m 2 6.8m (Megantereon) Hesperotherium) Fig.1 Geographical position of the Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Chongzuo, Guangxi Fig.2 Vertical

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1 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Vol.33, No.4 November, , Rhinoceros fusuiensis Q A ) ( ) 54 km 22º13 54 N; 107º36 35 E (KZZD-EW-03) ( ) ( ); ( ) (1987-) yanya50ling@126.com jinchangzhu@ivpp.ac.cn

2 m 2 6.8m (Megantereon) Hesperotherium) Fig.1 Geographical position of the Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Chongzuo, Guangxi Fig.2 Vertical distribution of the Gaoyan Mountain caves

536 33 Dicoryphochoerus) Pachycrocuta licenti) Ailuropoda microta) Tapirus sanyuanensis) [1] 58% Typhlomys intermedius) Hystrix magna) Chiropodomys primitivus) Hapalomys gracilis) Niviventer

3 Dicoryphochoerus) Pachycrocuta licenti) Ailuropoda microta) Tapirus sanyuanensis) [1] 58% Typhlomys intermedius) Hystrix magna) Chiropodomys primitivus) Hapalomys gracilis) Niviventer preconfucianus) Leopoldamys edwardsioides) [2-3] 146 ) Rhinoceros) Rhinoceros fusuiensis [4] % 78 59% 3) 11 8% 43 33% 12 9% 66 50% 3 DP3 P3 M1 p % m1 8% P2 p % 4 59% 41% 50% 33% [5] P2-9% M3) Fig.3 Percentage of each upper and lower tooth types from the Yanliang Cave

4 4 537 Tab.1 Upper cheek teeth from the Yanliang Cave DP1 DP2 DP3 DP4 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 (left) (right) M3 M2 M1 P4 P3 P2 DP3 DP2 DP1 m3 m2 m1 p4 p3 p2 dp4 dp3 dp (n) Fig.4 Histogram showing the numbers of each upper and lower tooth types of Rhinoceros from Yanliang Cave IVPP V MNHN: Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle [6] ) [7] [8-13] [14]

538 33 [15] Louguet Schepartz [16-17] 6 0) 1) 2) 1 3) 4) 5) 0 1-2 3-4 5 5 [8] 6 2 4 DP)1-4

5 Attritional status of upper cheek teeth of Rhinoceros from Yanliang Cave A1-A4

5 [15] Louguet Schepartz [16-17] 6 0) 1) 2) 1 3) 4) 5) [8] DP)1-4 [13] DP2 DP3 DP1 DP4 DP4 DP1 M1 M2 P2 P3 P4 M3 DP1 Fig.5 Attritional status of upper cheek teeth of Rhinoceros from Yanliang Cave A1-A4 B1-B2C1-C4D1-D2A1-A2 P4 V ) A3-A4 M3 V ) B1-B2 P2 V ) C1-C2 M2 V ) C3-C4 M3 V ) D1-D2 DP1 V )

4 539 ) Fig.6 Dental eruption order, attrition and ontogenic stages of rhinos [8] I. Neonate). R. sondaicus MNHN A7966 DP1-DP4 in use M1 in erupting II. Juvenile).

6 4 539 ) Fig.6 Dental eruption order, attrition and ontogenic stages of rhinos [8] I. Neonate). R. sondaicus MNHN A7966 DP1-DP4 in use M1 in erupting II. Juvenile). Coelodonta antiquitatis MNHN SJA20 P2-P3 DP4 M1 M2 in erupting III-IV. Sub-adult). R. sondaicus MNHN A2277 DP1 P2-M1 M3 in erupting Diceros bicornis MNHN DP1 P2-M2 M3 fully erupted but not used V. Adult). R. sondaicus MNHN A7971 DP1 P2-M3 M3 slightly used VI. Old adult). R. unicornis MNHN P1-M3 Tab.2 Dental eruption order, attrition and age stages of Rhinoceros (after Tong, 2001) [8] DP1 DP2 DP3 DP4 M1 < 1.5 DP1 DP2 DP3 DP4 M1 DP1 DP2 DP3 DP4 M1 M2 DP1? P2 DP3 DP4 M1 M2 DP1? P2 P3 DP4 M1 M2 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 DP4M1 M2DP1 DP2 DP3 P2 P3 DP4 P4 P2 P3 M1 M2 M3 M3 M1 M2 P2 P3 P4 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M >6 Rhinoceros) M2 P2 P3 M1 M2 P3 P2 M1 P4 M3 [5, 8, 11, 13] 2) 6 7~10 45 [18] 6 2 M1 1.5 M1 M2 DP4 DP1 DP2 DP3 P2 P3 1.5~4 DP4 P4 P2 P3 M1 M2 M3 4-6 M3 P4 P2 P3 M1 M2 6

7 P4 M3 [6] [19-20] U [21] [14] L [22-25] Haynes 1991) [26] A B C D 6 2 DP1-DP3 DP4 M1 M2 M1 M2 3) 1

8 4 541 Tab.3 Attritional status of upper cheek teeth of Rhinoceros from Yanliang Cave DP1 DP2 DP3 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M DP1 DP1 DP2 4) 4 DP1 3 DP2 4 4 M1 1 1 M P4 M3 P2 P3 M1 M2 P4 1 M3 2 3) 2 P2 P3 M1 M P2 P3 M1 M2 P4 M3 P2 P3 M1 M2 P4 M3 P2 P3 M1 M ) 4 P4 3 3 M3 6 M P4 M3 P4 3 M % % 1 6.7% 7 Haynes

542 33 n 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 5 4 1 7% 33% 27% 33% Fig.

9 n % 33% 27% 33% Fig.7 Age distribution of rhinoceros from the Yanliang Cave, based on the attrition of teeth K [27] 1.9%~3.7% [28] attritional type) [28]

10 4 543 [1] [J] (4) [2] [J] 2009, 28(1): [3] [J] 2008, 28(6): [4] Yan YL, Wang Y, Jin CZ, et al. New remains of Rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) associated with Gigantopithecus blacki from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave, Fusui, South China [J]. Quaternary International, 2014 (in press) [5] Hooijer D. Prehistoric and fossil rhinoceroses from the Malay Archipelago and India[J]. Zoologische Mededeelingen, 1946, [6] [M] 1995,1: [7] Klein R, Cruz-Uribe K. The computation of ungulate age (mortality) profiles from dental crown heights[j]. Paleobiology, 1983, 9(1): [8] Tong HW. Age profiles of rhino fauna from the Middle Pleistocene Nanjing Man Site, south China-explained by the rhino specimens of living species[j]. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2001, 11: [9] Borsuk-Bialynicka M. Studies on the Pleistocene rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach)[J]. Paleobiology Polonica, 1973, 29: 9-19, XXIII [10] Foster J. Mortality and ageing of black rhinoceros in east Tsavo Park, Kenya[J]. East African Wildlife Journal, 1965, 3: [11] Groves C. On the rhinoceros of southeast Asia[J]. Säugetierkundlicbe Mitteilungen, München, 1967, 15: [12] Hitchins P. Age determination of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis Linn.) in Zululand [J]. South Af rican Journal of Wildlife Research, 1978, 8: [13] Guérin C. Les rhinocéros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocène terminal au Pléistocène supérieur en Europe occidentale[m]. Documents Laboratoire Géologie Lyon, 1980, 79(1-3): [14] Klein R. Age (mortality) profiles as a means of distinguishing hunted species from scavenged ones in Stone Age archeological sites[j]. Paleobiology, 1982, 8(2): [15] Simon H. Teeth[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2005: [16] Louguet S. Determining the age of death of Proboscids and Rhinocerotids from dental attrition[a]. Ruscillo D(ed.). In: Recent Advances in Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones[C]. 9th International Council for Archaeozology Conference. Durham: Oxford, 2002: [17] Schepartz L, Miller-Antonio S. Taphonomy, life history, and human exploitation of Rhinoceros sinensis at the Middle Pleistocene site of Panxian Dadong, Guizhou, China[J]. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2010, 20: [18] Ballenger L, Myers P. Rhinocerotidea (online) [Z]. Animal Diversity Web, Available at site/ accounts/information/rhinocerotidae.htm, 2001 [19] Hulbert R. Population dynamics of the three-toed horse Neohipparion from the Late Miocene of Florida[J]. Paleobiology, 1982, 8: [20] Kurten B. Variation and dynamics of a fossil antelope population[j]. Paleobiology, 1983, 9: [21] Klein R. Stone age predation on small African bovids[j]. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 1981, 36(134): [22] Haynes G. Proboscidean die-offs and die-outs: Age profile in fossil collections[j]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1987, 14: [23] Haynes G. Mass deaths and serial predation: Comparative taphonomic studies of modern large mammal death sites[j]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1988, 15: [24] Haynes G. Longitudinal studies of African elephant death and bone deposits[j]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1988, 15: [25] Lyman R. On the analysis of vertebrate mortality profile: Sample size, mortality type, and hunting pressure[j]. American Antiquity, 1987, 52: [26] Haynes G. Mammoths, Mastodons and Elephants: Biology, Behavior andthe Fossil Record [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991: 1-397

11 [27] John HP, Janet LH. The nature of life[m]. McGraw-Hill Inc, 1995: [28] Dinerstein E. The return of the unicorns: the natural history and conservation of the greater one-horned rhinoceros[m]. Columbia: University Press, 2003: Age Profiles of Rhinoceros from the Yanliang Cave, Fusui County, Guangxi, South China YAN Yaling 1, 2, JIN Changzhu 1, ZHU Min 1, LIU Yihong 1, LIU Jinyu 3 1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing ; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, ; 3. Dawan Gas Production Plant of Puguang Branch Company of Zhongyuan Oil Field, Dazhou Abstract: The Gigantopithecus fauna recently discovered in the Yanliang Cave, Fusui County, Chongzuo Municipality, Guangxi Autonomous Region, South China, consists of abundant Gigantopithecus remains including mandibles and a large variety of fossil mammals. The most conspicuous large mammalian remains include 146 complete isolated teeth and a dozen postcrania of Rhinocerotidae, belonging to Rhinoceros fusuiensis based on morphological analysis. The Yanliang Gigantopithecus fauna is characterized by the presence of several Neogene relic taxa such as Megantereon, Hesperotherium and Dicoryphochoerus, and many primitive species from the Quaternary such as Pachycrocuta licenti, Ailuropoda microta, Tapirus sanyuanensis, Typhlomys intermedius, Niviventer preconfucianus and Leopoldamys edwardsioides. The geological age is estimated to be Early Pleistocene based on fauna and stratigraphic correlation. Age profiles of these Rhinoceros remains were determined on the basis of tooth attrition analysis and checking the exposure of enamel and dentine. Results show that there are at least five adults and five sub-adult individuals, which were the dominant elements in the fossil assemblage suggesting their death was due to disaster. Key words: Yanliang Cave; Guangxi; Early Pleistocene; Gigantopithecus Fauna; Rhinoceros; Age profile

km N E m 34m 22m A B 1 A B B Fig. 1 1 Map showing the geological sections of the Homo sapiens Cave

km N E m 34m 22m A B 1 A B B Fig. 1 1 Map showing the geological sections of the Homo sapiens Cave 29 3 Vol. 29 No. 3 2010 8 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Aug. 2010 1 2 1 1 3 1. 100044 2. 100049 3. 100871 1 Mus pahari Apodemus draco Apodemus agrarius Hapalomys cf. H. delacouri Chiropodomys gliroides Niviventer