The Investigation of the Performance Implementing in College Affairs Funds amongst the National Universities in Taiwan
--- 2001 9 2004 6 5
Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA 51 90-93 Malmquist 90-93 Malmquist 90-93 1 1 90-93 DEA
ABSTRACT After the national universities in Taiwan implementing the college affairs funds, the expenditure comes from not only the government supply but also universities themselves. It s for the purpose of their needs on teaching, researching, and serving. In order to enhance the elasticity that the funds use independently cost efficiency. This research adopts the efficiency-measuring mode of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to weigh the conditions of managing results and efficiency fluctuationsthe fluctuation of Malmquist productivityof 51 national universities in Taiwan from year 2001 to 2004. The conclusion of obtaining is as follows: From the aspect of managing efficiency, National Chiao Tung University and National Dong Hwa University perform the best among the general universities; as for the technological universities and vocational colleges, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology and National Chin-Yi Institute of Technology perform the best. The lacks of valid managements in resource usages causes the technical inefficiencies; the general universities performed like the technological and vocational colleges were rather similar and relatively inefficient from the year 2001 to 2004. The reasons of inefficiency came from the technological efficiency of bad management with reached the scale efficiency of the best scale at the same time. The Malmquist indices of National Tsing Hua University and National Taichung University were more than 1 from the year 2001 to 2004; as for the technological and vocational colleges, the Malmquist indices of National Tai-Chung Institute of Technology, National Taichung Nursing College, National Taiwan Junior College of Performing Arts, and National Tainan Institute of Nursing were more than 1 as well. There is a decline trend gradually of productivity in 2001-2004 in both the general universities and technological and vocational colleges, it was mainly that the production technology efficiency retrogresses. Finally, implementing college affair funds may be still affected by other external objective environments, the one of great impact among them: external parameters, such as size of the school, the history of the school, and the location of the school. Through the regression analysis, there are strong correlation between campus size and management efficiency for the general universities; however, not between history and location of the school. On the other hand, the technological and vocational colleges, do not have dominance to whole efficiency value. From the analysis, we can understand the over-all performing, efficiency of the universities in Taiwan. The fund governors should manage and advent different efficiencies with various methods in order to promote the managing efficiency of the whole. KEY WORDSCollege affair funds Efficient evaluation Data envelopment analysis Malmquist index.
1...1...1...2...3...6...6...7...7...11...13...17...34...37...37...39...42...51...54...54
...75... 104... 105... 109... 109... 113... 114 2
1.1... 5 2.1...19 2.2...23 3.1...38 3.2...39 4.1 90-93...78 4.2...80 4.3...83 4.4...85 4.5...88 4.6...90 4.7...93 4.8...95 4.9...98 4.10...100 4.11...106 4.12...108 3
2.1...9 2.2... 13 2.3... 28 2.4... 36 3.1... 40 3.2... 41 3.3 (90~93 )... 43 3.4 (90~93 )... 45 3.5 (90~93 )... 47 3.6 (90~93 )... 49 3.7... 50 3.8... 50 3.9... 51 3.10... 51 3.11... 52 3.12... 53 4.1... 55 4.2... 56 4.3... 58 4
4.4... 59 4.5... 61 4.6... 62 4.7... 64 4.8... 65 4.9... 67 4.10... 68 4.11... 70 4.12... 71 4.13... 73 4.14... 74 4.15... 77 4.16... 79 4.17... 82 4.18... 84 4.19... 87 4.20... 89 4.21... 92 4.22... 94 4.23... 97 5
4.24...99 4.25...102 4.26...103 4.27...104 4.28...104 4.29...106 4.30...108 6
1. 83 1 5 2. ( ) 85 86 87 13 88 2 3 22 90 90 12 21 ( 2004) 1
89 1 4 ( 2000) 1 2 (Data Envelopment Analysis) Malmquist Index 2
() (DEA) (data) (envelope) (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA) Charnes, Cooper Rhodes 1978 European Journal of Operational Research ( Toshiyuki Sueyoshi2003) CCR Farrell (Decision Making UnitDMU) DMU 1 DMU 1 (DEA) DMU DEA DMU DEA DMU DMU CCR (Boussofiane 1994) BankerCharnes Cooper 1984 CCR (technical efficiency) (scale efficiency)bcc ( Toshiyuki Sueyoshi2003) () 3
Cav]s et al.(1982) Malmquist(1953)Caves et al.(1982)shephard(1970) (distance function) (DEA) Malmquist Index () () () () DEA () 4
1.1 5
DEA DEA DEACCRBCR DMU () 90 () 90-93 6
(Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA) Malmquist Index 82 12 17 84 2 3 88 84 88 8 ( 2004) 7
2000 1 2 3 4 86 15% ( 2000) 1. 8
2. 87 89 3. 4. 2-1 1. 2. 9 3. ( ) 4. ( ) ( ) 20%-30% 5. 6.
10 2.1 7. ( ) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. ( ) ( ) 15. 16. 17. 18.
2.1 19. 20. 21. 1 (2000) 2 (2001) 3 (2004) 2000 12 17 1998 1988-11
University Grants Committee Accountability 3 2002 2.2 1 2 3 4 5 12
13 2.2 / (Peter F.Drucker) ( 1997) 1985 2000 Whittington1994Smith1988 1984 Performance 2002
14 1. 2. - 3. - - - 4. 1998 1982 1993 2000 1979 1984 1986 1988 1 2 3
4 5 6 Motivating Factor 7 8 2000 15
1. 1 3 3 2 7 1 3 8 2. 1 26 2 3 3 24 62 4 325 5 334 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 16
DEA Pareto Optimality 1993 1. 2. DEA DMU(decision making unit) DMUDEA 1 DMU ( 0 1) DMU DEA DMU DEA DMU DMU ( 1997) Farrell Farrell.M.J 1957 the Measurement of Productive Efficiency Mathematical Programming 17
1. 2. Constant Returns to Scale 3. Convex Farrell Technical Efficiency,TE Price Efficiency,PE Allocation Efficiency Overall Efficiency,OE OE TE PE 2.1 SS OQ/OP P X 1 X 2 AA OR/OP Farrell 1962 Farrell 18
X 2 /Y S P A Q R Q' isoquant S' 0\ A' X 1 /Y 2.1 2CCR Charnes, Cooper, & Rhodes 1978 Farrell Constant returns to scale;crs Decision Making Unit;DMU CCR Bonilla et al., 2002Valentine & Gray, 2001 efficiency output input engineering ratio Doyle & Green, 1994 19
U j Y ij i V j X ij i DEA CCR n DMU m Xii = 1,2,,m s Yrr = 1,2,,s k DMU k s Max h k = r=1 1 s.t. 1 U r s U r Y rj r=1 m V j X ij i=1 0 e V i 0 e j1,2,.., n r1,2,, s i1,2,, m U r Y rk m V i X ik i=1 h k k DMU Y rj j DMU r X ij j DMU i U r r Y V i i X e 10-6 1 CCR DMU hk1 DMU DMU DMU Farrell CCR = 1 DMU 1 DMU 1 20
1 Max U r y s r=1 Subject to rk 2 m i= 1 V i X ik = 1 s U r y r=1 rj m i= 1 V X ij 0 i,, j = 1, K n U r V r 0 e, r1,2,,s 0 e, i1,2,,m 2 1 2 msn ms Min θ ε subject to n j= 1 n j= 1 λ λ λ j, S j j X y + r rj s r= 1 ij, S S + S S i r + _ i + r + m i= 1 = θ = y rk S X ik 0 i, r, j i _ 3 i = 1,..., m r = 1,..., s 21
3 jdmu DMU S + r,s i X Y slacksλ=λ 1 λ 2 λ n CCR θ=1 S + r =S i =0 DMU DMU DMU X* ik =?* X ik s * i 4 y* ik = y ik + s r + * * 4 s i * s + r * DMU k X ik = X ik X * ik 5 Y rk = Y* rk Y rk 5 DMU k X ik Y rk 3BCC Banker.R.D. 1984 BCC CCR Technical Efficiency Scale Efficiency ABCDE DMU 3-3 ABCD E OH HE F OH FH E TE=FH/HE E OK KE I OK IK E KE/IK OH F C HG 22
F E SE=HG/FH OH HG E AE=HG/HE=KE/JK=FH/HE HG/FH=TE SE =OG/OC Y J D CRS C H G F E B I VRS O A K X 2.2 Banker,R.D.(1984). 2.2 OC Max m i 1 s r = 1 V i U x ik r y rk + V 0 23
Subject to m i = 1 U, V r i ε > 0 s r rj r = 1 V i U x ij y + V 0 1 r i j = 1, K, n = 1, K, s = 1, K, m V 0 unconstrained in sign BCC CCR U 0 U 0 DMU V 0 0 DMU V 0 0 DMU V 0 0 DMU 1993 Lewin DEA Lewin DEA 1. 2. CCR BCC DMU Y 24
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. DEA 1994 1. DEA 2. DEA DMU Estache et al.2002 outlier Ensenada 50.5% 54.6% 3.3% 2.8% 3. DEA deterministic DEA DEA Golany & Roll (1989) DEA DEA Toshiyuki Sueyoshi,2003 1. DMU 2. DMU DMU DMU 25
Ali(1988) DMU DMU DMU DMU DMU DEA DEA DMU DMU(Decision Making Unit) (Homogeneous) (Market Condition) 1. 2. DEA (Pareto Optimal) DMU 1.0(Farrel,1957) (1973) : 1. 2. 1. DMU DMU 26
2. DMU 3. (1993) (Backward Elimination) (Forward Selection) Isotonicity Thompson (1986)Bowlin(1987) (Rule of Thumb) DMU CCR BCC (DEA) 27
2.3 ( ) (1997) Anthanassopoulos And Shale(1997) (1998) -1 ( ) 2 ( 3 1 2 45 1 2 A 1 2 3 CCR 12 1-2 BCC 21 3 86 1 2 1 3 4 SCISSCI 28
2.3 ( ) (1999) (1999) 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 85 29
2.3 ( ) (2000) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 CCR 3 4 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 4 CCR 6 30
2.3 ( ) (2000) (2002) 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 1 2 3 1-2 Tobit 3 4 5 6 1 2 T 31
2.3 ( ) Glass Fare Mckillop O 1 Grosskopf and 2 rourke Lovell 1988 3 (2002) 4 ARS 1994 54 1 ARS 2 ARS ARS Model 1 (2003) 1 2 3 4 Model 2 5 6 1 1 Model 1 2 Model 2 3 4 32
2.3 ( ) (2004) 2006 1 1 2 3 4 2 5 1 2 3 4 3 5 5 1 1 2-3 4 46 5 1 2 SCI SSCIAHCIEI TSCI 2 3 4 33
Caves et al.(1982) Malmquist(1953)Caves et al.(1982)shephard(1970) (distance function) tt+1 M + M t 0 t + 1 0 t+ 1 t + 1 t t ( x, y, x, y ) t+ 1 t+ 1 t t ( x, y, x, y ) t t+ 1 D0 ( x, y = t t D ( x, y = 0 t + 1 0 t 0 t t + 1 ) ) t + 1 D ( x, y + 1 t D ( x, y t t + 1 ) ) Fare et al.(1994) Caves et al.(1982) t Fare et al.(1994) Total Factor Productivity Change, TFPCH TFPCH ( x t + 1, y t + 1 t, x, y t t t+ 1 t+ 1 t+ 1 t+ 1 t + 1 D0 ( x, y CRS ) D0 ( x, y CRS ) CRS ) = t t t t + 1 t t D0( x, y CRS ) D0 ( x, y CRS ) 1/ 2 TFPCH1 t t+1 TFPCH1 TFPCH (Technical Change, TECH) (Efficiency Change, EFFCH) TFPCH=TECH EFFCH (Constant Return-to-Scale, CRS) 34
35 TECH1 TECH1 EFFCH1 EFFCH1 (TFPCH) (EFFCH) (Pure Technical Efficiency Change, PTECH) CRS VRS (Scale Efficiency Change, SECH) EFFCH=PTECH SECH (Variable Return-to-Scale, VRS ) PTECH PTECH1 PTECH1 SECH1 t+1 t SECH1 = = + + + + + + + + + ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 VRS y x D VRS y x D CRS y x D CRS y x D SECH VRS y x D VRS y x D PTECH t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t 2 1/ 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( = + + + + + + CRS y x D CRS y x D CRS y x D CRS y x D TECH t t t t t t t t t t t t ), ( ), ( 0 1 1 1 0 CRS y x D CRS y x D EFFCH t t t t t t + + + =
Malmquist Malmquist 2.4 ( ) 2004 1 DEA 2 Malmquist Productivity 3 Index 4 5 6 ] 7 1 5 6 4SCI SCIE Malmquist 36
1 2 3 4 3.1 1. DMU DMU S 2. 3.DEA 4. 5. 37
DMU DMU / 1. CCR 2. BCC 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3.1 38
3.2 3.2 39
51 3.1 85 86 87 3.1 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 5. 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1. 11. 2. 12. 3. 13. 4. 14. 5. 15. 6. 16. 88 89 7. 17. 8. 18. 9. 19. 10. 20. 21. 22. 90 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 89 2 1 2. 92 8 1 3. 93 8 1 4. 94 8 1 5. 40
4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 3.2 3.2 41
CCR BCC 90-93 / (3.3) 26 90~93 4 1,644 8,581 201 1,287 76 4 1,668 959 114 42
3.3 (90~93 ) 2,098 279 447 550 3,012 206 205 506 8,581 1,287 580 1,668 2,740 280 207 628 4,204 375 682 959 2,664 247 499 592 2,943 192 417 518 2,455 190 268 462 2,047 174 151 415 1,306 145 189 293 1,425 189 231 410 695 150 71 211 834 134 99 272 1,431 95 229 243 715 194 398 235 1,124 215 539 328 201 117 471 109 535 198 387 229 531 76 296 177 528 121 43 158 471 99 32 143 421 99 106 137 447 114 59 156 447 105 34 159 438 78 42 114 439 81 47 150 1,644 209 259 378 1. 2 43
(3.4) 26 4 244 44
3.4 (90~93 ) 247 259 169 4,955 3,064 676 598 1,598 28 4,812 15,507 403 1,754 3,796 101 8,358 13,024 1,396 351 666 244 4,306 423 556 1,029 1,562 65 10,548 1,842 829 416 1,018 40 5,086 961 572 607 1,279 108 5,075 9,314 565 462 1,126 27 4,277 562 442 390 727 133 1,962 2,515 458 192 380 3 3,239 443 369 357 473 11 3,391 694 452 69 95 97 2,246 195 267 117 154 81 2,783 245 266 222 648 10 1,642 981 180 63 69 38 1,629 216 386 92 175 32 1,782 171 427 54 37 5 444 98 91 148 138 11 1,317 123 217 116 94 4 1,582 88 137 48 71 23 1,244 70 195 39 108 27 1,095 50 137 25 46 27 1,363 447 172 47 48 38 1,216 1 156 46 67 15 924 155 169 38 29 27 910 156 152 35 77 36 1,099 124 130 291 567 54 2,972 1,980 377 1. 2.. 45
(3.5) 25 90~93 4 1,283 277 4 148 302 297 252 247 220 46
3.5 (90~93 ) 1,283 123 314 297 939 103 196 247 984 137 204 252 988 277 363 302 450 188 356 152 885 150 372 220 370 124 104 83 403 75 62 91 171 73 117 38 218 132 76 49 269 66 98 48 353 59 132 63 663 108 120 191 533 79 176 103 498 89 136 128 258 43 29 66 768 138 94 146 565 89 277 98 489 72 100 109 241 57 150 35 175 48 109 38 583 157 48 81 168 74 13 3 88 34 20 9 82 37 26 7 497 101 148 114 1. 2 47
(3.6) 4 1 1 46 4 0 48
3.6 (90~93 ) 49 298 363 26 2,452 158 351 180 227 13 1,592 75 328 113 190 13 1,861 38 388 199 191 4 2,681 245 391 88 92 12 1,223 145 192 97 77 18 1,321 179 416 12 62 4 450 521 84 12 25 26 1,144 181 174 2 11 1 751 139 45 13 60 10 762 93 68 5 33 4 1,418 370 99 21 22 10 1,295 174 126 129 73 1 1,029 18 347 35 91 9 766 104 217 38 56 1 1,184 45 201 21 10 0 492 2 115 24 13 46 1,107 82 448 48 54 4 1,250 36 352 64 61 13 680 161 224 8 15 2 582 108 111 16 17 0 747 53 63 9 20 2 1,031 207 377 1 4 9 249 15 8 0 0 0 76 2 30 1 15 1 110 19 29 57 71 9 1,042 127 207 1. 2.
(3.7) 3.7 1,644 209 259 378 497 101 148 114 (3.8) 3.8 291 567 54 2,972 1,980 377 57 71 9 1,042 127 207 50
DEA isotonicity SPSS 3.9 3.10 3.9.980.864.525.967.972.860.464.929.394.299.119.424.702.482.426.104.564.519.253.495.942.882.595.967 3.10.864.498.628.906.833.469.555.842.252.116.092.200.664.435.507.679.089.296.081.083.874.601.533.805 51
5 1 DMU 22 DEA 3.11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3.. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. DMU 24 37 28 36 22 24 26 52
6 1 DMU 14 DEA 3.12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3.. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. DMU 2. 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. 4. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 5. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 5. 5. 5. 15 26 27 35 17 14 22 53
(1997) DEAP2.1-XP Window 41~4.8 4.9~4.10 1994 1. 1 90.12% 2 87.32% 2. 90% 1 19 2 15 3. 0.1 1 0.1251 90~91 0 92~93 3 2 0.1599 93 90~92 0.1770 91~93 1 0.1441 90~92 0 0.1471 90 0 91 1 92 0 54
4.1 90 91 92 93 W1.923.930 1 W2 1 1.947.9667.0373 W1 1 1.961 W2 1.979 1.9900.0165 W1.899.921.908 W2.900.889.916.9055.0118 W1.679.708.730 W2.777.745.738.7295.0334 W1 1 1.981 W2 1 1.980.9935.0100 W1.843.868.889 W2.939.932.891.8937.0368 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.953.911.895 W2.913.897 1.9282.0409 W1.946.875.954 W2.874.960.953.9270.0409 W1 1.935 1 W2 1 1.952.9812.0296 W1 1.985 1 W2 1 1.990.9958.0066 W1.886.826.772 W2.999.887 1.8950.0915 W1 1.816.768 W2 1.895.900.8965.0942 W1.788.798.841 W2.799.851.847.8207.0285 W1 1.997 1 W2 1 1 1.9995.0012 W1.762.806.752 W2.881.780.979.8267.0877 W1 1.933 1 W2.938 1 1.9785.0333 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.963.940.805 W2 1.853.840.9002.0779 W1.817.772.767 W2.862.791.856.8108.0412 W1.819.805.680 W2.885.754.751.7823.0702 W1.921.903.784 W2 1.932 1.9233.0795 W1.834.802.643.8095.1251 W2.975.731.772 W1.773.849.837.8393.0370 W2.875.871.831 W1.789.843.819.8608.0544 W2.902.876.936 W1.794.758.708.7783.0723 W2.912.771.727.9012 55
4.2 90 91 92 93 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.962 1 1 W2 1 1 1.9937.0155 W1.890.898.926 W2.933.898.909.9090.0171 W1.970 1.945 W2 1.915.985.9692.0336 W1 1.977 1 W2 1 1.916.9822.0337 W1.773.833.813 W2.818.797.822.8093.0213 W1.611.605.723 W2.647.715.539.6400.0704 W1.833.843.692 W2.925.696.730.7865.0947 W1.728.615.623 W2.794.719.642.6868.0713 W1 1.886.886 W2 1.933.773.9130.0855 W1 1.876.869 W2 1.941.895.9302.0596 W1 1.859.657 W2 1.721.661.8163.1599 W1.866 1 1 W2 1 1 1.9777.0547 W1.757.887 1 W2.898.990.968.9167.0913 W1.777.717.802 W2.732.840.811.7798.0476 W1.762.730.804 W2.734.804.819.7755.0387 W1.557.990 1 W2.979 1.981.9178.1770 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.936 1 1 W2.986.836.774.9220.0956 W1.907.762.818 W2.768.800.781.8060.0536 W1 1.926.688 W2 1.727.742.8472.1441 W1.933 1 1 W2 1 1 1.9888.0273 W1.653 1 1 W2 1 1.811.9107.1471 W1.461.657.658 W2.600.613.720.6182.0877 W1.937.798 1 W2.866 1 1.9335.0850.8732 56
1 1 94.08% 15 5 PTE=1 2 91.98% 17 4 PTE=1 2 90% 3 0.1 1 0.1048 90~91 0 92~93 3 2 0.1189 90~91 0.1465 93 90~92 0.1658 91~93 0.1209 90~92 0 57
4.3 90 91 92 93 W1 1.997 1 W2 1 1 1.9995.0012 W1 1 1.978 W2 1.980 1.9930.0108 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.790.805.839 W2.808.830.828.8167.0185 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.899.957.974 W2.980.973.983.9610.0316 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.955.913.906 W2.916.900 1.9317.0386 W1.954.885.957 W2.888.964.954.9337.0367 W1 1.946 1 W2 1 1.954.9833.0259 W1 1.988 1 W2 1 1.997.9975.0048 W1.891.826.777 W2 1.887 1.8968.0903 W1 1.823.771 W2 1.900.908.9003.0923 W1.933.962 1 W2 1 1.906.9668.0404 W1 1.998 1 W2 1 1 1.9997.0081 W1.866.910.848 W2.914.812 1.8917.0655 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.976.960.828 W2 1 1.897.9435.0681 W1.818.854.798 W2.939.835.917.8602.0561 W1.832.823.736 W2.921.809.810.8218.0593 W1.982.925.869 W2 1.982 1.9597.0522 W1.855.810.672 W2.987.761.838.8205.1048 W1.806.897.889 W2.951.992.927.9103.0634 W1 1 1.961 W2 1.982 1.9905.0161 W1.918.813.786 W2 1.966.814.8828.0904.9408 58
4.4 90 91 92 93 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.964 1 1 W2 1 1 1.9940.0147 W1.922.942.993 W2 1.964.987.9680.0310 W1 1 1.995 W2 1.972 1.9945.0112 W1 1.982 1 W2 1 1.926.9847.0296 W1.901.926.949 W2.920.924.931.9252.0155 W1.623.619.724 W2.647.717.568.6497.0606 W1.839.862.706 W2.926.704.747.7973.0917 W1.943.659.697 W2.887.794.675.7758.1189 W1 1.905.904 W2 1.945.790.9240.0783 W1 1.884.876 W2 1.946.898.9340.0566 W1 1.927.720 W2 1.780.664.8485.1465 W1.866 1 1 W2 1 1 1.9777.0547 W1.790.888 1 W2.904.992.975.9248.0808 W1.778.732.809 W2.736.840.813.7847.0439 W1 1.967 1 W2 1 1.883.9750.0469 W1.590.992 1 W2.987 1 1.9282.1658 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.991 1.870 W2 1.857.785.9172.0921 W1.940.800.849 W2.798.813.835.8392.0532 W1 1 1.780 W2 1.783.775.8897.1209 W1.960 1 1 W2 1 1 1.9933.0163 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1.820.9700.0734 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0.9198 59
1. 90 % 1 95.66% 15 2 SE=1 2 95.04% 16 3 SE=1 2 0.1409 0.05 60
4.5 90 91 92 93 W1.923.933 1 W2 1 1.947.9672.0367 W1 1 1.984 W2 1.999 1.9972.0064 W1.899.921.908 W2.900.889.916.9055.0118 W1.859.880.870 W2.961.898.892.8933.0360 W1 1 1.981 W2 1 1.980.9935.0100 W1.938.907.913 W2.958.958.907.9302.0244 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.998.998.988 W2.996.996 1.9960.0041 W1.992.988.997 W2.985.996.999.9928.0054 W1 1.989 1 W2 1 1.998.9978.0044 W1 1.997 1 W2 1 1.994.9985.0025 W1.995 1.994 W2.999 1 1.9980.0027 W1 1.992.996 W2 1.994.992.9957.0036 W1.844.829.841 W2.799.851.935.8498.0455 W1 1.999 1 W2 1 1 1.9998.0040 W1.880.886.888 W2.964.961.979.9263.0461 W1 1.933 1 W2.938 1 1.9785.0333 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.987.979.973 W2 1.853.936.9547.0542 W1.999.904.961 W2.918.947.934.9438.0337 W1.984.979.924 W2.961.932.927.9512.0269 W1.939.976.902 W2 1.949 1.9610.0384 W1.975.991.956 W2.988.961.922.9655.0254 W1.959.947.942 W2.920.878.897.9238.0314 W1.789.843.852 W2.902.892.936.8690.0519 W1.864.932.901 W2.912.798.893.8833.0474.9566 61
4.6 90 91 92 93 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.999 1 1 W2 1 1 1.9998.0040 W1.966.953.933 W2.933.932.921.9397.0165 W1.970 1.949 W2 1.941.985.9742.0253 W1 1.994 1 W2 1 1.989.9972.0046 W1.858.900.857 W2.889.862.882.8747.0181 W1.982.977.999 W2 1.998.949.9842.0197 W1.993.978.980 W2.999.988.977.9858.0089 W1.772.933.893 W2.895.906.950.8915.0626 W1 1.979.980 W2 1.988.979.9877.0101 W1 1.991.992 W2 1.995.997.9958.0038 W1 1.927.913 W2 1.924.995.9598.0424 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.959.999 1 W2.994.999.992.9905.0157 W1 1.979.991 W2.995 1.998.9938.0080 W1.762.755.804 W2.734.804.928.7978.0695 W1.944.999 1 W2.992 1.981.9860.0218 W1 1 1 1 W2 1 1 1 1 0 W1.945 1.981 W2.986.976.987.9792.0185 W1.965.953.964 W2.962.985.936.9608.0160 W1 1.926.883 W2 1.929.957.9492.0459 W1.972 1 1 W2 1 1 1.9953.0114 W1.653 1 1 W2 1 1.990.9405.1409 W1.623.657.658 W2.600.613.720.6452.0435 W1.937.798 1 W2.866 1 1.9335.0850.9504 62
4.7-4.8 1. 2 16 8 1 2. 2 16 7 1 4. 4 0.9012 0.9408 0.9566 4 0.8732 0.9198 0.9504 63
4.7 DMU TE PTE SE 1.9667.9995.9672# 2.9900.9930*.9972 3.9055 1.9055# 4.7295.8167*.8933 5.9935 1.9935# 6.8937.9610.9302# 7 1 1 1 8.9282.9317*.9960 9.9270.9337*.9928 10.9812.9833*.9978 11.9958.9975*.9985 12.8950.8968*.9980 13.8965.9003*.9957 14.8207.9668.8498# 15.9995.9997*.9998 16.8267.8917*.9263 17.9785 1.9785# 18 1 1 1 19.9002.9435*.9547 20.8108.8602*.9438 21.7823.8218*.9512 22.9233.9597*.9610 23.8095.8205*.9655 24.8393.9103*.9238 25.8608.9905.8690# 26.7783.8828.8833# 1. 26 21 16 2. 24 8 3. DMU 64
4.8 DMU TE PTE SE 1 1 1 1 2.9937.9940*.9998 3.9090.9680.9397# 4.9692.9945.9742# 5.9822.9847*.9972 6.8093.9252.8747# 7.6400.6497*.9842 8.7865.7973*.9858 9.6868.7758*.8915 10.9130.9240*.9877 11.9302.9340*.9958 12.8163.8485*.9598 13.9777.9777* 1 14.9167.9248*.9905 15.7798.7847*.9938 16.7755.9750.7978# 17.9178.9282*.9860 18 1 1 1 19.9220.9172*.9792 20.8060.8392*.9608 21.8472.8897*.9792 22.9888.9933*.9953 23.9107.9700.9405# 24.6182 1.6452# 25.9335 1.9335# 25 21 1622 7 1. 2. 3. DMU 65
IRS 10 4 1 2 DRS 5 4 1 2 CRS 1 2 66
4.9 90 91 92 93 IRS CRS DRS DRS DRS CRS CRS CRS DRS CRS CRS DRS CRS IRS CRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS CRS CRS DRS CRS CRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS IRS IRS DRS IRS DRS CRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS DRS CRS IRS CRS CRS CRS IRS CRS IRS CRS CRS CRS DRS DRS CRS IRS IRS CRS CRS CRS DRS IRS CRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS CRS IRS CRS CRS CRS CRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS CRS IRS CRS IRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS IRS CRS CRS IRS IRS IRS CRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS CRS IRS CRS DRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS 0 3 3 1 4 1 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 4 2 0 1 5 0 6 0 3 1 2 5 0 1 2 4 0 1 4 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 6 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 6 2 4 0 1 5 0 5 1 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 4 2 0 5 0 1 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 67
4.10 90 91 92 93 IRS CRS DRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS IRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS 0 6 0 1 5 0 0 0 6 DRS CRS DRS CRS DRS DRS 0 2 4 CRS IRS CRS CRS CRS IRS 2 4 0 DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS 0 0 6 IRS DRS DRS CRS IRS DRS DRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS CRS IRS IRS CRS IRS IRS CRS IRS IRS CRS DRS DRS 2 1 3 5 0 1 6 0 0 4 2 0 2 2 2 CRS IRS IRS 4 2 0 CRS IRS IRS CRS CRS CRS 0 6 0 CRS CRS CRS IRS DRS CRS 1 1 4 DRS DRS DRS CRS IRS IRS IRS CRS IRS 4 2 0 IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS 6 0 0 DRS IRS CRS DRS CRS DRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS IRS CRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS 1 2 3 0 6 0 5 1 0 6 0 0 CRS IRS IRS CRS IRS IRS 4 2 0 DRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS 0 5 1 IRS CRS CRS CRS CRS DRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS CRS IRS CRS CRS 1 4 1 6 0 0 3 3 68
DMU DMU DMU 4.9 ~4.10 1. 72 54 44 42 30 26 22 20 15 11 9 8 7 6 5 3 1 2. 72 60 53 30 20 19 17 16 15 13 12 9 8 4 1 3. 69
4.11 90 91 92 93 6 0 6 5 2 3 4 21 0 17 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 2 6 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 14 2 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 4 5 0 37 0 16 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 34 0 5 8 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 7 35 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 14 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 22 44 5 0 20 0 42 1 0 15 72 8 6 3 54 7 44 9 11 0 0 26 0 0 30 1 70
4.12 90 91 92 93 18 1 6 11 6 11 0 1 8 1 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 2 0 1 3 0 5 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 5 0 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 4 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 1 6 3 20 14 16 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 10 0 0 0 2 4 2 3 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 9 2 19 3 9 18 53 20 0 9 15 0 0 0 0 13 30 7 12 0 0 8 17 72 0 0 19 16 1 4 60 71
DEA DMU DEA DMU 13 14 13-14 1. 6 20 2. 24 13-14 1. 4 22 2. 4 21 13-14 1. 4 2. 72
4.13 1 1 1 1 1.875.97.948 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.95.914.93.95.95.944.893.95.944.767.766.767.767.767.639.742.725.767 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.1.941.941.878.929.941.884.839.931.941 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.987.987.908.985.987.942.943.983.985.972.968.972.972.972.844.955.944.972 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.916 1 1 1 1 1.851 1 1.986 1 1 1 1 1.877 1 1.926 1 1.899.899.777.899.899.879.899.878.899 1 1 1 1 1.688 1 1 1.921.921.918.921.921.548.901.84.92 1.98 1 1 1.986.63 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.743 1 1 1.951 1.868 1 1.811 1 1.87.87.866.791.87.745.86.87.86.863.863.752.798.863.804.83.863.859 1 1 1.88 1 1.968 1 1.881.859.881.73.881.815.754.881.881.843.843.823.822.843.659.733.836.843.91.91.91.902.907.74.91.91.884.942.842.809.739.842.79.677.838.842 73
4.14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.999.999.985.999.859.995.993.999.941.841.832.941.752.822.929.941 1.961 1.971 1.775 1 1 1.991 1 1.998.685 1 1.819.788.814.819.569.738.819.819.664.664.413.664.603.533.656.664.847.847.847.691.702.808.828.847.833.833.833.475.833.642.833.833 1 1.795 1 1.86 1 1 1 1 1.755 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.605 1 1.922 1 1.909 1 1.838.916 1 1.918.918.704.918.717.918.901.904.814.814.801.764.642.733.798.814.789.75.789.742.571.731.779.789.929.929.929.929.374.845.911.929 1 1 1 1.754 1 1 1.884.862.877.884.628.85.883.884.908.89.908.783.662.908.904.82 1.887 1.68 1.916 1 1 1 1 1 1.455 1 1 1 1 1 1.805.1 1 1.283.716.716.716.716.249.716.716.527 1 1.93 1 1 1 1.85 74
90~93 4.15~4.16 4.17~4.18 4.19~4.20 4.21~4.22 4.23~4.24 4.1~4.10 1. 190~91 13 9 4 291~92 4 13 9 392~93 5 11 10 2. 190~91 9 13 75
3 291~92 8 13 4 392~93 5 10 10 1. 90~93 11 8 7 2. 90~93 8 10 7 76
4.15 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 1.083 1.000 0.960 1.013 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.921 1.078 0.958 0.983 1.171 0.920 1.012 1.029 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.085 1.000 0.999 1.027 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.943 1.068 1.000 1.003 0.963 1.007 0.986 0.985 1.000 1.000 0.962 0.987 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.128 1.000 1.000 1.041 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.806 1.198 1.006 0.991 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.232 0.848 1.221 1.085 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.038 0.939 1.065 1.013 1.122 0.970 0.995 1.027 1.011 0.951 1.002 0.988 1.085 1.000 1.000 1.028 1.169 0.838 0.955 0.978 1.172 0.982 0.961 1.034 1.249 0.980 0.977 1.061 1.149 0.931 0.868 0.976 1.046 0.987. 0.996 1.009 13 4 5 11 9 13 11 8 4 9 10 7 >1 =1 <1 77
78 4.1 90-93
4.16 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 >1 =1 <1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.033 0.986 0.982 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.949 0.983 1.037 0.945 1.075 1.017 1.100 1.203 0.668 0.960 1.097 0.918 0.896 0.966 1.090 1.260 1.000 1.112 1.000 1.000 0.843 0.945 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.887 0.961 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.230 1.049 0.989 1.085 0.950 1.324 0.852 1.023 0.895 1.309 1.017 1.060 1.677 1.000 0.996 1.187 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.879 1.076 0.982 0.853 1.091 0.967 0.966 1.000 1.989 1.011 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.010 1.000 1.000 1.003 1.283 1.076 1.024 1.122 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.041 1.036 0.965 1.013 9 8 5 8 13 13 10 10 3 4 10 7 79
80 4.2
1. 190~91 3 23 291~92 4 22 392~93 12 14 2. 190~91 12 13 291~92 6 19 392~93 3 22 1. 90~93 3 23 3. 90~93 6 19 81
4.17 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 0.822 0.901 0.928 0.882 1.040 0.809 1.699 1.126 1.097 0.918 1.129 1.044 0.825 0.990 0.838 0.881 0.815 0.819 0.753 0.795 0.814 0.910 0.794 0.838 0.836 0.871 0.728 0.809 0.913 0.860 0.787 0.852 0.970 1.085 0.845 0.961 0.758 0.855 0.831 0.813 0.627 0.999 0.937 0.837 0.749 0.869 1.132 0.903 0.686 0.828 0.953 0.815 1.218 0.853 0.803 0.942 0.894 0.950 1.018 0.953 0.871 1.051 1.028 0.980 0.601 1.069 1.048 0.877 0.910 1.077 0.984 0.988 0.784 0.822 0.935 0.845 0.803 0.930 1.070 0.928 0.957 0.852 0.995 0.933 0.831 0.893 1.390 1.010 0.724 0.875 1.024 0.866 0.915 0.956 1.010 0.959 0.858 0.989 1.080 0.971 0.783 0.858 1.011 0.879 0.840 0.915 0.973 0.908 3 4 12 3 0 0 0 0 23 22 14 23 >1 =1 <1 82
83 4.3
4.18 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 0.768 0.981 0.606 0.770 >1 =1 <1 1.040 0.959 0.691 0.883 0.966 0.966 0.860 0.929 1.019 0.873 0.960 0.949 0.963 0.980 0.971 0.971 1.082 1.022 0.956 1.019 0.927 0.959 1.064 0.982 0.854 0.763 0.835 0.816 0.734 0.700 0.727 0.720 0.777 0.889 0.956 0.871 0.759 0.727 0.844 0.775 0.731 0.616 0.680 0.674 1.182 0.956 0.828 0.978 0.969 1.028 0.868 0.952 0.963 0.884 0.750 0.861 1.088 0.800 0.751 0.868 1.087 1.017 0.988 1.030 1.009 0.862 0.951 0.939 1.081 1.012 0.806 0.959 0.913 0.940 0.975 0.942 0.862 0.680 0.849 0.792 1.112 0.9 74 1.043 1.041 1.697 1.094 0.709 1.096 1.128 0.935 1.142 1.064 1.082 1.346 0.848 1.073 0.975 0.906 0.856 0.911 12 6 3 6 0 0 0 0 13 19 22 19 84
85 4.4
1. 190~91 10 13 3 291~92 2 19 5 392~93 4 18 4 2. 190~91 6 15 4 291~92 5 16 4 392~93 2 14 9 1. 90~93 11 12 3 2. 90~93 6 12 7 86
4.19 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.032 1.000 0.988 1.007 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.055 0.989 1.024 1.022 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.946 1.065 1.000 1.003 0.999 0.973 0.984 0.985 1.000 1.000 0.965 0.988 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.122 1.000 1.000 1.039 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.090 0.876 1.180 1.040 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.025 1.000 1.000 1.008 1.198 0.966 0.977 1.042 0.993 1.055 1.029 1.025 1.019 1.000 1.000 1.006 1.154 0.834 1.030 0.997 1.223 1.000 1.000 1.069 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.086 1.000 1.000 1.028 1.034 0.990 1.006 1.010 10 2 4 11 13 19 18 12 3 5 4 3 >1 =1 <1 87
88 4.5
>1 =1 <1 4.20 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.023 0.993 0.994 1.003 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.983 0.994 0.959 0.989 1.004 0.984 1.095 1.184 0.694 0.965 1.088 0.920 0.908 0.969 0.927 1.128 1.000 1.015 1.000 1.000 0.916 0.971 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.900 0.966 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.185 1.047 0.993 1.072 0.946 1.315 0.853 1.020 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.395 1.000 1.000 1.117 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.899 1.112 1.000 0.845 1.215 0.942 0.989 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.319 1.000 1.000 1.097 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.026 1.024 0.969 1.006 6 5 2 6 15 16 14 12 4 4 9 7 89
90 4.6
1. 190~91 11 9 6 291~92 7 12 7 392~93 6 11 9 2. 190~91 10 13 2 291~92 6 13 6 392~93 5 10 10 1. 90~93 8 10 8 2. 90~93 8 9 8 91
4.21 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 1.083 1.000 0.960 1.013 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.921 1.078 0.958 0.983 1.134 0.920 1.024 1.022 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.029 1.012 0.975 1.005 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.997 1.003 1.000 1.000 0.964 1.035 1.002 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.997 0.999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.005 1.000 1.000 1.002 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.806 1.198 1.006 0.991 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.131 0.968 1.035 1.042 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.013 0.939 1.065 1.004 0.936 1.004 1.018 0.985 1.019 0.901 0.974 0.963 1.065 1.000 1.000 1.021 1.013 1.005 0.927 0.981 0.959 0.982 0.961 0.967 1.249 0.980 0.977 1.061 1.057 0.931 0.868 0.949 1.012 0.997 0.990 0.999 11 7 6 8 9 12 11 10 6 7 9 8 >1 =1 <1 92
93 4.7
4.22 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 >1 =1 <1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.010 0.993 0.988 0.997 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.965 0.988 1.081 0.955 1.071 1.034 1.004 1.016 0.962 0.994 1.008 0.998 0.986 0.997 1.177 1.117 1.000 1.095 1.000 1.000 0.921 0.973 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.986 0.995 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.038 1.002 0.995 1.012 1.004 1.006 0.999 1.003 0.895 1.309 1.017 1.060 1.202 1.000 0.996 1.062 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.978 0.967 0.982 1.010 0.897 1.026 0.976 1.000 0.989 1.011 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.010 1.000 1.000 1.003 0.973 1.076 1.024 1.024 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.015 1.011 0.996 1.007 10 6 5 8 13 13 10 9 2 6 10 8 94
95 4.8
1. 190~91 5 21 291~92 4 22 392~93 9 17 2. 190~91 13 12 291~92 9 16 392~93 3 22 1. 90~93 5 21 2. 90~93 7 18 96
4.23 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 0.890 0.901 0.890 0.894 1.040 0.809 1.699 1.126 1.010 0.989 1.082 1.026 0.966 0.910 0.848 0.907 0.815 0.819 0.753 0.795 0.884 0.911 0.793 0.861 0.836 0.871 0.728 0.809 0.861 0.919 0.787 0.854 0.934 1.092 0.833 0.947 0.758 0.855 0.800 0.803 0.627 0.999 0.937 0.837 0.845 0.869 1.132 0.940 0.686 0.828 0.953 0.815 0.982 1.022 0.808 0.933 0.894 0.950 1.018 0.953 1.074 0.890 1.256 1.063 0.601 1.069 1.048 0.877 0.910 1.077 0.984 0.988 0.814 0.772 0.996 0.855 0.901 0.902 1.065 0.953 0.968 0.810 0.997 0.921 0.902 0.893 1.390 1.038 0.846 0.733 0.978 0.847 1.072 0.939 0.970 0.992 1.072 0.969 1.055 1.031 0.900 0.799 0.878 0.858 0.879 0.903 0.969 0.916 5 4 9 5 0 0 0 0 21 22 17 21 >1 =1 <1 97
98 4.9
4.24 90-91 91-92 92-93 90-93 0.768 0.981 0.606 0.770 >1 =1 <1 1.040 0.959 0.691 0.883 0.997 0.952 0.844 0.929 1.019 0.873 0.960 0.949 0.963 0.980 0.922 0.954 1.122 0.966 1.028 1.036 1.020 1.153 0.711 0.942 0.937 0.700 0.748 0.789 0.800 0.882 0.727 0.801 0.777 0.889 0.806 0.823 0.759 0.727 0.844 0.775 0.731 0.616 0.604 0.648 1.182 0.956 0.828 0.978 1.192 1.078 0.858 1.033 0.915 1.170 0.639 0.881 0.974 1.047 0.764 0.920 1.822 1.017 0.984 1.222 1.009 0.862 0.951 0.939 1.081 0.890 0.867 0.941 0.779 1.025 0.943 0.910 0.862 0.673 0.858 0.792 1.112 0.974 1.043 1.041 1.714 1.094 0.709 1.100 1.447 1.006 1.170 1.194 1.082 1.346 0.848 1.073 1.015 0.939 0.826 0.923 13 9 3 7 0 0 0 0 12 16 22 18 99
100 4.10
4.25-4.26 90-93 1. 5 21 2. 7 17 3. 4 1.009 0.908 1.010 0.9999 0.916 4 1.013 0.911 1.006 1.007 0.923 101
4.25 DMU 1 2 3 1.013 0.882# 1.000 1.013 0.894 1.000 1.126 1.000 1.000 1.126 0.983 1.044 1.000 0.983 1.026 4 1.029 0.881# 1.007 1.022 0.907 5 1.000 0.795# 1.000 1.000 0.795 6 1.027 0.838# 1.022 1.005 0.861 7 1.000 0.809# 1.000 1.000 0.809 8 1.003 0.852# 1.003 1.000 0.854 9 0.985 0.961# 0.985 1.000 0.947 10 0.987 0.813# 0.988 0.999 0.803 11 1.000 0.837# 1.000 1.000 0.837 12 1.041 0.903# 1.039 1.002 0.940 13 1.000 0.815# 1.000 1.000 0.815 14 0.991 0.942# 1.000 0.991 0.933 15 1.000 0.953# 1.000 1.000 0.953 16 1.085 0.980 1.040 1.042 1.063 17 1.000 0.877# 1.000 1.000 0.877 18 1.000 0.988# 1.000 1.000 0.988 19 1.013 0.845# 1.008 1.004 0.855 20 1.027 0.928# 1.042 0.985 0.953 21 0.988 0.933# 1.025 0.963 0.921 22 1.028 1.010 1.006 1.021 1.038 23 0.978 0.866# 0.997 0.981 0.847 24 1.034 0.959# 1.069 0.967 0.992 25 1.061 0.971 1.000 1.061 1.031 26 0.976 0.879# 1.028 0.949 0.858 60 2121 1. 2. 3. DMU 102
DMU 1 2 3 4 5 4.26 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 71 1817 1. 2. 1.000 0.770# 1.000 1.000 0.770 1.000 0.883# 1.000 1.000 0.883 1.000 0.929# 1.003 0.997 0.929 1.000 0.949# 1.000 1.000 0.949 0.983 0.971# 0.994 0.988 0.954 1.017 1.019 0.984 1.034 1.036 0.960* 0.982 0.965 0.994 0.942 0.966 0.816# 0.969 0.997 0.789 1.112 0.720# 1.015 1.095 0.801 0.945 0.871# 0.971 0.973 0.823 1.000 0.775# 1.000 1.000 0.775 0.961 0.674# 0.966 0.995 0.648 1.000 0.978# 1.000 1.000 0.978 1.085 0.952 1.072 1.012 1.033 1.023 0.861# 1.020 1.003 0.881 1.060 0.868# 1.000 1.060 0.920 1.187 1.030 1.117 1.062 1.222 1.000 0.939# 1.000 1.000 0.939 0.982 0.959# 1.000 0.982 0.941 0.966 0.942# 0.989 0.976 0.910 1.000 0.792# 1.000 1.000 0.792 1.000 1.041 1.000 1.000 1.041 1.003 1.096 1.000 1.003 1.100 1.122 1.064 1.097 1.024 1.194 1.000 1.073 1.000 1.000 1.073 3. DMU 103
4.27 4.28 1. 2. 4.27 β t p 0.806 24.495 0.000 8.055E-08 3.027 0.007-2.044E-04-0.233 0.818-5.345E-03-0.121 0.905-1.802E-02-0.487 0.632-5.261E-02-0.984 0.337 1. *** P 0.001 2. 4.28 β t p 0.845 12.325 0.000 6.506E-09 0.570 0.575 5.271E-03 0.626 0.538 2.832E-02 0.448 0.659-3.565E-02-0.615 0.546-9.871E-02-0.784 0.443 1. *** P 0.001 2. 104
(2004 ) (TFPCH 2000-2004 ) 4-11 26 0.9 1.0 5 4 0.9 0.7 1.0 12 4 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.0 9 4 105
4.29 0.947 0.894 0.847 0.933 0.953 0.916 0.979 0.738 0.907 0.877 0.98 0.795 0.988 0.891 0.861 0.84 0.855 0.809 0.856 0.953 0.854 0.751 0.921 0.953 0.947 0.952 0.803 0.772 0.847 0.99 0.837 0.831 0.992 0.94 0.936 0.815 0.727 0.858 4.11 106
(2004 ) (TFPCH 2000-2004 ) 4-12 25 0.9 1.0 4 4 0.9 0.6 1.0 7 4 0.7 0.9 1.0 3 4 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.0 8 4 0.7 0.6 1.0 3 4 107
4.30 0.77 0.968 0.883 0.811 0.881 0.909 0.929 0.819 0.92 0.985 0.949 0.981 0.916 0.954 0.939 0.822 1.036 0.774 0.941 0.539 0.942 0.781 0.91 0.73 0.789 0.742 0.792 0.642 0.801 0.773 0.823 0.811 0.895 0.775 0.72 0.661 0.648 0.978 4.12 108
1 1 90.12% 26 73 1 2 87.32% 25 60 90 TE=1 3 0.1 0.1251 0.1599 0.1770 0.1441 0.1471 2 1 94.08% 26 58 4 PTE=1 2 91.98% 25 68 PTE=1 3 0.1 0.1048 0.1189 0.1465 0.1658 0.1209 3 1 95.66% 26 58 2 SE=1 2 95.04% 25 64 109
3 SE=1 3 0.1409 0.05 4 1 2 16 8 1 2 2 16 7 1 3 4 0.9012 0.9408 0.9566 4 0.8732 0.9198 0.9504 1 IRS 10 4 20 1 2 2 DRS 5 4 10 1 2 3 CRS 4 4 8 1 2 110
DMU DMU DMU 1 72 54 44 42 30 26 22 20 15 11 9 8 7 6 5 3 1 3 72 60 53 30 20 19 17 16 15 13 12 9 8 4 1 1. 1 6 20 2 24 2. 1 4 22 2 4 21 90~93 1 11 8 7 26 42 31 27 2 8 10 7 25 32 40 28 1 90~93 3 26 12 23 88 2 90~93 6 25 24 19 76 111
1 90~93 11 26 42 12 26 46 3 12 2 90~93 6 25 24 12 25 48 7 28 1 90~93 8 10 8 26 31 38 31 2 90~93 8 9 8 25 32 36 32 1. 90~93 5 26 19 21 81 2. 90~93 7 25 28 18 72 1. 5 21 2. 7 17 3. 4 1.009 0.908 1.010 0.9999 0.916 4 1.013 0.911 1.006 1.007 0.923 112
1 2 113
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115 (2000) 2002 1998 DEA (1995) 1516-19 (1997) (2002) - 1994 (1982) (1988) (2000) 1999 (2004) (2003) (2004) 2001 54664--70 (2004)
116 (2000) (1999) (2004) (2000) 1999 1993 Toshiyuki Sueyoshi 2003 (1985) 2002 1998 21 21 2006 - (1979) (1984) 1998 2004 DEA Malmquist Productivity Index (82) 2119-148 (1998) -
1994 1997 - (1986) 2000 (1992) 6 (2002) - 117