Abstract Tao Fong Shan Christian Centre is a symbol of Christian-Buddhist dialogue in China. Its founder, Karl Ludvig Reichelt( ), was a Norwe

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1 Rethinking of Syncretism: Discussion of How Karl Ludvig Reichelt Used the Elements of Buddhism to Present Christianity Lee Chi-Ho 139

2 Abstract Tao Fong Shan Christian Centre is a symbol of Christian-Buddhist dialogue in China. Its founder, Karl Ludvig Reichelt( ), was a Norwegian missionary and was known as a scholar who entered into dialogue with Buddhist monks, admittedly hoping to convert them. Previous research on him were usually based on historical prospect, to discuss how he founded the institution and how he negotiated with the western missionary societies and theologians to defend himself that his work was not a kind of syncretism. This article too will discuss whether Reichelt s work was a kind of syncretism or not. But it s unlike the previous research that it will focus more on Reichelt s theology, to discuss why he chose Buddhism but not other religions as a dialogical partner, how he used the Buddhist elements to interpret Christianity, and on what his argument based. KeywordsChristianity, Buddhism, Religious dialogue, Karl Ludvig Reichelt, missionary 140

3 (Karl Ludvig Reichelt ) ( ) 2 (Logos) (Eric J. Sharpe) 3 ( ) 4 (syncretism) 5 1 ()( 1995( )) 2809 (monastery) (temple) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1934), pp Notto R. Thelle, A Christian Monastery for Buddhist Monks 1: Karl Ludvig Reichelt s Sacred Mountains ( ) 2 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, translated from the Norwegian by Sverre Holth (London: Lutterworth Press, 1953), p Eric J. Sharpe, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: missionary, scholar and pilgrim (Hong Kong: Tao Fong Shan Ecumenical Centre, 1984), p.iii. 4 Hakan EilertSverre HolthEric J. Sharpe Notto R. Thelle Notto R. Thelle, The Legacy of Karl Ludvig Reichelt, in International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol.5 (April/1981): (CMB) Eric J. Sharpe, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: missionary, scholar and pilgrim, pp Notto R. 141

4 (Liberal) Thelle Notto R. Thelle, A Christian Monastery for Buddhist Monks 1: Karl Ludvig Reichelt s Sacred Mountains 6 Eric J. Sharpe, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: missionary, scholar and pilgrim, pp Sverre Holth, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: , in International Review of Missions Vol.41 (1952): Eric J. Sharpe, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: missionary, scholar and pilgrim, p Eric J. Sharpe, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: missionary, scholar and pilgrim, pp

5 ( ) (Timothy Richard ) (William Edward Soothill ) (Ernest John Eitel ) (Joseph Edkin ) (Samuel Beal ) (Heinrich Friedrich Hackmann ) (Dwight Goddard ) (Gilbert Reid Winfried Glüer, The Encounter Between Christianity and Chinese Buddhism During the Nineteenth Century and the First Half of the Twentieth Century, in Ching Feng 11:3 (1968): Ernest John Eitel, Buddhism: Its Historical, Theoretical and Popular Aspects. In Three Lectures (Hongkong: Lane, Crawford & co., 1884), p Marcus Braybrooke, Pilgrimage of hope: one hundred years of global interfaith dialogue (New York: Crossroad, 1992). (Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher ) ( 2001) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Notto R. Thelle, The Conversion of the Missionary: Changes in Buddhist-Christian Relations in the Early Twentieth Century China, in Ching fing New Series, Vol.4 No.2 (2003): ( 2004) (Holmes Welch ) Holmes Welch, The Buddhist Revival In China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp

6 (Religion In Chinese Garment) 18 (Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism) (Rice Christian) William E. Soothill, A Mission In China (London: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1907), pp william E. Soothill, The Three Religions of China: Lectures Delivered at Oxford (London: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1907), pp (Religion In Chinese Garment) 1911 (Oslo University) Sverre Holth, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: , in International Review of Missions Vol.41 (1952): (Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism) Scandinavian University Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp.xi-xvii. 20 Eric J. Sharpe, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: A personal Impression, in Ching fing Vol.25 No.2 (1982): Timothy Richard, Forty -Five Years in China (London: Fisher Unwin, 1916), p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp

7 Ibid., pp Ibid., p.226. (47 )( 1970) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp

8 28 ( ) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), p Ibid., pp Ibid., p.xi. 31 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Religion In Chinese Garment, translated from the Norwegian by Joseph Tetlie (London: Lutterworth Press), pp ( Some Present Aspects of Buddhism in China ) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Some Present Aspects of Buddhism in China, in Chinese Recorder Vol.55 (2/1924): Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Religion In Chinese Garment, translated from the Norwegian by Joseph Tetlie, pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Trends in China s Non-Christian Religions, in Chinese Recorder Vol.65 (12/1934): Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Some Present Aspects of Buddhism in China, in Chinese Recorder Vol.59 (3/1928): Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp

9 36 (other sheep) 1) 2) 37 (points of contact) (Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher ) (Rudolf Otto ) (personal sense of calling) 40 (holy) 36 ( ) 37 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Indigenous Religious Phrases That May be Used to Interpret the Christian Message, in Chinese Recorder Vol.58 (2/1927): Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, pp points of contact 39 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Ibid., p

10 (Logos) (word-vessel) 46 ( ) 41 Ibid. 42 ( 1931) Timothy Richard, The New Testament of Higher Buddhism (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1910). 43 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, pp (CMB) 15 Eric J. Sharpe, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: missionary, scholar and pilgrim, pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p word-vessel 148

11 (Notto R. Thelle) 49 (Johannes Prip-Muller ) word-vessel 47 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p (William Alexander Parsons Martin )1889 W.A.P. Martin, Is Buddhism a Preparation for Christianity? in Chinese Recorder, vol.20 (1889): Notto R. Thelle, A Christian Monastery for Buddhist Monks 1: Karl Ludvig Reichelt s Sacred Mountains ( ) 50 () / ( 2003) Notto R. Thelle (Notto N. Thelle) Notto R. Thelle 52 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp

12 () / Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Religion In Chinese Garment, translated by Joseph Tetlie, p () / (Chinese Recorder) 150

13 () / Carl E. Braaten, Lutheranism, in Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh Pyper edited, The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge. Notto R. Thelle 151

14 ( ) 68 ( ) ( ) () ( ) ( )( 2001) () ( )( 1936) () ( ) 3 152

15 74 (Economic Trinity) ( ) 74 ( 1994) (Economic Trinity) 76 () ( ) 3 78 (Comparative Theology) (2006 ) 153

16 (baptized) (filled) ()() 82 ()() 83 (gods) (God) (spiritual 84 glory) 79 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Indigenous Religious Phrases That May be Used to Interpret the Christian Message, in Chinese Recorder Vol.58(2/1927): Ibid., p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp

17 85 87 ( ) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( ) 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( ) 89 (General Revelation) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp.31-32, Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Indigenous Religious Phrases That May be Used to Interpret the Christian Message, in Chinese Recorder Vol.58(2/1927): Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Indigenous Religious Phrases That May be Used to Interpret the Christian Message, in Chinese Recorder Vol.58(2/1927): (Special Revelation) (General Revelation) 91 Eric J. Sharpe, Karl Ludvig Reichelt: missionary, scholar and pilgrim, p

18 (Soul) (Archetype) (God) Timothy Richard, The New Testament of Higher Buddhism 93 ( )( 1931) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp ( ) 156

19 ( ) (Andrew F. Walls) ( 1952) 7 98 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p (1/1997) Notto R. Thelle, The Legacy of Karl Ludvig Reichelt, in International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol.5 (April/1981): Andrew F. Walls, The Cross-Cultural Process In Christian History: Studies in the Transmission and Appropriation of Faith (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books; Edibburgh: T&T Clark, 2002), p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p

20 (Nestorian Church) (General Revelation) 103 (Special Revelation) ( ) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, A Taoist Story of Christ, in Chinese Recorder Vol.55 (2/1924): Timothy Richard, A Mission to Heaven: a great Chinese epic and allegory (Shanghai: Christianity Literature Society s Depot, 1913) 106 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Religion In Chinese Garment, translated by Joseph Tetlie, p Timothy Richard, The New Testament of Higher Buddhism, p

21 (Francis Xavier ) (Matteo Ricci ) 1840 ( 2004) ( 1996) 2-6 Timothy Richard, Forty-Five Years in China (New York: Stokes, 1916), p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Religion In Chinese Garment, translated by Joseph Tetlie, p.124. Timothy Richard, The New Testament of Higher Buddhism, pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp Ibid., p ( ) ( ) 114 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, 159

22 (Special Revelation) (General Revelation) 120 (Meditation pp ( 2005) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge, pp Ibid., p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p

23 And Piety In The Far East: In The Far East) (Breaking Through) (Cosmic consciousness) 1) 2) 3) (Sverre Holth) Logos 125 (Justin Martyr ) 121 Ibid. pp Ibid. p Sverre Holth, Karl Ludvig Reichelt, in International Review of Missions Vol.41 (1952): Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Ibid. pp

24 (Logos) If ever Justin Martyr s famous saying about Christ as Logos spermaicos (the Logos which, like the seed-germ, lies behind the religious systems of salvation) has had its application, it is surely here. But if this is so, we are standing on holy ground. There will therefore be no question, either, of winning over Buddhism in China in any outward manner, but rather of enlightening Buddhists from within, so that they, in their own peculiar way, may find their place in the great, universal Logos temple, where names and symbols have disappeared, and the eternal, spiritual realities hold sway. In Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Truth And Tradition In Chinese Buddhism: A Study Of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism(Revised and Enlarged), translated from the Norwegian by Kathrina Van Wagenen Bugge (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1934), pp Basil Studer, Trinity and Incarnation:The Faith of the Early Church (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993), p Ibid. 129 ( 1990) Basil Studer, Trinity and Incarnation:The Faith of the Early Church, p Ibid, p Ibid, p

25 ( ) Justin Martyr, Apologia II, 13, edited and translated by Alexander Roberts & James Donaldson, The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol.1: The Aposolic Fathers (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956), pp ( 2000) G.Watson, Greek Philosophy and the Christian Notion of God (Dublin: Columbia, 1994), p.44ff. 135 Basil Studer, Trinity and Incarnation:The Faith of the Early Church, pp Basil Studer, Trinity and Incarnation: The Faith of the Early Church, pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Ibid., p Ibid., p

26 (new birth) 141 1) 2) Ibid., pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Ibid., pp Ibid., p

27 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Ibid. 165

28 Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, pp Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p

29 ) 2) 157 1) 2) (Christ-centered) (Christ-open) Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Karl Ludvig Reichelt, Meditation And Piety In The Far East: A Religious-Psychological Study, p Ibid., p Eric J. Sarpe, The Johannine approach to the question of religious plurality, in Ching Feng Vol.23 no.3-4 (1980): Ibid., p Notto R. Thelle, Legacy of Karl Ludvig Reichelt, in International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol.5 (4/1981):

30 (Carsten Cople) Carsten Cople, Syncretism, in Mircea Eliade editor in chief, The Encyclopedia of Religion(Vol.6) (New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1987), pp When the concept of syncretism is used in describing phenomena, the application of the term is still not the result of an analysis; rather, it serves as a disparaging judgment on certain manifestations in Carsten Cople, Syncretism, in Mircea Eliade editor in chief, The Encyclopedia of Religion(Vol.6) (New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1987), p

31 163 ( ) 50 ( 2003) ( 1983( )) ( )

32 ( 2000) ( ) (11/1996) (121996)

33 ( ) (11/1996) Notto R. Thelle, Legacy of Karl Ludvig Reichelt, in International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol.5 (4/1981): Sverre Holth, Larl Ludvig Reichelt: , in International Review of Missions Vol.41 (1952): (11/1996) Xue Yu, Buddhist-Christian Encounter in Modern China: Taixu s Prespective on Christianity, in Ching Feng New Series, Vol.4 no.2 (2003):

34 172

35 173

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38 176

39 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () () () () () () (1) (2) (3) (4) () (5) (6) 177

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