“ÆƱj

2004 3 293 330 1 2 3 1 1 9 7 6 [1815] 48 821 2 1973 2 408 3 1974 8 2519-293-

4 (398-445) 5 6 4 1974 6 1984-1985 5 7 2 273 1 971 3 8 25 ( 583-666 ) 6 1973 6 72 1661-294-

7 8 7 1 984 3 1 003 2 7 31-732 1 976 1 40 ( 129-192 ) 1 983 6 3 0 1 718 [1883] 4 0 William Boltz, Hsiao Ching, in Michael Loewe, ed., E a r l y Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, Early China Special Monograph Series No. 2 (Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China, the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1993), pp. 141-153 8-295-

9 1 0 11 1 2 (fictive relationship) 1 3 9 1996 11-20 10 10 72 3063 11 1 2 1968 7 2b 13 1 1 2 2-296-

1 4 15 ( 117 B.C.) (1-8) 1 6 11 9 0 3 672 1 999 1-22 2-6 2001 2 67-77 14 (215 B.C.) 1 978 2 85 2 63 195 196 15 6 30 1719 16 [3] 1 355-297-

1 7 1 8 17 1 2 2 7 3614 18 (73) 1 992 3 2 27-231 5 3 9 1298-1299 -298-

1 9 (128-190) 20 21 19 Patricia B. Ebrey, Women, Marriage, and the Family in Chinese History, in Paul S. Ropp, ed., Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization (Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press, 1990), p. 203. 20 7 62 2051 21-299-

2 2 2 3 2 4 22 23 Mark Csikszentmihalyi, Confucius and the Analects in the Hàn, in Bryan W. Van Norden, ed., Confucius and the Analects: New Essays (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 134-162 2 4 1 997 5 163-300-

2 5 2 6 25 1968 155-200 26 1 974 1 0 219-221 -301-

2 7 2 8 27 1 985 11 4 626 28 1 962 3 2 09 (195-256) -302-

-303-

2 9 1 03-201 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 29 1 4 2 07-208 30 7 135 31 4 8 8 20-821 1 4 32 1 994 972 3 3 4 8 8 30 34 969 35 1 994 305-317 3 6 1 972 5 6b-7b -304-

3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 37 38 51 868 39 1 4 2 40 27 519 41 1967 88-90 42 27 518-305-

4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 47 4 3 1 984 47 237 44 972 45 5 13a 46 5 11b 47 1 985 2 7 99-811 6 1 805 8 2 521 6 1981-306-

4 8 ( 1 4 0 B.C.) 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 53 48 9 71 49 1 6 156 50 9 109 2554 51 8 145 52 8 2 510-2511 53 1 0 8 3 3 393-3395 -307-

5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 1983 163 54 35 34 55 36 56 35 5 7 4 9 8 30-308-

5 8 5 9 5 8 5 1409 59 5 1980-1981 -309-

6 0 60 9 187-188 -310-

6 1 6 2 6 3 61 4 9 8 30 62 47 808 63 52 885-886 -311-

6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 64 2 7 42 1990 47-61 65 8 144 66 1 978 7 1 09 1990 598 67 1 984 6 9 2 1 69 1972 3 959-960 -312-

6 8 69 7 0 7 1 72 68 1 985 35 618 69 1 985 3 640 2 866-2867 (392-467) 70 7 137 71 6 8 0 1808 72 114 597-598 -313-

7 3 74 7 5 (8 B.C.) 7 6 (79-8 B.C.) 7 3 6 26-627 1956 24 74 1 2 2 8 3624 7 5 63 1034 76 1 984 3 2 73-314-

7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 77 7 36 1957-1958 78 9 4 11 1 898-1899 79 11 89 3631 80 10 84 2797 81 8 174-315-

8 2 8 3 8 4 85 8 6 (60) 87 8 8 82 1962 2 11 334 83 11 496 84 10 699 85 86 ( 550-559 ) 1 23 335 87 10 2783 88-316-

89 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 89 1 984 9 02 ( 1125) 1 960 8 1 987 9 52 7 1 995 1 4 2 2 1 2 1 999 4 2 (1374) 40 90 23-68 28-48 91 7 62 2067-2068 92 2067 93 1977 153-171 94 166-168 -317-

95 96 9 7 95 96 1980 34 97 Lisa Raphals Sharing the Light: R e p resentations of Women and Vi rtue in Early China (Albany: State University of New Yo r k Press, 1998), pp. 1-86 Gendered Virtue Reconsidered: Notes from the Warring States and Han, in Chenyang Li, ed., The Sage and the Second Sex: Confucianism, Ethics, and Gender -318-

9 8 9 9 1 0 0 1 0 1 (Chicago: Open Court, 2000), pp. 223-247 98 9 9 1 059 1061 100 5 7 1 221-1222 101 19 678-319-

(314-371) 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 4 1 0 5 1 0 6 (143) (151) 102 1 985 3 10a 103 10b 104 1 0 84 2799-2800 105 87 1503 106 5 80-581 7 8 2 2 143-2147 (?-328) 82 2142-2143 -320-

1 0 7 1 0 8 (471-499) 109 10 7 ( 164 ) 3 03 7 28 4 70 6 9 108 7 33 109 6 9 2 1 984 1 9 7 4 9 9 1 3 0 0 1 (458) 9 9 1 2 2 5 5-2 2 5 6-321-

11 0 111 11 2 110 6 9 2 1 985 9 91 3001 111 6 8 0 1 805-1806 9 9 1 3 009 3 5 7 2 15-216 6 4 4 1 497 112 1 992 h t t p :// w w w. s i n i c a. e d u. t w / f t m s - bin/ftmsw3-322-

11 3 11 4 11 5 11 6 11 7 113 4 33 976 114 2 6 06 4 1088 115 4 3 3 9 78 116 1 975 5 5 8 1468 117 5 1 882 9 8 4 2 827-323-

4 8 9-5 3 7 11 8 11 9 1 2 0 1 2 1 118 3 55 955-967 119 6 1797-1851 120 121-324-

1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 3 2204 122 3 966 123 2 124 1983 45 406 125 1994 3 7 3-82 7 3-76 -325-

1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 8 126 6 1977 8 96 2518 127 1 968 3 81 (189 B.C.) 1 2 9 1 1975 24-29 128-326-

1 2 9 1 3 0 1 3 1 129 130 Sherry J. Mou, Wr i t i n g Virtues with Their Bodies: Rereading the Two Tang Histories Biographies of Women, P resence and Presentation: Women in the Chinese Literati Tr a d i t i o n (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1999), pp. 109-148 22 5 2001 10 76-79 131 5 58 1486-1487 -327-

132 1 3 3 132 2 7 5 20-521 133 Yuet Keung Lo, Filial Devotion for Women: A Buddhist Testimony from Third-Century China, in Alan K.L. Chan and Sor-hoon Tan, eds., Filial Piety in Chinese Thought and History (New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), pp. 71-90 -328-

-329-

On the Dearth of Filial Daughters in Pre-Tang China Yuet Keung LO Assistant Professor, National University of Singapore Filial devotion has always been touted as a personal virtue that can and should be cultivated universally by men and women alike. Yet, this paper reveals that extant sources indicate that there were hardly any filial daughters in pre-tang China, while there were countless filial sons. It seems that some canonical endorsement must exist to bring about this peculiar phenomenon of lopsided filial virtue. This paper arg u e s that the Classic of Filial Devotion played such an historical role. Through a critical textual analysis of this classic, the paper demonstrates that the virtue of fi liality advocated in the text was basically restricted to men only; state promotion of filial devotion in pre-tang China was thus informed, at least partially, by the doctrine elaborated in the classic. In the end, government policy and aristocratic indoctrination worked in tandem and helped contribute to the dearth of filial daughters. Even though both vigorously exhorted all under Heaven to filial devotion, they proudly honored only filial sons from all over the state, generation after generation. Consequently, filial devotion became a gendered virtue and was bestowed with political privileges. Keywords: Classic of Filial Devotion filial sons filial daughters filial daughters-in-law gendered virtue gender consciousness -330-