1 : 43,,,, Kelly,, (109 ) [3 ],,, (186 ) [1 ], [4 6 ] [7 ],, [8 ] Binford,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,, (Currency),,, : ( Primary production) (Secondary production)

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1 Vol125, No11 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Feb., 2006 (, ) :,, 431,,,,, : ; ; : K87111 : A : (2006) ,,,,,,, [1 ],,,, Binford (2001) [2 ] : ; : : ( ) : ( ),,,,

2 1 : 43,,,, Kelly,, (109 ) [3 ],,, (186 ) [1 ], [4 6 ] [7 ],, [8 ] Binford,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,, (Currency),,, : ( Primary production) (Secondary production),,,,, (net above ground productivity, [9 ] NAGP), Rosenzweig (1968), Binford (2001) : log 10 NAGP = { [110 + AE = (mm) ( ) ] 3 [log 10 AE]} - ( )

3 44 25,, Binford, 431 [10 11 ] 2,,, Bailey 8 [12 ] (1),,,,, ;, - -,,,, 2,,,,,, ( ),, ;,, (121 ) [3 ],, ( ),,,,, (mobility), :,,, ( ) ;,,,, 3, (400 ), ( ),,,

4 1 : 45 1 The length of growing seasons 2 Distribution of net above ground productivity,,, 3 (Minimalist Terrestrial Model),

46 25 3 ( ) Distribution of secondary productivity 4

5 ( ) Distribution of secondary productivity 4 Distribution of accessible plant foods,, (165 ) [2 ],,,,,,,

6 1 : 47,, ;,, (4),,,,, ( ), Binford (RXPREY), [2 ] 5,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, (6),,,,,, 5,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (7)

48 25 5 Distribution of accessible animal foods 6 Population

7 Distribution of accessible animal foods 6 Population density of hunter2gatherers dependent on terrestrial resources 7,, ;,,,,

8 1 : 49 7 Subsistence diversity of hunter2gatherers, Binford SUPSPX ( 8), (9),,, 1),, 2),, 3),, 4), 5),

9 Distribution of Subsistence Types 6),,,, 7),,, 8),,,,, - 400,,, [13 ] -,,,,

10 1 : 51 9 Cultural2ecological regions of hunter2gatherers 4,,, ( Great Plains),,,,?,, (mobility),,,,,,,,

11 52 25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [14, ], (intensification),,,, ;,,, (between2patch mobility), ;,,,,, (within2patch mobility), (1), ; (2) ; (3) ; (4), ; (5) ; (6) ; (7) (body size) (366 ) [2 ] : (foragers) (collectors), [15 ],,,,,,,,,, ( ) 395,, (276, Generalization 8117) [2 ], (

1 : 53 276, Generalization 8115 & 16) [2 ],, ;, Binford :, 1157, (packing pressure) ;, ; 91098,, (383, Proposition 10114) [2 ],,,, (,, ; ),,,, Binford (10) : (1) (growing season

12 1 : , Generalization 8115 & 16) [2 ],, ;, Binford :, 1157, (packing pressure) ;, ; 91098,, (383, Proposition 10114) [2 ],,,, (,, ; ),,,, Binford (10) : (1) (growing season threshold), 18, 12, ; (2) ( storage threshold), , ; (3) (terrestrial plant threshold), 12175,,, ; (4) (subpolar bottleneck), 11143, 10 Distribution of effective temperature

13 54 25 (267, Generalization 8112) [2 ],,,,,,,,,,,, Binford, ; (158 ) [2 ],, ( ),,,,,, ( 15125),,, (collectors),,,, : [ 1 ]... [ 2 ] Binford LR. Constructing Frames of Reference : An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter2Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets [M]. Berkley : University of California Press, [ 3 ] Kelly R. The Foraging Spectrum : Diversity in Hunter2Gatherer Lifeways [ M]. Washington, DC, and London : Smithsonian Institution Press, [ 4 ] Jochim MA. Hunter2Gatherer Subsistence and Settlement : A Predictive Model [M]. New York : Academic Press, [ 5 ] Mithen SJ. Modeling hunter2gatherer decision making : complementing optimal foraging theory [J ]. Human Ecology, 1989, 17 : [ 6 ] Winterhalder B. Diet choice, risk and food sharing in a stochastic environment [J ]. Journal of Ethnobiology. 1986, 6 : [ 7 ] Pickering M. Modeling Hunter2Gatherer Settlement Patterns : An Australian Case Study [M]. BAR S1103, [ 8 ] Ebert D. Predictive Modeling and the Ecology of Hunter2Gatherers of the Boreal Forest of Manitoba [ M]. BAR International, [ 9 ] Rosenzweig ML. Net primary production of terrestrial communities : prediction from climatological data [J ]. American Naturalist, 1968, 102 (923) : [10 ]. ( ) [M]. : [11 ]. ( ) [ M]. :.

14 1 : [12 ] Baily HP. A method of determining the warmth and temperateness of climate [J ]. Geografiska Annaler, 1960, 42 (1) : [13 ]. [A]. :. [ C]. :, 1986, [14 ] Flannery KV. Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East [A]. In : Ucko PJ and Dimbleby GW ( Eds. ) The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals [ C]. Chicago : Aldine, 1969, [15 ] Binford LR. Willow smoke and dogstails : hunter2gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation [J ]. American Antiquity, 1980, 45 : Modeling Hunter2Gatherers of China CHEN Sheng2qian ( Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing ) Abstract : To study adaptations of prehistoric hunter2gatherers, archaeologists almost fully depend on unearthed materials that are generally incomplete, and archaeologists cannot observe the past process of human behavior. Modeling with controlled data ideally provides a useful research tool to reconstruct behavioral patterns of hunter2gatherers. This paper bases on the modeling method of Binford (2001), starts from 431 weather station data of China, and then constructs the habitat and subsistence variables of the assumed hunter2gatherers. Incorporated with the frame of reference from ethnographic hunter2 gatherers, it becomes possible to project and predict the adaptive changes of hunter2gatherers in ecological systems within present climatic variables of China. The meaning of this paper lies in a new perspective that it used, to macroscopically view the adaptive patterns of hunter2gatherers. It tentatively defines nine cultural2ecological regions that may stimulate future research of prehistoric hunter2gatherers from such a perspective. Moreover, it presents a theoretical explanation and prediction on origins of food production in China. Key words : Hunter2gatherers ; Cultural2ecological modeling ; Adaptation

4 期陈胜前等 : 内蒙古喀喇沁大山前遗址出土石锄的功能研究 523 意义本文的研究目的是希望确定石锄的功能使用方式, 以及它在特定的社会历史与自然环境背景中的意义,

4 期陈胜前等 : 内蒙古喀喇沁大山前遗址出土石锄的功能研究 523 意义本文的研究目的是希望确定石锄的功能使用方式, 以及它在特定的社会历史与自然环境背景中的意义, 第 33 卷, 第 4 期 2014 年 11 月人类学学报 ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Vol.33, No.4 November, 2014 内蒙古喀喇沁大山前遗址出土石锄的功能研究陈胜前 1, 杨宽 1, 董哲 2, 陈慧 3, 王立新 1. 吉林大学边疆考古研究中心, 长春 130012;