54 Creative Teaching and the Cultivation of Creativity: The Exemplar of Design Thinking Wei Wen Lin * Abstract The goal of the essay is to reflect on

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1 * design thinking 關鍵詞 : * weiwen@tea.ntue.edu.tw

2 54 Creative Teaching and the Cultivation of Creativity: The Exemplar of Design Thinking Wei Wen Lin * Abstract The goal of the essay is to reflect on the implementation of creative teaching and teaching for creativity in Taiwan. The following principles are important for creative teaching and teaching for creativity: 1. the concept clarification between creative teaching, instructional innovation, and teaching for creativity, 2. assertion of the nurturability of creativity and the learner-centered approach, 3. teaching complying with the essence of creativity, 4. incorporation of domain-related knowledge and skills, creativity-related knowledge and skills, habits of mind, meta-cognition, and ethical concern. Finally, the process of design thinking is used as the exemplar of teaching for creativity. Keywords: creativity, creative teaching, instructional innovation, teaching for creativity, design thinking * Wei Wen Lin, Associate Professor, Department of Education and Master Program of Educational Innovation and Evaluation weiwen@tea.ntue.edu.tw Manuscript received: March 6, 2011; Modified: May 4, 2011; Accepted: May 23, 2011

3 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 Csikszentmihalyi, M Wolfe, R 2000

4 56 Rhodes, M 1961 Mooney, R. L P Product Person. Process Press/Place Mayer, Mayer, R. E Mayer 1999 Sternberg, R. J Handbook of Creativity originality usefulness 2002 variation selection Mayer 1999 original novel useful appropriate value

5 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 Stewart 1950 reciprocal teaching 2002

6 58 Csikszentmihalyi ERIC Thesaurus creative teaching Development and use of novel, original, or inventive teaching methods Disney Creative Learning Communities Grants creative teaching strategies

7 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 59 instructional innovation teaching for creativity ERIC Thesaurus introduction of new teaching ideas, methods, or devices creativity teaching, teaching for creativity Starko 2000 ERIC Thesaurus Scott, G., Leritz, L. E., & Mumford, M. D., 2004 meta analysis

8 60 learner-centered approach Runco 2007 divergent thinking association analogy problem solving problem finding insight intuition over-inclusive thinking Lubart problem identification, problem definition and re-definition selective encoding selective combination selective comparison divergent thinking concept evaluation flexibility 2007

9 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 61 Pranav Minstry 2009 sixth-sense technology Alexander Fleming sense making 2008

10 62 biomimetics 2004

11 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 63 Guilford, Torrance brainstorming Osborn, 1963 convergent thinking critical thinking Osborn-Parnes 1950 creative problem solving

12 64 August Kekulé,

13 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 65 Amabile 1996 domain-related skill creativity-related skill task motivation Halpern 1998 disposition skill structure training metacognition Amabile, 1996; Csikszentmihalyi, 1996; Sternberg, 1999 Scott Leritz Mumford 2004 habits of mind dispositions 2008

14 66 enculturalization Tishman, Perkins, Jay Csikszentmihalyi Anna Craft Howard Gardner Guy Claxton trusteeship, wisdom and creativity wise creativity Craft, Gardner & Claxton, design thinking prototype Hasso Plattner Institute of Design, Stanford University K-12 K-12 Lab Taking Design Thinking to Schools Research Project

15 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 67 1 Simon 1969 human-centered action-oriented mindful of process Hasso Plattner Institute of Design, 2007 Brown 2008 IDEO 1 Bank of America keep the change 1

16 Hasso Plattner Institute for Design, Understand Observe sense of empathy Point of view How might we user + need + insight =

17 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 69 Ideation Prototype Test

18 70 Goldman Roth 2010 human centered empathy mindful of process culture of prototyping show don t tell bias toward action radical collaboration Vande Zande 2007 Goldman Roth 2010 Riverside School Kiran Bir Sethi Design for Change DfC DfC feel imagine do share

19 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例 71 Stanford K 教師創造力內隱理論與創造力教學信念之關係及其發展 Chu, T. S. (2008). Developmental changes in teachers beliefs about creative-thinking activities and their implicit theory of creativity (Unpublished master thesis). Department of Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei 資優教育季刊 Liu, C. S. (2003). The nature and the trap of creative teaching. Gifted Education Quarterly, 86, 生活中的創意創造力的開發與技巧

20 Wu, J. J. (2004). Creativity in the life: The developing and skills of creativity. Lecture in the Institute of Information Industry Taipei: Nankang Software Park 國民中小學學校組織文化教師創意教學潛能與創意教學之關係 Lin, W. W. (2002). The relationships among school organizational culture, teachers potential of creative teaching and creative teaching in elementary and junior high schools. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Department of Education, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei 建安省政府計畫 tpc. edu.tw/editor_doc/editor_docview.asp?id={73eb ee-4116-a e0ca294b2}. Jian-An Elementary School, New Taipei City (March 6, 2011.). Jian-An Government of Energy Conservation Project. Retrieved from A E0CA294B2} 提升學童創造相關心智習性之行動研究以生活課程為例 Hsu, S. M. (2008). The action research of the enhancement of elementary school pupils creativity-related habits of mind An example of the life curriculum (Unpublished master thesis). Department of Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei 大學生玩興智力內隱理論錯誤因應策略及其創意成就之關係 Chen P. L. (2008). The relationships among college students coping with mistakes and creative achievement (Unpublished master thesis). Department of Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei 思考的教室 : 策略與應用 S. Tishman, D. N. Perkins, & E. Jay Tishman, S., Perkins, D. N., & Jay, E. (1994). The thinking classroom: Learning and teaching in a culture of thinking. (Y. S. Liang, Trans.). Taipei: Yuan-Liou 創造力教學 : 過去現在與未來 Yeh, Y. C. (2006). Creativity teaching: Past, now and future. Taipei: Psychological.

21 創意教學與創造力的培育以設計思考為例教育研究月刊 Chan, Y. (2002). The definition and development of creativity: Are children able to create? Journal of Education Research, 100, 創意心理學探索創意的運作機制, 掌握影響創造力的因素 T. Lubart Lubart, T. (2007). Psychologie de la creativite. (K. I. Chiang, Trans.). Taipei: Yuan-Liou 孩子行動, 世界大不同 : 全球創意行動競賽臺灣區分賽 Design for Change, Taiwan (March 6, 2011). Design for change: school contest, Taiwan. Retrieved from Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Colorado, CO: Westview Press. Brown, T. (2008). Design thinking. Harvard Business Review. June, 2008, Craft, A., Gardner, H., & Claxton, G. (2008). Creativity, wisdom, and trusteeship: Exploring the role of education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity. New York: HarperCollins. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Wolfe, R. (2000). New conceptions and research approach to creativity: Implications of a systems perspective for creativity in education. In K. A. Heller, F. J. Monk, R. J. Sternberg, & R. F. Subotnik (Eds.), International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent. (pp ). New York: Elsevier. Educational Resource Information Center (March 6, 2011). Creative teaching. [ERIC Thesaurus]. Retrieved from /gotothesaurusdetail.do?thesarusdetailbackurl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.eric.ed.gov%2fe RICWebPortal%2Fthesaurus%2Fthesaurus_results.jsp%3FERICExtSearch_Searc hthesaurus%3dcreative+teaching&term=creative+teaching&fromsearch=false &pagenumber=1 Goldman, S., & Roth, B. (2010). Destination, imagination & the fires within: Design thinking in a middle school classroom. Retrieved from / SUSE /taking-design /proposals/destination_imagination _the_fire_within.pdf Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, Halpern, D. F. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains dispositions, skills, structure training, and metacognitive monitoring. American Psychologist, 53(4),

22 74 Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford (2007). Design thinking process. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University. Mayer, R. E. (1999). Fifty years of creativity research. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp ). New York: Cambridge. Minstry, P. (2009). The thrilling potential of SixthSense technology. Retrieved from sixthsense_ technology.html Mooney, R. L. (1963). A conceptual model for integrating four approaches to the identification of creative talent. In C. W. Taylor & F. Barron (Eds.), Scientific creativity: Its recognition and development (pp ). New York: Wiley and Sons. Osborn, A. F. (1963). Applied imagination: Principles and procedures of creative problem solving. (3rd ed.). New York: Charles Scribner s Sons. Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan, 42, Runco, M. (2007). Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development and practice. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academy Press. Scott, G., Leritz, L. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2004). The effectiveness of creativity training: A quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal, 16(4), Simon, H. (1969). The sciences of the artificial. Cambridge, NY: MIT Press. Starko, A. J. (2000). Creativity in the classroom: School in the curious delight. New York, NY: LEA. Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Handbook of Creativity. New York: Cambridge. Stewart, G. W. (1950). Can productive thinking be taught? Journal of Higher Education, 21, Vande Zande, R. (2007). Design education as community outreach and interdisciplinary study. Journal for Learning through the Arts: A Research Journal on Arts Integration in Schools and Communities, Vol. 3: No. 1, Article 4. Retrieved from

跨界的視野壹緒論工作動機 (Task motivation) 是美國 Harvard 大學教授 Teresa M. Amabile, 歸納歷年研究所建構之創造力成份模式 (Componential Model of Creativity

跨界的視野壹緒論工作動機 (Task motivation) 是美國 Harvard 大學教授 Teresa M. Amabile, 歸納歷年研究所建構之創造力成份模式 (Componential Model of Creativity 第一章教育與文化 Amabile 工作動機理論影響學生科技創造力的內涵解析李堅萍國立屏東教育大學視覺藝術學系教授 Email: zenpin@mail.npue.edu.tw 摘要工作動機是美國 Harvard 大學教授 Amabile 所建構創造力成份模式理論中