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1 3 : ,,, ;, :,,, ;,, :, ( Entwisle & Henderson, 2000 ; Gustafsson & Li, 2000 ; Liu et al., 2000 ;Shu & Bian,2003 ;,2004 ; Shu,2005 ;,2008 ;,2008),, :, ;,,, 3 (CGSS2003 ) (CA03Π04. HSS01),, ( :HKUST6424PΠ05H), 88

2 ;, :, ;, ;, (Oaxaca, 1973),,, ;, (, ),,,,, (occupational gender segregation),, ( ) ;, ( Marini, 1989 ; Reskin & Roos, 1990 ; England, 1992 ; Peterson & Morgan, 1995 ; Anker, 1998 ; Charles & Grusky, 2004), (,2008),,, Entwisle & Henderson,2000 ; Shu & Bian,2003 ;,2008, , (Shu &Bian,2003), ( Gustafsson &Li,2000 ;,2008) ( Gross,1968) 89

3 , : (1)?,? (2)?,?,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) :, : ( ), ( ), ( ), (Becker,1993Π1964 ;Mincer,1974) ( ),, (2008) CGSS2003, 90

4 , ( Reskin & Roos,1990 ; England,1992 ;Anker, 1998 ;Blau & Kahn,2000 ;Charles & Grusky,2004), ( Polachek,1979,1981), ( England,1982,1984,1992),,,, ( England,1992),,, (Treiman & Hartmann,1981), : (Bergmann,1974) ( England, 1992 ;Sorensen,1994),,,, (Peterson &Morgan,1995) (queueing theory),,,,, (Reskin & Roos,1990), (Peterson &Morgan,1995) ( England et al.,2007),,,, : ( allocative discrimination), ; (valuative discrimination),, ; (within2job wage discrimination),, (Peterson &Morgan,1995) 91

5 , 2000, (index of dissimilarity, ) 01407, 40 % (, 2008),??,, 20 90, ; ( Parish & Busse,2000) , % % (Shu & Bian,2003) ,, %(,2004 :40),, ( ),, (Shu,2005), 1999,, (,2006),, :,,,, (Jacobs,2001 ; Cotter et al.,, 5 (Shu &Bian,2003) ; 6 (Shu,2005) ; (,2004) ; 6 (, 2006) 92

6 2004 ;,2008) ;,,, ;,,, ( ) (,2000),, ( ),,, : 1978, ( ) ( ) ( ),, (,2002 ;,2006a,2006b),,, Brown, (,2006) 93

7 ,,,,,,,,,,,, (,2004 ;,2006),,, (,2008),, ( :,2006 ;,2008 ;,2008),,,, :,,,,,, : ; 1a : 1b :,,, (Nee,1989),,,,,,,, 94

8 ( ),,,, : 2a :, ; 2b :,,,,, (Stacey,1983 ;Honig,2000 ;Parish &Busse,2000) ;, (,2006 ;,2008 ;,2008),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : ; 3a : 3b :, 95

9 ( ) (CGSS2003) 5894 ( ) ( ) ( ),, ; 2000 (1 % ),, 2000 (,2000) 2000, ( ) 1.,, CGSS2003 ( ),,, 2. ( = 1) ( ) 1999, 408, 378 (,2000) CGSS2003 CGSS2003, http :ΠΠwww. cgss. org 96

10 , 234 ( ) 234, 0 1, (merge) CGSS2003, CGSS2003, :,CGSS2003,, ;, CGSS2003,,2000,,, 3,,,, 4.,,,, ( = 1), ( ),,,,,, ( ) ;, ( ),,,, ( ),, : (1) ( ) ; 234, CGSS2003,,, : = 6, = 9, = 12, = 13, = 14, = 15, = 15, = 16, = 19 97

11 (2) ( 2003, ) ; (3) (, ) ; (4) (,, ) 5. : (1) (,, 4, ) ; (2) ( = 1) ; (3) ( = 1) ( ),,,,,, ( ) 1, :, 91 %(100519Π = 01909) ;, 71 %(95519Π = 01714),, 98

12 1 a a Π ( = 1) :a ; 3 p < 0105 ( T2test ) ; 33 p < 0101 ; 333 p < 01001,, ( ), (Blau & Kahn,1996), 0134, 0152 ( 1 ) 99

13 ( 1 ),, 39 %,, 35 %,,,,, : 19, 18,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( ), (nested) 5 :,, 4,, ( ) 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) , 011 % ( 2), , 3,, , 24 %( [ ]Π = 0124) 4, 100

14 ,, 4 ( ) 3 ( ), ( 5), 4 42 %( [ ]Π = 0142),,, 2 ( ) T (R 2 ) T (R 2 ) 1 : ( = 1) : ( ) 3 : + + ( ) : ( ) 5 : : 3 p < 0105 ; 33 p < 0101 ;333 p < ( ) , 5 % ( 2) ( 3),,, 4, 4, 20 %( [ ]Π = 01192),, 5,, 4, 8 %( [ ]Π = 0108),, 101

15 , 2 :, ;,, 2 3a 3b, 1a 1b 2a 2b 3 ( ), : ( 2 5), 3,, , 011 %,,, 100 % 0 % 35 % (1 - e = 0135), 10 %, 315 % : , 011 % ; ( 10 % ),,, 3,, ( ), 5 % 3 6,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,,, 102

16 3 ( = 1) (1049) (1114) ( = 1) (1055) (1059) (1112) (1170) (1225) (1274) (1011) (1012) (1019) (1025) (1037) (1034) (1008) (1009) (1015) (1017) (1024) (1025) Π a (1019) (1020) (1039) (1041) (1056) (1067) (1055) (1063) (1098) (1139) (1209) (1189) (1082) (1087) (1186) (1215) (1323) (1299) b (1142) (1134) (1579) (1291) (1331) (11058) (1074) (1087) (1129) (1151) (1229) (1205) (1063) (1069) (1122) (1175) (1234) (1272) (1088) (1092) (1190) (1473) (1579) (11069) ( ) c (1116) (1140) (1199) (1252) (1390) (1342) 103

17 Π Π (1065) (1077) (1115) (1111) (1164) (1156) (1062) (1075) (1108) (1259) (1409) (1338) (1065) (1074) (1120) (1228) (1390) (1290) ( = 1) (1047) (1055) (1083) (1112) (1161) (1159) ( = 1) (1046) (1053) (1083) (1111) (1164) (1158) (1160) (1179) (1308) (1353) (1514) (1506) (R2squared) :a ; b ; c ; 3 p < 0105 ; 33 p < 0101 ; 333 p < ; ( ), (Oaxaca,1973) (Jones & Kelley,1984),, (, ) : ln W m - ln W f = B f ( X m - X f ) + ( 1a) 104

18 ln W m - ln W f - B m ( X m - X f ) + ( 1b) ln W, X, B ; m, f, ( X m - X f ) X ( 1), B m ( B f ) X ( ) ( 3) ( 3),,,, (Marini & Fan, 1997 ; Shu & Bian, 2003),, (Wellington, 1994 : 844), : ln W m - ln W f = B a ( X m - X f ) + ( 2) B a ( 3), 1a 1b, ( 2),, 4 4,, 52 % ( 48 %, 2a 5,, ) %, 516 % 7122 % %,,, 4,, 25 % (, 2 5,, ), 15 % ( 1),,, 105

19 , % 6109 %, 6152 %, 4 a b c d ( ) Π ( ) ( ) : a B a ( X m - X f ) ; b 1 2 [ B m ( X m - X f ) + B f ( X m - X f ) ] ; c B a (X m - X f ) ; d 1 2 [B m (X m - X f ) + B f (X m - X f ) ] ( ) ( ),,,, 106

20 , 4 3a 3b, ;,,,, CGSS , :,,,,, :,, ;,, 46 % ;,,,,, ;, ( 6 %), 15 %, : (1), ; (2),,,, 107

21 , (Reskin & Roos,1990 ; England,1992),, :,,, ;,,, ( :,2004 ;, 2006 ;,2008 ;, 2008),,,,,,, ( ),,,, :,?,,,,,,,, 50 60,, :, 2002,, : 108

22 ,2002, , 5,2006,, 5,2000, ( ),2008,, 2,2006,, 5,2006a,, 5,2006b,, 6,2008, : , 2,2008, :, 6,2004,, 1,2004, :, 1,2001,, 5 Anker, R. 1998, Gender and Jobs : Sex Segregation of Occupation in the World. Geneva : International Labor Office. Becker, G. S. 1993Π1964, Human Capital : A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Bergmann, B. R. 1974, Occupational Segregation,Wages and Profits when Employers Discriminate by Race and Sex. Eastern Economic Journal, (1) ApplyΠJuly. Bian, Y., J. Logan & X. Shu 2000, Wages and Job Inequalities in the Working Lives of Men and Women in Tianjin. in Re2Drawing Boundaries : Work, Households, and Gender in China, (eds. ) by Entwisle & G. Henderson. Berkeley : University of California Press. Blau, F. & L. M. Kahn 1996, Age Structure and Gender Earning Differentials : An International Comparisions. Eonomica 63 :S , Gender Difference in Pay. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (4). Charles, M. &D. Grusky 2004, Occupational Ghettos : The Worldwide Segregation of Men and Women. Stanford, California :Stanford University Press. Corcoran, M. &J. D. Greg 1979, Work History, Labor Force Attachment, and Earnings Differences between the Races and Sexes. Journal of Human Resources 14. Cotter, D. A., J. M. Hermsen & R. Vanneman 2004, Gender Inequality at Work. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau. England, P. 1982, The Failure of Human Capital Theory to Explain Occupational Sex Segregation. 109

23 Journal of Human Resources , Wage Appreciation and Depreciation : A Test of Neoclassical Economic Explanations of Occupational Sex Segregation. Social Forces , Comparable Worth : Theories and Evidence. NY: Aldine. England, P., G. Farkas, B. S. Kilbourne & T. Dou 1988, Explaining Occupational Sex Segregation and Wages : Findings from a Model with Fixed Effects. American Sociological Review 53. England, P., P. Allison & Y. Wu 2007, Does Bad Pay Cause Occupations to Feminize, Does Feminization Reduce Pay, and How Can We Tell with Longitudinal Data? Social Science Research 36. Entwisle, B. & G. Henderson (eds. ) 2000, Re2drawing Boundaries : Gender, Households, and Work in China. Berkeley : University of California Press. Gross, E. 1968, Plus ga Change? The Sexual Structure of Occupations over Time. Social Problems 16. Gustafsson, B. & S. Li 2000, Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China. Journal of Population Economics 13. Honig, E. 2000, Iron Girls Revisited : Gender and the Politics of Work in the Cultural Revolution, in B. Entwisle & G. E. Henderson ( eds) Re2Drawing Boundaries : Work, Households, and Gender in China. CA Berkeley :University of California Press. Jacobs, J. 2001, Evolving Patterns of Sex Segregation. in I. Berg &A. Kalleberg (eds. ) Sourcebook on Labor Markets : Evolving Structures and Processes. New York : Plenum. Jones, F. L. & J. Kelley 1984, Decomposing Differences between Groups : A Cautionary Note on Measuring Discrimination. Sociological Methods and Research 12. Liu, P., X. Meng & J. Zhang 2000, Sectoral Gender Wage Differentials and Discrimination in the Transitional Chinese Economy. Journal of Population Economics 13. Marini, M. 1989, Sex Differences in Earnings in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology 15. Marini, M. & Pi2Ling Fan 1997, The Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry. American Sociological Review 62. Mincer, J. 1974, Schooling, NBER. Experience, and Earnings. New York : Columbia University Press for Nee, V. 1989, A Theory of Market Transition : From Distribution to Markets in State Socialism. American Sociological Review 54. Oaxaca, R. 1973, Male2Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review 14. Parish, W. L. & S. Busse 2000, Gender and Work. in W. Tang & W. L. Parish, Chinese Urban Life under Reform. New York : Cambridge University Press. Polachek, S. 1979, Occupational Segregation among Women : Theory, Evidence, and a Prognosis. in C. B. Lloyd, E. S. Andrews & C. L. Gilroy (eds. ) Women in the Labor Market. New York : Columbia University Press. 1981, Occupational Self Selection : A Human Capital Approach to Sex Differences in Occupation 110

24 Structure. Review of Economics and Statistics 58. Peterson, T. &L. A. Morgan 1995, Separate and Unequal : Occupation2Establishment Sex Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap. American Journal of Sociology 101 (2). Reskin, B. & P. Roos 1990, Job Queues, Gender Queues. Chapter 2. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. Shu, X. & Y. Bian 2003, Market Transition and Gender Gap in Earnings in Urban China. Social Forces 81 (4). Shu, X. 2005, Market Transition and Gender Segregation in Urban China. Social Science Quarterly 86. Sorensen, E. L. 1994, Comparable Worth : Is It a Worthy Policy? Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press. Stacey, J. 1983, Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China. CA Berkeley : University of California Press. Treiman, D. J. & H. I. Hartmann (eds. ) 1981, Women, Work, and Wages : Equal Pay for Jobs of Equal Value. Washington, D. C. : National Academy Press. Wellington, A. 1994, The MaleΠFemale Wage Gap among Whites : 1976 and American Sociological Review 59. : ( ) E - ( ) : 111

25 Abstract : According to Huntington s categorization pattern of social identities, this paper uses SEM to explore relations among social identifications of the immigrants, namely culture identification, region identification, group identification, SES identification and career identification. The new urban immigrants survey data shows out that the consistency and diversity coexist within immigrants identifications : career identification plays a positive role on SES identification and native identification the same to SES identification on region identification, region identification on culture identification and native identification, and native identification on culture identification, while career identification doesn t remarkably affect culture identification and region identification, nor SES identification on group identification and cultural identification ; and residing plan has a positive correlation with local festival adoption and children developing expectation. Occupational Gender Segregation and Gender Wage Gap in Urban China Wu Yuxiao & Wu Xiaogang 88 Abstract : Using data from 2003 Chinese General Survey and the occupation information extracted from the micro2data of 2000 Census, this paper investigates the effect of occupational gender segregation on gender wage gap in urban China and how the effect varies with different sectors. It finds out that, in state sector, occupational gender segregation has significant effects on income2individuals in an occupation with higher percentage of females earn lower wages. Moreover, occupational gender segregation explains about 50 percent of the observed gender wage gap in this sector. While in market sector, this link is not valid : neither does gender segregation influence wages, nor does it contribute to the gender wage gap. It is human capital that explains the gender wage gap in market sector. The findings of this paper uncover the different mechanisms of gender stratification across sectors in urban China and shed new lights on the theoretical debates upon marketization and gender inequality in transitional China. Interpersonal Trust and Social Interaction between People of Different Regions Sizes Zhang Yunwu 112 Abstract: This study investigates interpersonal trust and the relevance between it and social interaction among people of different region sizes. The study finds : 1) In China, interpersonal trust among people in different region sizes did not show significant differences, but in some regions more or less the same. Meanwhile, the degree of trust is between average and very. 2) Trust in all people in contact correlates orientation of social interaction and social networks. That is, the higher trust in people one has, the weaker selective and surface orientation of social interaction sπhe has, and the more social networks sπhe has. Based on the characteristics of regions, the study explains the findings whilst pointing out the limitations of Western theories when applied to China. 244

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