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1 2012, Vol. 20, No. 8, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J * 民族刻板印象威胁效应 (, ) Steele 和 Aronson (1995) 最早提出刻板印象威胁的概念, 指出这种威胁使个体担心自己会验证所属群体的消极刻板印象民族刻板印象威胁表现为个体行为表现下降并影响民族交往民族刻板印象威胁效应的主要机制是工作记忆受损和不认同通过提供内群体榜样和进行非评价性测试, 可以有效地减轻刻板印象威胁效应未来研究要准确界定种族族群和民族的概念, 考察民族刻板印象威胁与性别刻板印象威胁的区别, 研究不同民族的刻板印象威胁效应刻板印象威胁 ; 民族 ; 种族 ; 族群 ; 工作记忆 B849:C91 1 引言 (stereotypes) Lippmann (1921) (Public Opinion), stereotypes 20 70,, 20 70,,, stereotypes (,,, 2005), (2009) : * 985 :, Gaob317@126.com, 2 民族刻板印象威胁 2.1 民族刻板印象威胁的概念, (Steele & Aronson, 1995),,,, (Aronson, Fried, & Good, 2002) 1201

象威胁效应未来研究要准确界定种族族群和民族的概念, 考察民族刻板印象威胁与性别刻板印象威胁的区别, 研究不同民族的刻板印象威胁效应刻板印象威胁 ; 民族 ; 种族 ; 族群 ; 工作记忆 B849:C91 1 引言 (stereotypes)

2 民族刻板印象威胁的具体表现 ( Steele, 1992), Steele Aronson (1995) GRE,,,,, Aronson (1999),, Davis Silver (2003), ;, Huang (2009) (General Social Survey, GSS),,, Williams, Turkheimer, Magee Guterbock (2008),,,,,,,, Czopp (2008),,, 3 民族刻板印象威胁的心理机制 3.1 通过影响工作记忆降低成绩,, Steele Aronson (1995) Steele Aronson (1995), Osborne (2001), Steele Aronson (1995), Bosson, Haymovitz Pinel (2004),,, Amodio (2009),

(2003), ;, Huang (2009) (General Social Survey, GSS),,, Williams, Turkheimer, Magee Guterbock

3 8 : 1203 (mind-wandering),, Cadinu, Maass, Rosabianca Kiesner (2005),, Beilock, Rydell McConnell (2007), Mrazek (2011),, 3.2 不认同 Aronson (2002),,, (disidentification), Aronson, Blanton Cooper (1995),,,, (Steele, 1997), 4 民族刻板印象威胁的应对,, 4.1 提供内群体榜样 (Bandura, 1977) Blanton, Crocker Miller (2000), Marx, Ko Friedman (2009), GRE Marx (2009), 4.2 非评价性测试,,,, Berry, Poortinga, Segall Dasen (2002),,,,, Steele Aronson (1995), Aronson (2002),

2 不认同 Aronson (2002),,, (disidentification), Aronson, Blanton Cooper (1995),,,, (Steele, 1997), 4 民族刻板印象威

4 , 5 存在问题与今后的方向 5.1 种族族群和民族的概念界定,,,,,, ( race) ;,, (, 1997) ( Ethnic group) 20,, ( ) (, 2004),, (, 1997), 56,,,,,,,,,, 5.2 民族刻板印象威胁与性别刻板印象威胁,, ( ),,,, Schmader, Johns Forbes (2008),,, Sesko Biernat(2010),, 5.3 研究不同民族不同刻板印象的效应,,,,,

5 8 : 1205 (2009),,,, 蔡浩, 西林, 买合甫来提坎吉. (2009). 维吾尔族大学生的民族刻板印象. 新疆社科论坛, (1), 林耀华. (1997). 民族学通论 ( 修订本 ). 北京 : 中央民族大学出版社. 罗震雷, 张厚粲, 黎岳庭. (2005). 从刻板印象到类属性思维. 心理科学, 28, 马戎. (2004). 理解民族关系的新思路少数族群问题的去政治化. 北京大学学报 ( 哲学社会科学版 ), 41(6), 阮小林, 张庆林, 杜秀敏, 崔茜. (2009). 刻板印象威胁效应研究回顾与展望. 心理科学进展, 17, Amodio, D. M. (2009). Intergroup anxiety effects on the control of racial stereotypes: A psychoneuroendocrine analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, Aronson, J., Fried, C. B., & Good, C. (2002). Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, Aronson, J., Blanton, H., & Cooper, J. (1995). From dissonance to disidentification: Selectivity in the self-affirmation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C. M., & Brown, J. (1999). When white men can t do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Beilock, S. L., Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2007). Stereotype threat and working memory: Mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (2002). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Blanton, H., Crocker, J., & Miller, D. T. (2000). The effects of in-group versus out-group social comparison on self-esteem in the context of a negative stereotype. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, Bosson, J. K., Haymovitz, E. L., & Pinel, E. C. (2004). When saying and doing diverge: The effects of stereotype threat on self-reported versus non-verbal anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Rosabianca, A., & Kiesner, J. (2005). Why do women underperform under stereotype threat? Evidence for the role of negative thinking. Psychological Science, 16, Czopp, A. M. (2008). When is a compliment not a compliment? Evaluating expressions of positive stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, Davis, D. W., & Silver, B. D. (2003). Stereotype threat and race of interviewer effects in a survey on political knowledge. American Journal of Political Science, 47, Huang, M. H. (2009). Race of the interviewer and the black-white test score gap. Social Science Research, 38, Lippman, W. (1922). Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan. Marx, D. M., Ko, S. J., & Friedman, R. A. (2009). The Obama Effect : How a salient role model reduces race-based performance differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, Mrazek, M. D., Chin, J. M., Schmader, T., Hartson, K. A., Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2011). Threatened to distraction: Mind-wandering as a consequence of stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, Osborne, J. W. (2001). Testing stereotype threat: Does anxiety explain race and sex differences in achievement? Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26, Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, Sesko, A. K., & Biernat, M. (2010). Prototypes of race and gender: The invisibility of Black women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, Steele, C. M. (1992). Race and the schooling of black Americans. The Atlantic Monthly, 269(4), Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American

刻板印象威胁效应研究回顾与展望. 心理科学进展, 17, 836 844. Amodio, D. M. (2009). Intergroup anxiety effects on the control of racial stereotypes: A psychoneuroendocrine analysis.

6 Psychologist, 52, Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, Williams, M. T., Turkheimer, E., Magee, E., & Guterbock, T. (2008). The effects of race and racial priming on self-report of contamination anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, A Review of Study on Stereotype Threat Effect GAO Bing (School of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing , China) Abstract: Steele and Aronson (1995)proposed the concept of stereotype threat, which make individuals be at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. Nation stereotype threat make individuals underperformance and affect social interaction between people of different nations. The main mechanism of nation stereotype threat is the deficit of working memory and disidentification.ingroup model and test without evaluation can reduce the effects of nation stereotype threat. Future studies should define the concepts of race, ethnic group and nation, examine the difference between nation stereotype threat and gender stereotype threat, and the stereotype threat of various nations. Key words: stereotype threat; nation; race; ethnic group; working memory

The effects of race and racial priming on self-report of contamination anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 746 757.

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M M. 20 37 1 Vol. 37 No.1 2 0 1 6 1 TSINGHUA JOURNAL OF EDUCATION Jan. 2 0 1 6 4. 0 100872 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 4. 0 4. 0 G640 A 1001-4519 2016 01-0006 - 10 DOI 10. 14138 /j. 1001-4519. 2016. 01. 000610 11-12 18