfrom the same nativeplace tend to concentrate in the same workplace. When this concentrationissuficiently dense, we may considerthat place an enclave. AccordingtotheenclaveliteratureofU.S.immigrants,workinginplaceswith thesameethnicgroupsmayimprovetheeconomicwel-beingofimmigrants.this study folows the same reasoning to test whether working with felow provincialswilincreasetheearningsofmigrantworkersinurbanchina.when * 1: (Author1:ZHANG Chunni,Departmentof Sociology, TheChineseUniversityofHongKong ) chunnizhang@gmail.com; 2:, (Author2:XIE Yu, DepartmentofSociology, Universityof Michigan, Thousand TalentsProgram Profesorat PekingUniversity ) 113
2 wediscustherelationshipbetweenenclavesandpay, researchersshouldbeaware oftheimpact of preexisting diferences between the migrant workers who participatein enclavesfrom those who don t. This pre-existing selective heterogeneitymaycauseabiasedestimationoftheenclaveefectifjustbasedon asimplecomparisonoftheearningsbetweenenclaveworkersandnon-enclave workers.furthermore,thereisheterogeneityintheenclaveefectsonthe earningsamong diferentgroupsof migrant workers. Therefore,asingle estimateoftheenclaveefectmaynotbesuficientincapturingthevariabilityin the impact of enclave participation of diferent groups. Considering heterogeneity, thisstudyputstwoquestionstoempiricaltest.first,among migrantswiththesameenclave participation propensity, do migrants who actualyworkinenclavefirmsearn morethan migrants who workin non- enclaveplaces Second,whattypeofmigrantworkersgainthehighestbenefits fromenclaveparticipation Usingdatafroma2010surveyofmigrantworkers inthepearlriver Deltaandthe YangziRiver Delta,we matchedenclave workersandnon-enclaveworkersontheirenclaveparticipationpropensityand comparedtheirearnings. Wefound a positive averageearningsreturn to enclaveparticipation,althoughthisefect wassmalerthan whathad been foundbeforepropensitymatching.moreover,migrantswithahigherenclave participationpropensitybenefited morefrom actualenclaveparticipationthan thosewithalowpropensity. Keywords:rural-to-urban migration, migrant workers,lacalistic enclave, propensityscorematching, heterogeneoustreatmentefectmodel 2010, 17 1, 2, , 17, 13 4 (,2011) 2., (2011) (2011) 114
3 : (Lee,1998) 20 90, (Localism),,,, (Cole,1996;Honig, 1992,1996;Perry, 1993), ,,,, (Honig, 1992),,, (Honig, 1992) 20 80,,, ;,, (localisticenclave), ( ),,, (,1995;,1997) (,2008;,2008) (,2000) (MaandXiang, 1998), (,2002) 115
4 2013 1,,, (,2008),,, (,1995;,2002),,,,,, 2010,, (asimilation), (Albaand Nee,1997), (straight-lineasimilationtheory ), (segmentedasimilationtheory ),,,,, ,,1965,, (Zhou,1997a, 1997b),
5 :,,,,,,,, : ( );, ;, (Portesand Zhou,1993) ,1965,, ;,, ;,,, (Zhou,1997b), (enclavethesis)(xieandgough,2011), (XieandGough,2011) ( ) (Lewin-Epsteinand Semyonov,1994;PortesandJensen,1987;Semyonov,1988) (Nee,Sanders,andSernau, 3. (ethnicenclave) (Portes,1981: ) 117
6 ;SandersandNee,1987),, (XieandGough,2011), (Bonacich, 1987),,,, ;,, :,,,, (XieandGough,2011),, ( ),,, ;,, ( ),,, 118
7 : Honig ( 1992), (ethnicity ),,,,, (,2001),, Honig ( 1992),,, 20 80,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 119
8 (Portes,1998),, (Portes,1998),,, ( ) (BoswelandCurtis,1984;Kim,1981;PortesandBach,1985),, (Light,1984;Waldinger,1986;Semyonov, 1988) ( ), ( ), (Lee,1998),,,, (Lee,1998),, : 1:,,,,,,,,, 120
9 :,, 1,, 1,,,, 1,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,, : 2: ;, 121
10 2013 1, ( 1) 1, 1, ( ),, 1 (1-a-i);, (1-b-j ), 1 1, 2, ( ),,, (2-c-e-i 2-c-f-i), (2-d-g-j ), (2-d-h-k) 1: 1, (,treatedgroup ) (, controlgroup ), ( propensity 122
11 : scorematching ) Logit ( Probit ), ( p ropensityscore),, ( ) (, p re-treatment characteristics),, (strata) Logit,,, 4, (averagetreatmentefect) n K δ^= K K=1 N [ Y 1K -Y 0K ] Var(δ^)= K K=1 2 n K ( N ) Var[Y 1K -Y 0K ], (Heterogeneous Treatment Efect Model)5,,, 6, (VarianceWeightedLeastSquareRegresion) ( ) 4. GuoandFraser(2010: ) k,nk,y1k ( ),Y0K ( ) 5. Xie,Brand,andJann(2012) 6.,, (level) 1,, 2 (cluster) ( ),, 2, 123
12 , 2, (Sandersand Nee,1987) (PortesandJensen,1989) (XieandGough, 2011) (ZhouandLogan,1989), 2010,,,,,, / %, 18.3%, 22.6% 50% 1: / / 50% (%) (%) (%) / , (Lee,1998), ; 124
13 : / ;,,, (50% ), 2,,,,, ( = 1, =0) Logit 7 ( ) 8, 2000,,, 7. Logit, (imbalancecheck),, ( ) ( ),, 8., ( ) ( ), Logit, (hiddenbias) 125
14 : 50% (N= 3315) (N=215) (N=413) ( ) ( : ) 0.06(0.25) 0.25(0.44) 50% 0.12(0.33) 0.49(0.50) ( ) (1164.6)2144.0(1247.0)2043.7(1203.6) 7.4(0.39) 7.55(0.48) 7.52(0.42) ( : ) 0.54(0.50) 0.64(0.48) 0.56(0.50) ( ) 30.2(9.6) 31.4(10.9) 31.3(10.1) 9.9(2.6) 9.8(2.7) 9.2(2.5) 8.0(6.5) 8.4(7.5) 8.5(6.8) 26.2 (8.7) 27.2(10.4) 26.8(9.2) ( : ) 0.32(0.5) 0.38 (0.5) 0.35(0.5) ( : ) 0.16(0.37) 0.13(0.34) 0.12(0.32) ( : ) 0.50(0.50) 0.77(0.42) 0.65(0.48) (%) ( ) ( / ) ( ) 9 ( ) ( ) Logit,,,, ;, ( 3),,, 126
15 :,,, 3: Logit (N=3384) 50% *** * *** * * * *** *** *** *** LRchi2(11) Loglikelihood :1. : ; 2.***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05,, OLS, ( 4) 10%, 50% 7%,, Logit, 127
16 : OLS (N=3315) 50% *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ( ) ** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * * *** *** *** *** R :1. ; 2. : 9, ; 3.***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05, ( ) ( )9, 4 ( 5),,, ( 5)10,, Stata, :BeckerandIchino(2002) 10. z, z>2.56,
17 : ( =0.0063)11, % ( =0.0056), 0.01,, 1 5: % ,, HTE (heterogeneoustreatmentefectmodel)12, 2 3 HTE ( 6), 50%,, ;, 2 3, 11. (ATE), OLS,, (regresionadjustment), : ( =0.026), ( =0.018), 12.HTE Stata -hte- 129
18 2013 1,, : * ** (0.056) (0.047) (0.047) (0.144) (0.033) 50% ** (0.039) (0.034) (0.037) (0.078) (0.023) : **p<0.01, *p<0.05, p<0.1, 130
19 :, :, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 13,,,,,,, 13., Probit,,,,, 131
20 2013 1,,,, 50%,, ( 3 ), ( 4 1 ), ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,, ( ),,, 20 80, 30,,, 132
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2018.4 1 2 3 2014 2015 2016 2016 F325.1 A 17BJY010 16JZD02420142017-13 - 2009 1.48 2014 2.22 6 50%20162012 2013 6% 2015 2015 2.5 630 2016 2015 9 2015 2016 1 3 + 20172017 20162016 2017 2017 201720172017
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