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1 2012, Vol. 20, No. 12, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J 右好左坏和左好右坏 * 利手与左右空间情感效价的关联性 ( 1, ) ( 2, ) 人们会将右和左与积极或消极的事物相关联, 这称为左右空间的情感效价以具身认知理论和躯体特异性假设为基础的研究发现, 右利手会将右侧空间与积极事物相关联, 而左利手则会将左侧空间与积极事物相关连 ; 左右空间情感效价是由利手与非利手的运动经验塑造的 ; 利手与非利手运动经验的改变则会反转左右空间情感效价 ; 趋近动机脑功能偏侧化与利手是一致的未来的研究应进一步澄清利手运动与趋近动机在神经机制上的关联性, 并探索文化因素与身体经验如何共同塑造左右空间情感效价具身认知 ; 情感效价 ; 躯体特异性假设 ; 运动流畅性 B842 1 引言,,, (right), (left), my right-hand man ( ) right answer ( ) two left feet( ) out in left field ( ) (King James Bible), (The wise man s heart is at his right hand; but the fool s heart is at his left), right dexter ( ), left sinister ( ),,,, : * (BBA110015); (10A030S) :, yehaosheng@yahoo.cn, (Quintilianus & Butler, 1920), (Kita & Essegbey, 2001),,,,,,,,,,,,, (affective valence) 1971

2 , 2 利手与左右空间情感效价相关联的基本假设和实验证据 2.1 利手与左右空间情感效价相关联的假设,, Wilson Nisbett (1978),,, Natale, Gur Gur (1983),,,,,,,, McFarland Kennison (1989) ( ),, (embodied cognition) (, 2008;,,, 2011;, 2011; Barsalou, 2009; 2011), (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999, 2003), (body-specificity hypothesis),,, Marques (2010) ; Boulenger (2008), Casasanto (2009),,, McFarland Kennison (1989),, 2.2 左右利手具有不同左右空间情感效价关联模式的实验证据, (Pecher, Boot, & VanDantzig, 2011),,,, Casasanto (2009)

3 12 : 1973,,,,,,,, Casasanto Henetz (2012) 5 10,,,,,,,,,, (Jewell & McCourt, 2000; Keysar, Shen, Glucksberg, & Horton, 2000; Robinson, 1933) Scharine McBeath (2002),, ( ) ( ),,, T,, Brunyé, Gardony, Mahoney Taylor (2012),,,, ;,, (Elder & Krishna, 2012), ; 3 利手与左右空间情感效价相关联的成因探索,

4 手部运动与情感效价的直接关联 Casasanto Jasmin (2010),, ,, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), de la Vega, de Filippis, Lachmair, Dudschig Kaup (2011),,,,,,,,,, 3.2 手部运动经验在塑造左右空间情感效价中的作用, (Beilock, 2007; Oppenheimer, 2008; Ping, Dhillon, & Beilock, 2009),,, Jasmin Casasanto (2012),, (motor fluency), Casasanto (2011) Casasanto,,,, Casasanto Chrysikou (2011) (unilateral cerebrovascular accident, CVA),, CVA, 5, 8 7, Casasanto Chrysikou (2011)

5 12 : 1975 Casasanto Chrysikou (2011),,, 3.3 利手运动与趋近动机神经机制的关联, (approach motivation),,, Brookshire Casasanto (2011) EEG α,, α α (Hewig, Hagemann, Seifert, Naumann, & Bartussek, 2006) Brookshire Casasanto,,, α,,, ( ) 4 评价与展望,, (Willems, Hagoort, & Casasanto, 2010; Willems, Labruna, D Esposito, Ivry, & Casasanto, 2011; Willems, Toni, Hagoort, & Casasanto, 2009), 4.1 当前实验范式的局限性问题,,,,,,

6 ,,, Stroop Stroop,, ; (Hill & Lapsley, 2009; Meier, Hauser, Robinson, Friesen, & Schjeldahl, 2007; Meier & Robinson, 2004) - -, 4.2 利手运动与趋近动机在神经机制的因果关联性问题, Brookshire Casasanto (2011) ( ) ( ),,,,, 4.3 左右空间情感效价与时间加工的联系, (,, 2011),,,, (Ishihara, Keller, Rossetti, & Prinz, 2008; Vallesi, Binns, & Shallice, 2008), (The Spatial-Temporal Association of Response Codes, STEARC) Ouellet, Santiago, Israeli Gabay (2010),,,,, 4.4 文化因素对左右空间情感效价的影响,,,,,,,

7 12 : 1977, (Zhong, Strejcek & Sivanathan, 2010),, ;, Cohen, Leung IJzerman (2009),,,, 4.5 左右空间情感效价的应用性问题,, 90% (Jewell & McCourt, 2000; Keysar, Shen, Glucksberg, & Horton, 2000; Robinson, 1933),, ;, Elder Krishna (2012), ( ),,, 毕翠华, 黄希庭. (2011). 非语言情境中时间加工与空间距离加工的关系. 心理科学进展, 19(3), 李其维. (2008). 认知革命与第二代认知科学刍议. 心理学报, 40(12), 刘亚, 王振宏, 孔风. (2011). 情绪具身观 : 情绪研究的新视角. 心理科学进展, 19(1), 叶浩生. (2011). 有关具身认知思潮的理论心理学思考. 心理学报, 43(5), Barsalou, L. W. (2009). Simulation, situated conceptualization, and prediction. Biological Sciences, 364, Barsalou, L. W. (2011). Simulation, situated conceptualization, and prediction. In M. Bar (Ed.), Predictions in the brain: Using our past to generate a future (pp ). New York, NY US: Oxford University Press. Beilock, S. L. H. L. E. (2007). Embodied preference judgments: Can likeability be driven by the motor system? Psychological Science, 18(1), Boulenger, V., Mechtouff, L., Thobois, S., Broussolle, E., Jeannerod, M., & Nazir, T. A. (2008). Word processing in Parkinson's disease is impaired for action verbs but not for concrete nouns. Neuropsychologia, 46(2), Brunyé, T. T., Gardony, A., Mahoney, C. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2012). Body-specific representations of spatial location. Cognition, 123(2), Brookshire, G., & Casasanto, D. (2011). Motivation and motor control: Hemispheric specialization for motivation reverses with handedness. In L. Carlson, C. Holscher, & T. Holscher (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. Casasanto, D. (2009). Embodiment of abstract concepts: Good and bad in right- and left-handers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(3), Casasanto, D. (2011). Different bodies, different minds: The body-specificity of language and thought. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(6), Casasanto, D., & Chrysikou, E. G. (2011). When left is right : Motor fluency shapes abstract concepts. Psychological Science, 22(4), Casasanto, D., & Henetz, T. (2012). Handedness shapes children s abstract concepts. Cognitive Science, 36, Casasanto, D., & Jasmin, K. (2010). Good and Bad in the Hands of Politicians. PLoS ONE, 5(7), e doi: /journal.pone Cohen, D., Leung, A. K.-Y., & IJzerman, H. (2009). Culture, psyche, and body make each other up. European Journal of Social Psychology, (39), De la Vega, I., De Filippis, M., Lachmair, M., Dudschig, C.,

8 & Kaup, B. (2011). Emotional valence and physical space: Limits of interaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,38(2), Elder, R., & Krishna, A. (2012). The Visual Depiction Effect" in advertising: Facilitating embodied mental simulation through product orientation. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(6), Hewig, J., Hagemann, D., Seifert, J., Naumann, E., & Bartussek, D. (2006). The relation of cortical activity and BIS/BAS on the trait level. Biological Psychology, 71, Hill, P. L., & Lapsley, D. K. (2009). The ups and downs of the moral Personality: Why it s not so black and white. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), Ishihara, M., Keller, P. E., Rossetti, Y., & Prinz, W. (2008). Horizontal spatial representations of time: Evidence for the STEARC effect. Cortex, 44(4), Jasmin, K., & Casasanto, D. (2012). The QWERTY Effect: How typing shapes the meanings of words. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(3), Jewell, G., & McCourt, M. E. (2000). Pseudoneglect: A review and meta-analysis of performance factors in line bisection tasks. Neuropsychologia, 38, Keysar, B., Shen, Y., Glucksberg, S., & Horton, W. S. (2000). Conventional language: How metaphorical is it? Journal of Memory and Language, 43, Kita, S., & Essegbey, J. (2001). Pointing left in Ghana: How a taboo on the use of the left hand influences gestural practice. Gesture, 1(1), Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Afterword. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Marques, J. F. (2010). The effect of visual deprivation on the organization of conceptual knowledge: Testing the grounded cognition hypothesis. Experimental Psychology, 57(2), McFarland, R. A., & Kennison, R. (1989). Handedness affects emotional valence asymmetry. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68, Meier, B. P., Hauser, D. J., Robinson, M. D., Friesen, C. K., & Schjeldahl, K. (2007). What s Up with god? Vertical space as a representation of the divine. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), Meier, B. P., & Robinson, M. D. (2004). Why the sunny side is up? Associations between affect and vertical position. Psychological Science, 15(4), Natale, M., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (1983). Hemispheric asymmetries in processing emotional expressions. Neuropsychologia, 21, Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). The secret life of fluency. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(6), Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., Israeli, Z., & Gabay, S. (2010). Is the future the right time? Experimental Psychology, 57(4), Pecher, D., Boot, I., & VanDantzig, S. (2011). Abstract concepts: Sensory-motor grounding, metaphors, and beyond. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 54, Ping, R. M., Dhillon, S., & Beilock, S. L. (2009). Reach for what you like: The body s role in shaping preferences. Emotion Review, 1, Quintilianus, M. F., & Butler, H. E. (1920). Institutio Oratoria. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Robinson, E. S. (1933). The psychology of public education. American Journal of Public Health, 23, Scharine, A. A., & McBeath, M. K. (2002). Right-handers and Americans favor turning to the right.. Human Factors, 44(2), Willems, R. M., Hagoort, P., & Casasanto, D. (2010). Body-specific representations of action verbs: Neural evidence from right- and left-handers. Psychological Science, 21(1), Willems, R. M., Labruna, L., D Esposito, M., Ivry, R., & Casasanto, D. (2011). A functional role for the motor system in language understanding: Evidence from theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychological Science, 22(7), Willems, R. M., Toni, I., Hagoort, P., & Casasanto, D. (2009). Body-specific motor imagery of hand actions: Neural evidence from right-and left-handers. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3(39), 1 9. Wilson, T. D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1978). The accuracy of verbal reports about the effects of stimuli on evaluations and behavior. Social Psychology, 41, Zhong, C.-B., Strejcek, B., & Sivanathan, N. (2010). A clean self can render harsh moral judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(5),

9 12 : 1979 Good Right and Bad Left or Good Left and Bad Right : The Relation Between Handedness and Space Affective Valence YIN Rong 1 ; QU Fang-Bing 1 ; YE Hao-Sheng 2 ( 1 School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing , China) ( 2 The Center for Mind and Brain, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou , China) Abstract: Good things and bad things are often associated with the right or the left, which is the affective valence of left space and right space. The studies basing on theories of embodied cognition and body-specificity hypothesis show that right-handers implicitly associate good with right and the opposite is true for left-handers. The motor experience of dominant hand and nondominant hand shape space valence. Space valence can be reversed as a result of changes in motor experience of dominant hand and nondominant hand. The brain areas that support approach motivation functionally are related to areas that support motor actions of dominant hand. Future research should focus on the relationship between the laterality of motivation and the laterality of manual motor control and determine how influences of cultural and bodily experiences combine to shape space valence. Key words: embodied cognition; affective valence; body-specificity hypothesis; motor fluency

言语理解中的知觉表征与命题表征*

言语理解中的知觉表征与命题表征* * (,510631) 96 t 1 2 3 1 propositional symbol system [1] [2] [3-5] Barsalou perceptual symbol system [6-8] arbitrary linguistic-like analogue perceptual [7] 1 * 30270477 t-a-b-l-e [ 9, 10 ] [11] Barsalou