2003 8 Aug12003 3 Studies in Qing History No13 [],,,,,,,,, [ ] [] K25412 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 03-0085 - 12 The Shanghai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room and Its Innovation on Education Initiated by foreigners, the Shanghai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room was a path breaking educational or2 ganization that was jointly founded by Chinese and Westerners. From its inception it lasted for forty years. Its purpose was to encourage Chinese to study western science and technology. Chinese and foreigners from all walks of life contribut2 ed funding for the institute. Under the administration of a board of directors its curriculum included science, technology, politics, economy, current affairs, culture, and education. Science and technology were the major contents of teaching. Its adopted mode of teaching gave priority to self - study assisted by lectures. Experimentation and demonstration were al2 so important teaching methods. Shanghai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room played a critical role in introducing Western science and technology to the Chinese.,, (1873-1914 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, [ ] 2002-5 - 20 [ ] (1964 ),, ; 100081 85
,,, :,, :, :,, ;,,,,,, 1872 12 26, ( Secu2 lar Missionaries),,,, 1873 3,,, 1874 3,, 15,,,, ;,, :,,, ;, ; 86,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ,, 1874 3,,, ; gλω,,,,,,,,,
,, ;,,,, gλξ ;,,, gλψ,, 1874 4 6-1875 9 30, 11 gλζ,,,,, 8 gλ{, :,,, gλ,,,,, 3000 gλ} :, gλ 1875 9, 1876 6 22,, 200,,,,,, gµυ,,, ;,, gµϖ,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, gµω, gµξ,,,,,, gµψ,,, gµζ 1914,,, gµ{, 1878-1882,,,,1885 6,, 87
( Special Committee),,,, gµ,,,,, gµ},,,, gµ,, gνυ,,, 1,,, 1875 9, 6979183 1541 ( ) gνϖ, 1, 541315 630, 7314 % 4019 %, 4087, 7515 % :,,,,, gνω, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 541315 630 1183133 551 383 360 1087 100 25 1053133 50 50 50 1000 100 2 20 10 50 10 21315 2000 100 110 10 273 100 200 10 320 10 100 200 100 111 50 300 20 50 50 200 10 213 100 100 : 6979183 ; : 1541 : ; 18-20 1 : 1183133 551, 16195 % 35176 %, 27 (), 10 ( ), 1053133 60 320 88
,,,, 34, 6 gνξ, 204, 42 gνψ 1876 2 2, 7765149, 6264133, 1501116 gνζ,,,, 388182 gν{,, 1876 1000 gν 1878,, 1600 gν},, :,, 2000,, gν,, 1000 gου,,,, 7 % 2,,,,, gοϖ :,, 42 gοω ;, gοξ, 1878 1882, 64461754, 3700, 1000, 171112 gοψ,,,, 200, gοζ :,, 15 gο{ ; 280, 400 gο, 1878 1882, 1651173, 1731375 gο} 1880,, 2119 gο 19,,, 1880 1882 226135 gπυ,,,,,,,, :, gπϖ, gπω, 1879, :,,,, gπξ,,,,,,,,, 89
, gπψ,,, 1890,,, :,, ;, gπζ, 1878 1879, 51711555,, 10631575 gπ{ 1880 1882, 44011431 gπ,, 1878 1882, 95721986, 1355175, 39261651 gπ}, 1883-1885,, 1000 gπ 1885, 1382 gθυ,, 1876,, gθϖ 1883,, 1878, 1600, 1000 gθω,,,, 1875 429127 gθξ ; 1882, 6771977 gθψ,,, gθζ,,,, 90 gθ{, gθ, gθ}, 200,,, gθ,,, ;,,,, :, :,,,,, gρυ,,,,,, ;,,,,
,,, gρϖ,, 2, 9,, 64 % 2 1886-1893,, gρω,, gρξ,, 10-14, gρψ 37 11 3 6 2 5 1 1 1 19 86, 3, 43, 16, 3, 7, 14 :, 69-72, gρζ,,,, 1894,,, gρ{, 17, 17, 10 ;,,,, gρ,,,, 1886 1894, 88,,,,,, gρ},,, 230 gρ gσυ,,, : (1) ; (2) ; (3),,, :,,,,,,,,,, gσϖ 1877 5 19, 50 gσω 1890,, gσξ,, 1895,, 91
,, gσψ,, ( ),, () ( ), 1885, 10 14,,,, 1894,,, 1895 5, 20,, 15 30 gσζ 1896 1 50, 17,, :,,,,,,,,,, gσ{,, gσ, :, 92! 1890,,, gσ},,,,,,, :,,,,, gσ,,, gτυ,, 1878 1882, 17051896, 17182 %, 11531977 gτϖ,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, gτω :,,,, ;
,,,, gτξ,,,,, 1886, 1889,,, 1886 1894, 18, 46, 88 gτψ, 6,, 5, 15, 17 %, Essay Contests 3 10,,, gτζ 1886 1897,, 1897,,, 1901 1904 1906 1907, gτ{,, gτ,, : (1), ; (2), ; (3) gτ},,,, gτ The Chinese Polytechnic Institu2 tion and Reading Room, 1874, : ;, gβκυ,,, gβκϖ,, : gβκω gβκξ, 400,, gβκψ,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1907 5 gβκζ 93
,,, gβκ{ gβκ,,,,,,,,,, gβκ},,, 1874,, gβκ,,, 20 gβλυ 1875,,,,,,,,,, gβλϖ,,, gβλω 1876 2,,,,,,,,,,, gβλξ, ; :, 94, 320, 500,, 136, 4215 % ; 73, 2218 % ; 56, 1715 % ; 55, 1712 % gβλψ 1892, 60, 51, gβλζ 3000,,, 4000 gβλ{,,,,,,, 100 gβλ,,,,,,, gβλ},,, :,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,
,,,, :,, ;,,,,,, 1998 gπϖ gβκυ gβκ{, gµξ gρυ gβκ},, 632-634 gβκω gβκ, gλ gλ gµψ gνω,, 1558 1564 gλψ gθυ gρψ gσυ gσψ gτ{ gβκϖ gβκζ gβλ{ Knight Biggerstaff, Shang2 hai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room : Attempt to Western Science and Technology to the Chinese, Pa2 cific Historical Review, 25 (2), May 19561, gρϖ : gλυ, 1593 1594 gλϖ 1800, 1088, 60144 % ; 186, 10133 % ; 6, 0133 % ; 101, 5161 % 1381, 76171 %210, 27, 13117 %, 182, 10111 % (, 1994, 785 ) gλω,, 1558-1560 gλξ gµ{ gν} gοζ gθωgθ gβλ,, 1883 4 18, ( 1998 ), gλζ, 9 (: 7-22 ; : 352 ),, 10, (, 1558 1564 ) (, 1876 2 17 ) gλ{,, 1562 gλ} gνψ gθ,, 1877 3 8 gµυ gµϖ gµω, 1558 1564 ;,, 1876 2 17 gµζ,, 1876 12 28 ;,, 1877 3 8 ;,, 1878 2 21 ;,, 1878 4 20 ;, ;,, 1880 5 25 ;, 1883 4 18 ;,, 1885 gµ{ gοψ gο} gο gπυ gπ gπ} gθψ gτϖ,, 1883 4 18 gµ,, 1885 gµ} gµ gνυ gπ,, 1885 7 15 gνϖ, 18-20 354 : 6929, 1521 1872 2 2 ( 1876 2 17 ), 7765149, 8154131 gνξ gρ : 74 83 20 22, gνζ gν{ gθξ,, 1876 2 17 gν gου gθ{, 95
, 1876 12 28 gν,, 1876 2 17,, gοϖ gοω,, 1878 2 21 gοξ, Skatchkoff, 25 (,, 1876 12 28 ) gο{ gπ{ gθ},, 1880 5 25 gο,, 1883 4 18 gπω : :,, (, ) gπξ gπψ,, 6819 gπζ gσξ gσ},, gθϖ gτυ gτ,, 1876 6 24 gθζ gρω: : 19, 1991, 4-6 gρξ gρζ, gρ{ gρ gσϖ gτξ,, gρ} gσωgσ{, gσ :, gσ gβλϖ, gτω :,, gτψ gβλψ gβλζ :, 386 gτζ, gτ :, gτ} :, 1994 gβκξ gβκψ, 2319 gβκ, gβλυ, gβλω,,,,,,,, ( 355 ) (, 1883 4 18 ),,,,,,, (, 1976 2 17 ) gβλξ, gβλ} :,, 362 96