Life s Four QuartetsA Metafictional Study of Milan Kundera s The Unbearable Lightness of Being
Key wordsmetafiction Milan Kundera Four quartets
....1......1.......2....... 3 ( )...11...... 15.........16....16 (Milan Kundera).. 16........ 22............23..... 24... 24...... 27......28......32......33.....34 I
......37.....39......42......42.....42.....48.....51.....51.....52.....55.....56.... 58.........60 (Kitsch).......62......62 (Kitsch)........64.......68.........69....69 II
........70........... 76.......83.......... 86.....91..... 91..... 93..... 94..... 97.....99.......100....102....107.... 108....... 110.......112......122 III
1-1....6 IV
(Milan Kundera) (The Art of the Novel) (The Unbearable Lightness of Being) (eternal return) (Kitsch)?? 1
(Franz Kafka) 2
() (Postmodernism) (F.Onis) 1 (D.Fitts) 2 ( Micheal.Kohler ) 3 (Ihab Hassan) 4 ; 0 (self-reflexive) (Jean Francois Lyotard) ; 1 (Douwe Fokkema) 1992 9 14 2 1999 9 3 31 4 Ihab,Hassan The Dismemberment of Orpheus :Toward a Postmodern Literature.New York:Oxford University Press. 3
: 5 (F.Jameson) 6 ; 7 (Marxism) 8 5 1997 1 140 6 1991 9 156 7 (Fredric Jameson) 1989 2 169 8 1998 4
9 () ( 1-1) 1. (1) (fragmentation) (Jameson) 10 ; (pastiche) (parody) (simulacra) 9 1998 12 314 10 (Fredric Jameson) 1989 2 250 5
1-1 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ( ) (2) (indeterminacy) (sub-tendencies) (deformation) 6
(disintegration) (decenterment) (displacement) 11 (3) (Jameson) 12 13 ; 14 (collage) (Les Testaments Trahis) 15 11 35 12 240 13 14 246 15 7
(Flaubert) 16 (4) (Jameson) (depthlessness) 17 (5) (immanence) (6) (Irony) 16 129 17 12 8
(7) (carnivallization) (Mikhail Bakhtin) (Problems of Dostoevsky s Poetics) ; (Collage) (Heteroglossia) 18 19 (polyphony) (Carnival) 20 18 Selden Raman, Peter W.and Peter B.1997 A Reader s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. England:Prentice Hall,p.p.42. 19 Mikhail Bakhtin 1988 29 20 Selden Raman,Peter W.and Peter B.1997. A Reader s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. England:Prentice Hall,p.p.43. 9
(8) (meta-narrative) (grand-narrative) 21 meta- 21 1997 1 169-170 10
(small narrative) (anti-grand narrative) (9) (unrepresentable) ( ) () (meta-) H (William H.Gass) 22 22 (Patricia Waugh) 11
(MetafictionThe Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction) 23 (Heisenbergian) 24 (represented) 1995 3 23 6 24 4 12
() 25 (sub-genre) 26 ; 27 28 ; (metafiction) (refraction) (Graham Greene) 25 11 26 17 27 19 28 19 13
29 (self reflection) 30 () () () () 31 32 (Roland Barthes) 29 33 30 11 31 1987 192 32 39 14
(Mythologies) (John Barth) 33 (representation) () (decanonization) (Jean Francois Lyotard) 33 24 15
(non-identification) 34 (eternal return) 35 36 37 (Kitsch) (anti-grand narrative) () (play) 38 (language games) 39 (Wittgenstein) (Jean Francois Lyotard) 34 157 35 1997 10 36 (Boheme) TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE 37 SOVIÉTIQUE 38 40 39 language games 16
(discourse) (hybridization) (Italo Calvino) (meta) 40 41 (eternal return) 40 55 41 17
() 42 ; 43 () (intertextuality) (Johathan Culler) (Julia Kristeva) 44 (Mikhail Bakhtin) 42 89 43 29 44 (Julia Kristeva) A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art 1993 947 18
(Douwe Fokkema) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 45 46 (parody) ; 45 108-112 46 150 19
? 20
(Milan Kundera) (Milan Kundera) (Czechoslovakia) (Bron) 1 (Les Testaments Trahis) (Man A Broad Garden1953) (The Last May1995) (Monologues1957); (The Owners of the Keys 1962) (The Blunder1969) (Jacques and His Master 1981); (The Joke1965) (Laughable Loves1968) (Life Is Elsewhere 1 (Milan Kundera) 21
1969) (The Farewell Waltz 1975) 2 (The Book of Laughter and Forgetting1978) (The Unbearable Lightness of Being 1984) 3 (Immortality1990) (Slowness1994) (Identity1996) (L'ignorance2000); (The Art of the Novel 1986) (Les Testaments Trahis1993) (Reenes) 4 (Bohemia) 0 5 (Ivan Klíma) 6 (Philip Roth) 7 2 The Farewell Party 3 4 Philip Roth 5 6 Ivan Klíma 22
(Philip Roth) (The Book of Laughter and Forgetting1978) (The Unbearable Lightness of Being1984) (Philip Roth) 8 (Ivan Klíma) ; ; (Ivan Klíma) 9 0 7 Philip Roth1993~ 8 Ivan Klíma Esprit de Prague 9 64 23
( 1989) ( 1992) ( 1993) (1994) 10 ; Kvetoslav Chvetik.Le monde Romanesque de Milan KunderaTimothy Garton Ash.Reform or Revolution? Maria Nemcova Banerjee.Terminal ParadoxThe Novels of Milan Kundera Ivana Edwards.A Funeral in Prague Eva le Grand.Kundera ou la mémoire du désir Ian McEwan.An Interview with Milan Kundera Italo Calvino On Kundera Lois OppenheimClarificationsElucidations : An Interview Milan Kundera (The Joke) (Louis Aragon1897-1982) (Alexander Dubeck) 10 24
(Gustav Husak) 11 12!! 13 11 1993 299 12 Moravia Brno 13 Trotski1877-1940 25
14 15 14 15 293 26
16 17 (rationraisonragione) Grund (eternal return) ; ; ; 16 17 1998 56 27
(Kitsch) 18 19 (Kitsch) ( )! 20 () 18 19 77 20 251 28
(Cervantes) ; ; (Samuel Richardson1689-1761) ; (Flaubert) ; (Leo Tolstoy) ; (Marcel Proust) ; (James Joyce) 21 (Christian Salmon) (eternal return) 22 (Hermann Broch1886-1951) (Franz Kafka1883-1924) 21 16 22 58 29
23 ; 24 25 26 ; (agélastes) 27 (Rabelais) (Kitsch) (Hermann Broch ) (Kitsch) () (Gallimard) 23 98 24 108 25 128 26 132 27 133 30
(Pantagruel) (Panurge) 28 29 - (Max Brod 1884-1968) (Garta) 30! -! 31 (Stravinski) (Ernest Hemingway) 28 5 29 32 30 36 31 51 31
(Leos Janacek1854-1928) (Hegel1770-1831) 32 (Der Prozess) 33 34 (Jan Prochazka) 32 150-151 33 238 34 255 32
? 35 36 (Max Brod) 37 35 48 36 185 37 2002 3 174-175 33
; 38 ; 0 (Jan Prochazka)! 39 ; 40 () 38 204 39 169 40 34
(Franz Kafka1883-1924) (Ivan Klíma) 41 42 43 (Kitsch) 41 54 42 70 43 231 35
44 45 46 () 44 79-95 45 84 46 36
47 48 49 50 51 ; (Octavio Paz) (Cervantes) 47 48 203 49 44 50 203 51 45 37
(Rabelais) (Pantagruel) 52 53 54 ; ; 55 ( ) ( 52 7 53 366 54 178 55 127 38
) 56 57 (Philip Roth) ; 58 () 59 (Broch) 60 (Leos Janacek) 61 62 variation (Dostoevsky) 56 71 57 84 58 1989 7 76 59 75 Baroque Bach Johnghan 60 75 61 57 62 58 39
63 ( ) (Mikhail Bakhtin) () ; ; 64 ; 65 ; 66 63 60 64 72 65 72 66 68 40
; 67 67 79 41
Tomas Tereza George Byron Don Juan 1 erotic friendship the rules of threes 1 Don Juan George Byron 42
2 3 4 2 38 3 78-79 4 79 43
5 6 compassion Sabina poetic erotic Moses 7 Oedipus 5 32 6 39 7 (Moses) 35 44
8 9 10 11 8 56 9 243 10 243 11 246 45
12 13 Symposium 12 46 13 277 46
14 15 16 14 1992 108 15 109 16 109-110 47
17 18 19 20 Oedipus 17 49 18 367 19 96 20 96 48
21 kitsch 22 23 24 21 223-224 22 Simon 23 263 24 267 49
25 Hamlet To be or not to be ;that is the question. 26 27 28 25 33 26 (William Shakespeare) 2002 4 135 27 281 28 290 50
29 eternal return 30 31 32 29 329 30 28 31 66 32 66 51
33 34 35 (Anna Karenina) 36 33 68 34 70 35 73 36 Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy 52
37 38 39 37 99-100 38 82 39 174 53
40 41 42 40 28 41 174 42 175 54
43 44 45 46 43 22 44 198 45 88 46 179 55
47 Oedipus 48 49 50 51 47 188 48 193 49 194 50 206 51 20 56
52 53 54 52 336 53 368 54 372 57
55 56 (Karenin) 55 373 56 373 58
57 58 59 60 57 106-107 58 323 59 337-338 60 104 59
61 62 (Rene Descartes) 63 64 65 61 340 62 342 63 Rene Descartes1596-1650 64 33 65 360 60
Franz 66 67 68 66 120 67 92 68 144 61
69 70 69 136 70 310-311 62
(Parmenides) 71 kitsch (Joseph Stalin) 72 (Yacov) 73 74 Yacov Yacov Yacov 71 Parmenides 72 Joseph Stalin1879-1953 73 Yacov 74 63
75 shit s 76 77 Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch 75 294 76 299 77 194 64
Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch 78 79 Kitsch 78 299 79 304 65
80 Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch 81 Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch 82 80 321 81 302 82 332 66
83 Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch 84 Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch 83 322 84 305 67
(Kitsch) anti-grand narrative 1 2 (Hermann Broch) 3 1 7 2 27 3 3 68
(John Fowles) (The French Lieutenant s Woman) 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mikhail Bakhtin Problems of Dostoevsky s Poetics metalingustics 10 4 Raman Seldenand Peter Widdowsonand Peter BrookerA Reader s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory(Prentice HallEngland1997.) p157 5 24 6 28 7 23 8 23 9 23 10 1991 9 60-61 69
wordutterance 11 12 13 14 15 () 16 Es muss sein. 11 61 12 13 13 14 15 69 16 58 70
Der schwer gefasste Entschluss) 17 18 19 20 21 17 58 18 237 19 238 20 239 21 239 71
Es könnte auch anders sein 22 Roland Barthes 23 24 22 62 23 24 45 72
25 26 27 Oedipus Oedipus the King Sophocles 28 Aristotle 29 (Thebes Laius Jocasta (Polybus) Sphinx Jocasta Laius Jocasta Antigone Aristotle Poetics 25 255 26 57 27 28 Sophocles496-406 B.C. 29 Aristotle384-322 B.C. 73
30 Oedipus Oedipus Oedipus Oedipus the King 31 32 30 1984 11 99 31 217 32 217 74
eternal return Einmal ist Keinmal 33 Einmal ist Keinmal 34 eternal return Einmal ist Keinmal ( ) 35 33 33 34 270 35 272 75
36 eternal return Einmal ist Keinmal 37 Einmal ist Keinmal eternal return 38 36 272 37 28 38 24 76
39 40 41 42 43 44 39 87 40 106 41 106 42 89 43 369 44 1999 3 270 77
45 46 Hegel Goethe Schiller 47 (Life Is Elsewhere) The Book of Laughter and Forgetting 45 369 46 104 47 104 78
48 L ignorance 49 50 51 52 48 2002 3 15 49 351-352 50 352 51 355 52 355 79
53 () 54 55 56 53 355 54 178 55 178 56 175 80
() 57 58 59 60 57 53 58 66 59 2003 4 19 60 43 81
61 62 63 61 86 62 63 364 82
64 65 66 Mythologies 67 68 69 64 172 65 132 66 132 67 1997 4 68 155 69 156 83
70 Kitsch 71 72 La plaisanterie 73 70 309 71 310 72 310 73 92 84
74 75 76 74 321 75 147 76 148 85
77 78 79 Kitsch 80 Kitsch Kitsch Hermann Broch Kitsch 81 démystification 82 natural 77 326 78 155 79 80 81 1999 447 82 1 86
83 Kitsch 84 85 Kitsch 83 1 84 301 85 303 87
86 87 Kitsch Kitsch 88 89 86 308 87 308 88 304 89 123 88
90 91 92 93 94 95 90 158 91 157 92 137 93 137 94 159 95 159 89
96 90 96 117
(Franz Kafka) (Musil) 97 play 98 99 97 49 98 41 99 344 91
100 101 102 103 100 345 101 78 102 78 103 345 92
(John Barth) 104 105 106 Tristam Shandy 107 Kitsch (frame) 104 109 105 68 106 114 107 130 93
108 (Mikhail Bakhtin) 109 (Heteroglosia) (Hermann Broch) 110 108 32-33 109 1997 265 110 53 94
imperceptibility 111 inversion 112 113 Kitsch eternalreturn 114 111 36 112 36 113 60 114 61 95
Kitsch 115 116 117 118 recontextualized naturalized 119 recontextualized recontextualized 120 115 62 116 62 117 62 118 22 119 22 120 61 96
121 (Iris Murdoch) 122 123 (Christian Salmon) 121 61 122 135 123 114 97
124 125 126 127 128 124 325 125 1999 1 477 126 114 127 133 128 114 98
129 130 131 129 26 130 25 131 373 99
132 133 134 135 Hayden White 136 Leonid Brezhnew 137 132 325 133 63 134 15 135 57 136 29 137 Leonid Brezhnew Brezhnev Doctrine 100
138 139 140 141 Les Testaments Trahis 138 102 139 102 140 31 141 35 101
142 143 authorial voice 144 145 146 142 16 143 38 144 10 145 30 146 30 102
147 Einmal ist keinma 148 149 147 31-32 148 65 149 245 103
150 151 152 153 150 153 151 215 152 269 153 24 104
154 155 156 157 154 46 155 155 156 64 157 268-269 105
158 159 160 161 158 269 159 269 160 1999 1 508 161 119 106
162 163 164 165 Miguel de Cervantes 166 David Lodge 162 124 163 125 164 118 165 7 166 1999 1 517 107
167 168 paradox 169 eternal return 170 171 167 158 168 158 169 164 170 28 171 29 108
172 eternal return Einmal ist keinma 173 defamiliarize parody Viktor Shklovsky 174 172 7 173 (Gerard Genette) Narrative DiscourseNarrative Discourse Revisited 1990 73-74 174 74 109
repetitive 175 176 177 178 175 111 176 35 177 255 178 298 110
179 180 181 Thomas mann Le Docteur Faustus 182 Broch Adrian Sigmund Freud 179 1991 12 32 180 J. 998 11 143 181 143 182 77 111
183 184 183 89 184 112
185 186 L Amérique 187 188 (Wallace Martin) 189 185 259 186 12 187 76 188 77 189 (Wallace Martin) 1990 226-227 113
190 191 Broch Les Somnambules 192 193 190 78 191 60-61 192 32-33 193 33 114
115
1 Kitsch 1 68 116
2 Kitsch Kitsch Kitsch anti-grand narrative Kitsch Kischifiante 3 self Einmal ist Keinmal 2 7 3 Kischifiante 144 117
4 4 306 118
5 6 Kitsch eternal return eternal return 5 1999 1 666 6 2000 119
7 7 80 120
1. (Milan Kundera) 1998 2. (Milan Kundera) 1992 2 3. (Milan Kundera) 1993 4. (Milan Kundera) 1994 5. (Milan Kundera) 2002 3 6. (Milan Kundera) 2003 4 7. (Roland Barthes ) 1997 8. (Milan Kundera) 1993 9. (Milan Kundera) 1997 10 10. 1993 11. (Milan Kundera) 1989 7 121
1. (Mikhail Bakhtin) 1988 2. 1997 1 3. (Ivan Klíma) 2003 4. 1998 1 5. 1993 6. 1997 7. 1984 11 8. (Douwe Fokkema) 1992 9 9. 1991 12 10. 1991 9 11. (J.Hillis Miller ) 1998 11 12. 2003 8 13. 1999 1 14. (Patricia Waugh) 1995 15. 1986 16. 1998 12 122
17. 1999 18. 1999 3 19. (Michael Wood) 2001 20. ( Wallace Martin) 1990 21. (Fredric Jameson) 1998 22. (Fredric Jameson) 1989 2 23. (Gerard Genette) 1990 24. 1987 25. 1999 26. 2000 27. (Roland Barthes) 1998 2 1. 1994 1 2. 60 1989 10 3. 60 1989 10 4. 60 1989 123
10 5. 60 1989 10 6. 60 1989 10 7. / 2000 8 8. 60 1989 10 9. 60 1989 10 1. 1994 10 1. Ihab,H.(1971).The Dismemberment of OrpheusToward a Postmodern Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. 2. Li,J.M.(1997).Either/OrA Study of Milan Kundera s The Unberable of Lightness of Being. NUPS:Prestudy Class Joural,NO.5,p.p.219-296. 3. Selden Raman, Peter W.and Peter B.(1997).A Reader s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. England: Prentice Hall. 124
1988/2/10 2002/3/1 / 1998 1989 /1991/4/15 / 1991/8 /1992/10 1993 1994 1994/2 1995/6 1995/6 1999/5/10 1995/6 2000/7/10 1996/6/25 1999/2/1 2003/4 2003/3/24 : 1. 2. 2003 6 2004 125