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1 (Kanter, 1977; Martin, 1980; Epstein, 1981; Deaux and Ullman, 1983; Stiehm, 1989; Jacobs, 1989; Reskin and Phipps, 1988; Reskin and Roos, 1990) (Schreiber, 1979; Williams, 1989, 1993, 1995) (Cockburn, 1991) 1

2 (, 1986;, 1983, 1992) (, 1991;, 1978, 1988;, 1988;, 1988;, 1994; Liu, 1983; C. C. Chang, 1980; Wiltgen, 1990; Lu, 1992) (, 1985;, 1992; Tsai, 1984; Tsai, Gates and Chiu, 1994) (, 1991;, 1988;, 1988;, 1991;, 1982;, 1981;, 1989;, 1991;, 1985;, 1989;, C. F. Chang, 1994; Gannicott, 1986) (, 1987;, 1985;, 1993, 1995;, 1988; C. F. Chang, 1988; C. C. Lin, 1989) (organizational context) 2

3 (Becker, 1971, 1993) (on-the-job training) (Reskin and Phipps, 1988) 3

4 Rosabeth Moss Kanter (tokenism) (1977) numerical minority) Kanter (Zimmer, 1988; Izraeli, 1983; Ott, 1989; Williams, 1995) Kanter (Reskin, 1988) 4

5 % 97.8% ~

6 % % % % N=228 (52.9%) (55.6%) (45.6%) (50.9%) (86.7%) 1 6 (l) 6

7 (2) ( ) (3)

8 17.6% (48.1% 28.4%) (7.5%) % % % % % % % % % % 2280 * 50% (50%) 8

9 ~8

10 680~ % Michael (emotional demand) 10

11 11

12 representation negotiation fact 12

13 visibility token women

14 Baron, Ava Work Engendered: Toward a New History of American Labor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Becker, Gary S A Treatise on the Family. First paperback edition. Copyright Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Beller, Andrea H "Trends in Occupational Segreation by Sex and Race, ," pp in Sex, Segregation in the Workspace-Trends, Explanation, Remedies. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Bose, Christine E Jobs and Gender: A Study of Occupational Prestige. New York: Praeger Publishers. Bradley, Harriet Men's Work, Women's Work: A Sociological History of the Sexual Division of Labor in Employment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Brown, Clair and Joseph A. Pechman Gender in the Workplace. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. 14

15 Chang, Chin-fen "A Comparison of Employment and Wage Determination between Full-Time Working Men and Women in Taiwan.". Chang, Ching-hsi "Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Taiwan: A Micro Cross-sections Analysis." 9(1): Charles, Maria and David B. Grusky "Models for Describing the Undering Structure of Sex Segregation." American Journal Sociology 100(4): Charles, Maria "Cross-National Variation in Occupational Sex Segreation." American Sociology Review 57(August): Chiplin, Brian and Peter J. Sloane Tackling Discrimination at the Workplace: An Analysis of Sex Discrimination in Britain. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: Cohn, Samuel The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain. Edited by Ronnie J. Steinberg. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Davies, Margery W Women's Place Is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Edited by Bruce Laurie and Milton Cantor. England, Paula, Melissa S. Herbert, Barbara Stanek Kilbourne, Lori L. Reid, and Lori McCreary Megdal "The Gendered Valuation of Occupations and Skills: Earnings in 1980 Census Occupations." Social Forces 73(1): Gannicott, Kenneth "Women, Wages and Discrimination: Some Evidence from Taiwan." Economic Development and Cultural Change 34(3): Herschel, Richard T., Theresa R. Cooper, Laura F. Smith, and Lisa Arrington "Exploring Numerical Proportions in a Unique Context: The Group Support Systems Meeting Environment." Sex Roles 31(1/2): Izraeli, Dafna N "Effects or Structural Effects? Empirical Test of Kanter's Hypothesis." Social Forces 62(1): Jacobs, Jerry A "Long-Term Trend in Occupational Segregation by Sex." American Journal of Sociology 95(1): Jones, Sandra Policewomen and Equality: Formal Policy vs. Informal Practice? London: Macmillan Press. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books. 15

16 Kilbourne, Babara Stanek, George Farkas, Kurt Beron, Dorothea Weir, and Paula England "Returns to skill, Compensating Differentials, and Gender Bias: Effects of Occupational Characteristics on the Wages of White Women and Men." American Journal of Sociology 100(3): Lin, Chung-cheng "Occupational Segregation between Sexes in Taiwan." 2(11): Liu, Paul K. C "Determinants of Income Inequality over Family Development Cycle: The Case of Taiwan," Academia Economic Papers 9, 1 (March): Liu, Paul K. C "Trends in Female Labor Force Participation in Taiwan: The Transition toward Higher Technology Activities." Academia Economic Papers (11): Lu, Yu-hsia "Married Women's Informal Employment in Taiwan." Proceedings of the National Science Council, R.O.C., Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences 2(2): Martin, Susan Ehrlich Breaking and Entering: Policewomen on Patrol. Berkeley: University of California Press. Martin, Susan Ehrlish "Think Like a Man, Work Like a Dog, and Act Like a Lady: Occupational Dilemmas of Policewomen," pp in The Worth of Women's Work: A Qualitative Synthesis. Edited by Anne Statham, Eleanor Miller, and Hans Mauksch. Albany: State University of New York Press. Miller, Joanne, and Howard Garrison "Sex Roles: The Division of Labor at Home and in the Workplace," Annual Review of Sociology (7): Mincer, Jacob and Solomon Polachek "Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women," Journal of Political Economy 82, 2 (March-April ): S76-S108. Ott, Marlies E "Effects of the Male-Female Ratio at Work: Policewomen and Male Nurses." Psychology of Women Quarterly (13): Reskin, Barbara and Patricia Roos Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations. Temple University Press. Reskin, Barbara and Polly Phipps "Women in Male-Dominated Philadelphia: Professional and Managerial Occupations," pp in Women Work. Edited by Ann Helton Stromberg and Shirley Harkess. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing. 16

17 Reskin, Barbara Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Remedies. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Reskin, Barbara "Bringing the Men Back In: Sex Differentiation and the Devaluation of Women's Work." Gender & Society (2): Schreiber, Carol Tropp Changing Places: Men and Women in Transitional Occupations. Cambridge: MIT Press. Tsai, Shu-ling "Sex and Social Stratification: A Review of Literature." (8): Warner, Rebecca L. and Brent S. Steel "Conditions Associated with the Advent of Representative Bureaucracy: The Case of Women in Policing." Social Science Quarterly (70): Williams, Christine L Gender Differences at Work: Women and Men in Nontraditional Occupations. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Williams, Christine L "The Glass Escalator: Hidden Advantages for Men in the 'Female' Professions." Social Problems 39(3): Williams, Christine L Doing "Women's Work" Men in Nontraditional Occupations. Publications. Edited by Michael S. Kimmel. Newbury Park: Sage Wiltgen, Richard J "The Family, Female Employment and the Distribution of Income in Taiwan," Journal of Developing Societies 6 (2): Zimmer, Lynn "Tokenism and Women in the Workplace: The Limits of Gender-Neutral Theory." Social Problems 35(1): < > < > < > < > < > < > 17

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10 234 Y Keyboard 2003 12 17 10 235 2009 236 10-1 10-1 3C Rosabeth Kanter 2008/1977 Kanter 10 237 Kanter token tokenism Kanter tokenism Kanter spillover effects of sex role 238 Patricia Roos Barbara Reskin

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穨report.PDF