3 345 PACS f ABX 3 A CH 3 NH + 3 HN = CHNH + B Pb 2 + E g Sn 2 + X I Br Cl 1961 William Shockley Hans J Queisser Detailed balance limit of effi

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1 J Infrared Millim Waves Vol 37 No 3 June DOI /j issn * 2 2 2* % NYF TM A Recent advances of rare-earth up-conversion materials doped perovskite solar cells ZHANG Meng-Yan 1 2* CHEN Jie 2 SUN Li-Jie 2 ZHOU Li-Hua 2* 1 Department of electronic engineering School of information science and technology East China Normal University Shanghai China 2 State Key laboratory of space power-sources technology Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Source Shanghai China Abstract Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells are considered as one of the most promising third-generation photovoltaic technologies After only a few years of research the highest efficiency of perovskite solar cells has exceeded 22% As the efficiency of perovskite solar cells has become closer to theoretical efficiency researchers have turned their attention to the near-infrared bands that perovskite materials cannot effectively absorb in order to further increase the efficiency In this article we review the research of combining up-conversion materials w ith perovskite solar cells in the past tw o years and classify them into more traditional methods and new methods The traditional method is to use a relatively single NYF nanoparticle to dope the perovskite solar cell utilize the up-conversion effect of rare earth ions absorb the near infrared light widen the absorption range of the perovskite and thus enhance the performance of the solar cell The new method is to add other ions or introduce heavily doped semiconductor materials to further enhance the performance of solar cells based on the traditional single use of rare earth ions From the experimental results both methods have achieved better performaces Key words perovskite solar cell rare earth ion up-conversion materials Received date revised date QB Foundation items Supported by the Shanghai Rising-Star Program 14QB Biography * Corresponding author zhou_lihua1983@ 163 com mengyanzhang@ 126 com

3 345 PACS 73 22 -f ABX 3 A CH 3 NH + 3 HN = CHNH + B Pb 2 + E g Sn 2 + X I Br Cl 1961 William Shockley Hans J Queisser Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells 11 2009 CH 3

2 3 345 PACS f ABX 3 A CH 3 NH + 3 HN = CHNH + B Pb 2 + E g Sn 2 + X I Br Cl 1961 William Shockley Hans J Queisser Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells CH 3 NH 3 PbI % ev 31% 2012 Snaith CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x E g 1 55 ev 780 nm 780 nm 10% 2 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 1 KRICT 47% 22 7% 100 ns AM1 5 Fig 1 Standard AM1 5 solar spectra ITO 850 nm nm % 46 7%

346 37 2 LaF 3 Yb /Er β-nayf 4 Yb 3 + Er 3 + β-nayf 4 Yb 3 + Tm 3 + /NaYF 4 J sc PCE Er 3 + Ho 3 + Tm 3 + Tb 3 + 4f 5s 5p 4f 10 ~ 20 nm Er 3 + 920 ~ 1 000 nm 1 500 ~ 1580 nm 540 nm 654 nm Er 3 + Er 3

3 LaF 3 Yb /Er β-nayf 4 Yb 3 + Er 3 + β-nayf 4 Yb 3 + Tm 3 + /NaYF 4 J sc PCE Er 3 + Ho 3 + Tm 3 + Tb 3 + 4f 5s 5p 4f 10 ~ 20 nm Er ~ nm ~ 1580 nm 540 nm 654 nm Er 3 + Er 3 + Er 3 + r 3 + Er 3 + Yb 3 + Er 3 + Yb 3 + NaYF 4 Yb Er 2 a NaYF 4 Yb /Er TEM NaYF 4 Yb /Er TEM b NaYF 4 Yb /Er XRD c 980 nm NaYF 4 Yb /Er GaAs NaYF 4 Yb /Er 980 nm 14 Fig 2 a TEM image of NaYF 4 Yb /Er up conversion nanoparticle inset zoom in of TEM b XRD of of 3 NaYF 4 Yb /Er up conversion nanoparticle c PL spectra of NaYF 4 Yb /Er up conversion nanoparticle excited by 980 nm laser left Photo of NaYF 4 Yb /Er up conversion nanoparticle excited by 980 nm laser M He β-

4 3 347 NaYF 4 Yb /Er 14 TiO nm m-tio 2 β-nayf 4 Yb 3 + Er 3 + m-tio 2 18% Yb 980 nm Er Er nm 2 PAA-b-PEO NaYF 4 Yb / Er NaYF 4 Yb /Er 30 5 nm PCE 10 5% 14 2% 150 nm PCE 18% 150 ~ 350 nm NaYF 4 Yb /Er J Roh β-nayf 4 Yb 3 + Er 3 + NYF m-tio 2 3 a TiO 2 NaYF 4 NaYF 4 Yb 3 + Er 3 + J-V 15 b Fig 3 a The J-V characteristic of perovskite solar cell 15 with TiO 2 nanoparticle NaYF 4 nanoprism and NaYF 4 Yb 3 + Er 3 + nanoprism 15 m-tio 2 NYF 550 nm600 nm wt% Yb 3 + Er nm nm Er nm Jsc ma cm % NYF 16% TiO 2 TiO 2 D Zhou mcu 2-x S@ SiO TiO 2 TiO 2 Er 2 O 3 mcse NYF 16 mcse TiO 2

5 a AM mw cm - 2 SiO Er 2 O 3 mcu 2-x SiO 2 mcse / b SiO Er 2 O 3 mcu 2-x S@ SiO 2 mcse PCE PCE c TiO 2 mcse d IPCE e AM 1 5 G 980 nm 16 mcse / Fig 4 a Current-density /voltage curves of the best-performing PSC solar cell with SiO Er 2 O 3 solar cell with mcu 2-x S@ SiO 2 and solar cell with mcse composites under simulated AM mw cm - 2 irradiance simulated sunlight b PCE distribution and the average PCE of PSCs PSCs with SiO Er 2 O 3 PSCs with mcu 2-x S@ SiO 2 and PSCs with mcse composites c UV-Vis-Infrared extinction spectra of the mesoporous TiO 2 layer and perovskite layer with /without mcse composites d IPCE curves of the best-performing PSC e Current-density /voltage curves of the PSC with mcse composites under AM 1 5 G standard sunlight and an additional 980 nm NIR laser mcse Cu 2-x S TiO 2 mcse 500 mcse PCE Cu 2-x S CuO Y Ding Li + Er 2 O 3 Cu 2-x S@ SiO 2 mcse NaYF 4 Yb Er /Li-Ag@ SiO 2 IPCE mcse 5 17 NaYF 4 Yb Er wt% PCE 17 8% 15 Ag Ag@ SiO % 4 mcse

6 3 349 NaYF 4 Yb Er Li + Y 3 + E 3 + Er 3 + 4f 4f 5 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x NaYF 4 Yb Er SiO 2 J-V NaYF 4 Yb Er Li + Ag 17 Fig 5 J-V curve of SiO 2 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x solar cell with 17 different NaYF 4 Yb Er /Li-Ag@ SiO 2 NaYF 4 Yb Er mg ml ma cm ma cm % 9 34% 5 1 Li + Ag@ SiO 2 1 AM mw cm - 2 NaYF 4 Yb Er SiO 2 17 Table 1 The parameters of solar cell with /without NaYF 4 17 Yb Er /Li-Ag@SiO 2 Sample J sc ma cm - 2 V oc V FF η % 0 mg /ml mg /ml mg /ml mg /ml NYF Yb 3 + Er Table 2 The summary of perovskite solar cell with up conversion nano particle PCE /% /% CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 CH 3 NH 3 PbI nm NYF Yb 3 + Er 3 + /PAA-b-PEO m-tio 2 NYF Yb 3 + Er nm600 nm Li ~ CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 mcu 2-x S@ SiO Er 2 O ~ 10 LSPR CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x NaYF 4 Yb Er /Li-Ag@ SiO LSPR

7 Kojima A Teshima K Shirai Y et al Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells J Journal of the American Chemical Society Lee M M Teuscher J Miyasaka T et al Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites J Science Wang J Wang N Jin Y et al Interfacial Control Toward Efficient and Low-Voltage Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes J Advanced Materials Yang M Zhang T Philip S et al Facile fabrication of large-grain CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Br x films for high-efficiency solar cells via CH3NH3Br-selective Ostwald ripening J Nature Communications Pang S Hu H Zhang J et al NH2CH-NH2PbI3 An Alternative Organolead Iodide Perovskite Sensitizer for Mesoscopic Solar Cells J Chemistry of Materials Zhou Z Wang Z Zhou Y et al Methylamine Materials itizer for Mesoscopic Solar Cellsolar Cellsr Mesoscopic Solar Cellsia CH3NH3B J Angewandte Chemie International E- dition Li + Er Shi J Dong J Lv S T et al Hole-conductor-free perovskite organic lead iodide heterojunction thin-film solar cells High efficiency and junction property J Applied Physics Li + Er 3 + Letters NaYF 4 Yb Er 8 Wei J Zhao Y Li H et al Hysteresis Analysis Based on the Ferroelectric Effect in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells J The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters SiO Hu Q Wu J Jiang C et al Engineering of Electron-Selective Contact for Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Excee- 4 ding 15% J ACS Nano Cu 2-x S 10 Ding Y Yao X Zhang X et al Surfactant enhanced surface coverage of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x perovskite for highly efficient mesoscopic solar cells J Journal of Power Sources Shockley W Queisser H J Detailed balance limit of efficiency p-n junction solar cells J Journal of Applied Physics Koh T M Fu K Fang Y et al Formamidinium-containing metal-halide An alternative material for near-ir References absorption perovskite solar cells J J Phys Chem C Hao F Stoumpos C C Chang R P H et al Anomalous Band Gap Behavior in Mixed Sn and Pb Perovskites Enables Broadening of Absorption Spectrum in Solar Cells J J Am Chem Soc He M Pang X Liu X et al Monodisperse Dual-Functional Upconversion Nanoparticles Enabled Near-Infrared Organolead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells J Angew Chem Int Ed Roh J Yu H and Jang J Hexagonal Cellsolar CellsEr 3 + Nanoprism-Incorporated Upconverting Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells for Near-Infrared Sunlight Harvesting J ACS Appl Mater Interfaces Zhou D Liu D Jin J et al Semiconductor plasmonsensitized broadband upconversion and its enhancement effect on the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells J J Mater Chem A Ding Y Qiao H Yang T et al Upconversion luminescence co-enhanced by Li + ions doping and localized surface plasmon resonance for perovskite solar cells J Optical Materials 櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚櫚 Rawe R Martin C Garter M et al Novel high fill-factor IRFPA small pitch reticulated InSb IR FPA design J Proc of SPIE HOU Zhi-jin FU Li SI Jun-jie et al Study on Identifi- 24 Leng Han-bing Gong Zhen-dong Xie Qing-sheng et al cation and Orientation of Connected Defective Elements in Adaptive blind pixel detection and compensation for IRFPA FPA J J Infrared Millim Waves based on fuzzy median filter J Infrared and Laser Engineering

3 Ce /ZnO XRD Ce ZnO 0% 0 5% 2 Ce Ce /ZnO XRD 1 0% 1 5% 2 0% 2 2θ = g

3 Ce /ZnO XRD Ce ZnO 0% 0 5% 2 Ce Ce /ZnO XRD 1 0% 1 5% 2 0% 2 2θ = g 42 3 Vol 42 No 3 2018 5 Journal of Jiangxi Normal UniversityNatural Science May 2018 1000-5862201803-0226-05 Ce /ZnO 1,2 1*,,3 1,3, 1 3543002 330022 3 354300 ZnOAc 2 2H 2 O CeNO 3 3 6H 2 O Ce Ce /ZnO SEM