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1 Vol. 36 No. 1 January Population Research 2008 healthy migrant salmon bias China s Internal Migration and Health Selection Effect Qi Yaqiang Niu Jianlin William Mason Donald Treiman Abstract Drawing on data from the 2008 Chinese Internal Migration and Health Survey we compare various health indicators among rural residents who never migrated return migrants current rural -to -urban migrants and urban residents.two health selective mechanisms the healthy migrant hypothesis and the salmon bias hypothesis are empirically tested.results provide empirical support to both these hypotheses.after controlling for individual s age sex socioeconomic status and major health -related behaviors rural -to -urban migrants are better off than rural residents who never migrated regarding their self -rated general health chronic medical conditions self -perceived physical discomforts and lung capacity.current rural -to -urban migrants are also less likely to have chronic diseases or to report physical discomforts than return migrants.except for self - reported chronic conditions and abnormally high heart rate there is no significant difference in health status between rural -to -urban migrants and urban residents. Keywords Internal Migration Health Selection Healthy Migrant Hypothesis Salmon Bias Hypothesis Authors Qi Yaqiang is Assistant Professor School of Sociology and Population Studies Renmin U- niversity of China Niu Jianlin is Assistant Professor Institute of Population and Labor Economics Chinese Academy of Social Science William Mason and Donald Treiman are Professors Department of Sociology & California Center for Population Research University of California Los Angeles. qiyaqiang@ ruc.edu.cn

2 % / Jasso et al Palloni & Arias 2004 Turra & Elo 2008 healthy migrant hypothesis salmon bias hypothesis 2 Hispanic paradox 30 Roberts 1997 Solinger 1999 Chen http / /www. stats. gov. cn /zgrkpc /dlc /yw /t _ htm salmon

3 Chen Ider & Benyamini 1997 Qi et al CES - D 1 1 Harris 2010 Murray & Chen PPS probability proportional to size 150 oversampling area sampling 2 4 complete enumeration 5 18 ~ CES - D Radloff 1977 Treiman et al. 2005

4 ~ Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of the Sample Unweighted / / / < = > = / / * < = * / % 1 http / /www. ccpr. ucla. edu /IM - China

5 % 8. 8% 47. 6% 9. 4% 43. 3% 1 / % 3 CES - D % 27. 9% 5. 6% 6. 7% 18 ~ % 58% 12% % 59% % 3. 3 / logit logit log p ( i 1 - p ) i = α + k β k χ ki p i i 1 χ ki k α β k k / 2 1 / / 2 2 3

6 1 107 Table 2 2 / exp β k Model Results for Self -Rated /Self -Reported Health Indicators Odds Ratio N = 2793 N = 2784 N = 2785 N = *** *** *** # *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** pseudo R - square * ** * * * *** *** *** *** *** pseudo R - square * ** * * * *** *** *** *** *** pseudo R - square df = 3 2 df = df = 18 # p < 0. 1 * p < ** p < *** p < %

7 p < Murray & Chen 1992 Sen % 5 /

8 exp β k Table 3 Model Results for Objective Health Indicators Odds Ratio N = 2671 N = 2657 N = 2671 N = *** # * *** # *** * * ** *** ** *** pseudo R - square # ** * *** *** *** pseudo R - square # ** * *** *** *** pseudo R - square df = 3 2 df = df = 18 # p < 0. 1 * p < ** p < *** p < %

9 Chen 2011 Rogers & Hackenberg Appendix 1 Definitions and Measures of Health Indicators Used in this Study 1 = 0 = / / / / / / / 1 = 0 = 1 = 0 = CES - D = 0 = = 0 =

10 / 1 = 0 = 30 1 = 0 = = 0 = /References 1 Chen Juan Internal Migration and Health Re - examining the Healthy Migrant Phenomenon in China. Social Science & Medicine Harris Kathleen M An Integrative Approach to Health. Demography Ider Ellen L. and Yael Benyamini Self - rated Health and Mortality A Review of Twenty - seven Community Studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior Jasso Guillermina Douglas S. Massey Mark R. Rosenzweig and James P. Smith Immigrant Health Selectivity and Acculturation in Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life Anderson Norman B. Randy A. Bulatao and Barney Cohen Eds. National Research Council Murray Christopher J. L. and Lincoln C. Chen Understanding Morbidity Change. Population and Development Review Palloni Alberto and Elizabeth Arias Paradox Lost Explaining the Hispanic Adult Mortality Advantage. Demography Qi Yaqiang William M. Mason and Perry Hu A Comparative Analysis of Self - rated General Health in Three Developing Countries. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of Population Association of America Detroit Michigan. 8 Sen Amartya Health Perception Versus Observation. British Medical Journal Radloff Lenore S The CES - D Scale A Self - report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Applied Psychological Measurement Roberts Kenneth D China s Tidal Wave of Migrant Labor What can We Learn from Mexican Undocumented Migration to the United States International Migration Review Rogers R. G. and R. Hackenberg Extending Epidemiologic Transition Theory A New Stage. Social Biology Solinger Dorothy J Citizenship Issues in China s Internal Migration Comparisons with Germany and Japan. Political Science Quarterly Treiman Donald William Mason Yao Lu Yi Pan Yaqiang Qi and Shige Song Observations on the Design and Implementation of Sample Surveys in China. Social Transformations in Chinese Society Turra Cassio M. and Irma T. Elo The Impact of Salmon Bias on the Hispanic Mortality Advantage New Evidence from Social Security Data. Population Research and Policy Review Duan Chengrong et al Nine Major Trends of China s Internal Migration since the Economic Reform. Population Research Hu Lianxin and Chen Yanyan Public Health Problems of China s Floating Population. Modern Preventive Medicine United Nations Development Programme China Human Development Report 2005 Development with Equity. Beijing Chinese Foreign Interpretation Publishing House.

11 Niu Jianlin et al Labor Migrants Working and Living Environments and the Related Health Impacts Evidence from Shenzhen. Population Research Ren Yuan and Wu Minle Social Integration of Floating Population in Urban China A Literature Review. Population Research Wang Guixin et al Urban Migrants Living Conditions and Impact on Health Status The Case of Shanghai. Population Research Zheng Zhenzhen and Lian Pengling Health Vulnerability among Temporary Migrants in Urban China. Chinese Labor Economics

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