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: : ( ) () 2004 12 :8501168 1 32 :232.25 :6035 ISBN 7-88050 - 122-3 38 638.40 ( 16.80 ),
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102,,,,,,, 19 20,,, 40,,,,,,,,,,,, 40,,,,,,,
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118 SAT 200, SAT, ETS 1996 : ETS1961, (TOEFL) GRE, 180 1275,, 6, 000, 000 ETS 30 46, 3.75 GRE TOEFL,19901993, 5, 6.8 1981 TOEFL, 632, 15, 100 ETS1996 6 30 :15 500,000 TOEFL GRE () 25, ( WSK ), 10, 14 GRE TOEFL, (, 93 94 95, 700, 44,380,, 45 1 4 ),, 2 (Blumenthal, 1993 ) ETS ( Ernest.Anastasio) 1996 9 22 :ETS,,,
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122, TOEFL, 1998, TOEFL, 180, 2000 TOEFL, TOEFL 21 ;,,2000 TOEFL, TOEFL 2000 5.2000,, ( Computer adaptive Test, CAT),, CAT,,,,, CAT,,,, 6.CAT : CAT,,,,,, CAT,,
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140 (UCCA),, GCE, : 1. 2. 3.( ) 4. 5. 6. 7. ( ) 8.,,,,,,, 1973 228,,,, O, A ;,
() 1970, 259, 320, 231,860, 182,360 116, 270, 102, 590, 51, 400 () ( CSE) 1965,, 16,, CSE,,,,,,,, :,, 141, 80%, 20% CSE, 1 5, 1,1 GCE C,,,
142 5, 1 4 5,,,, 18, GCE CSE, : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1971 210, 000, 204,600, 83, 500 1951,
(),, :,,,,,, GCE CSE,,,,, GCE CSE,, :,,,,,, 143,,,,, GCE : ( ), 14
144 GCE CSE,, GCE, CSE,, :,,,,,,,, GCE CSE,, GCE, CSE,, GCE, CSE CSE,,,, : 150, 53%, 3%, 47%, J.Baird,Industry s Knowledge of School Examination, Educational Research, Vo1.24. No.1, 1981, P.65.
(),,,,,,,,, : ( Certificate of Extended Education) GCE CSE 1972 16 17, GCE 17, 17 2-4 CSE, 1980 10 16-18 : CEE, 145 17, ( Certificate of Pre - voca - tional Education) 1985, [ ],,, 3, 90 [ ] R., :,, 1984, 76
146 25,000, (General Certificate of Se - condary Education, GCSE) GCE CSE, 16 ( Sixteen - plus Examination) ( School Council) 1973 GCE CSE 1976,, 16 GCE CSE 1978 6, ( Sir JamesWeddell),, (TheGCE and CSE - Board s Joint Council), 16, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, ( Educalional Study Group) ( differentiated papers ) 1980 12, A G,, ( J. K.Backhouse) 1 2 3 2, 1 2, 3 2 1 3, J.K.Backhouse,Determination of grades for two groups sharing a common paper, Educational Research, Vol. 18, 1976, pp, 126-133.
(), 1 2 2 3 2 4, :1-7, 1,2 3 GCE A B C; 4 5 6 7 CSE 2 3 4 5( 1) : GCSE, :,,,, :,,, 1988 GCE CSE,, 1989 (AS: levels ), 147,,,,,
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() :747 2 3 2 : 60.6 :13.6 3 : 45.2 :12.3 2 3 :0.57 :675 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 U 12 1 245 269 154 52 15 11 747 13 2 64 325 181 75 24 4 675 2 65 570 450 229 76 19 11 1,422 : J.m. Kingdom et al,awarding grades on differentiated papers in school examinations at 16 plus, Educational Research, Vo1. 25, NO. 3, 1983, PP, 223-224. 2: CSE GCE : CSE GCE, ( ), :, :,, ( ), 149
150, : 1. ; 2., : 1., () 2., : 1.,?,, 2., [ ], :,, 1980, 116-121
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(), 1988, ( ) GCSE, GCE - O CSE GCE - A, GCSE GCE - O CSE,,, 80-90%, GCSE 153
GCSE 154 1. ( THE SECONDARY EXAMINATLONS COUNCLL, SEC)1983,, 15,, 19, 15, SEC : ( 1 ) ( NATIONAL CRITE- RIA), ; (2 ) (3), SEC,, GCSE 2. ( EXAMINATION GROUPS ) ( JOINT COUNCIL)GCSE,, : GCE CSE GCE GCSE A B C GCE - A,
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156 GCSE 1.GCSE GCSE SEC (1), GCSE, GCSE SEC GCSE,, : A ; B ; C ; D (COUSEWORK) (2) C SEC 20 (20 ) :, B, SEC, GCSE,, 2.GCSE (MODE 1 ) :,,
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158 GCSE,, 20% (2),,,,,, ( 1 2, 3 ), ( 1 2 3, 4 ) SEC, ()( ) C, A B (), ( ) C, C, ( ), GCSE 1988, GCSE 80-90% 4. GCSE, : (1), ; ( 2) 16, ; (3 ) () ( ), SEC 5.
(), GCSE, A B C D E F G GCE - O CSE, CSE GCSE GCE - O A A 1 B B C C 2 D D 3 E E 4 F 5 G, GCSE A B C GCE - O A B C, D E F G CSE 2 3 4 5 GCSE 159
GCSE GCSE GCSE CSE GCE - O,, : ( 1),,, (2),,, ( 3),,, (4 ),,,,, (5),,,,, (6), 160 GCSE : ( 1), (2 ) GCSE,, ( 3),, : GCSE, (GRADE CRITERIA,
() ), ; GCSE, GCSE,, 161
() 162 1988, 16 ( GCE O - Level),, A B C D E, ( CSE), CSE 1 2 3 4 5, 1 GCE O - Level C, 1984 6 20,,,, (General Certificate of Sccondary Education, GCSE) 1988 GCE O - Level CSE GCSE : ; ( ) ; 1985, GCSE, GCSE,, GCE CSE GCSE,,,,, GCSE ( )3 20,
(), GCSE () GCSE GCSE () : GCSE 1. ( ), GCSE 16,,, ;, GCSE, GCSE,, GCSE GCEO - Level CSE 2. ( ) GCSE GCSE,,, GCSE,, 163,,,, GCSE 3., GCSE GCE CSE
164 GCSE,,,, GCSE GCSE ( ) GCSE 4. GCSE A B C D E F G G, GCSE A B C GCE O - Level A B C ; D E F G CSE 2 3 4 5 GCSE GCE GCSE A B C GCSE CSE GCSE D E F G GCSE,, GCSE 1. ( ), GCSE GCSE ( ),,
() 2. GCSE GCSE, GCSE GCSE GCSE,, GCSE GCSE, GCSE, GCSE, GCSE GCSE 1. GCSE ( ) GCSE GCEO - Level CSE GCE O - Level CSE 60% GCSE, (GCSE), 165 ( ), GCSE, : GCSE,,,,
166, 2. GCSE GCSE GCSE GCSE, : GCSE, ; ; : : ( ),,,,,,,(),, GCSE, (), GCSE GCSE C F, GCSE ( ), GCSE
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() 2. ( SEC) ( SEAC) 3.1988, GCSE 10, ( ), ( ) 1990 3 169
170 1988,, 1989, :1988,,,,,,, : 1991,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
() 1991 1992,, 2600,,,, 1993,,,,, ;,, 1.? 2.?? 3.? 4.?, : (1),, 171,, (2),,,, (3),,,,
172,,,,,,, :,???,?,??, ;,,,, 1995,, 1988,, 12, 1976,,,
() 5, 1981,,, 3, 1984,, 1985,,,,, 21,,,,, 1987,, ( 5-16 ),,, 1988 1988,, 1988, 1989,,, 173 1994 1990, 7 11 14 16,,,,, ;
174,,,,,,, ;, 21,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1988,,,
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GCSE 1984, GCSE(General Ce - rtificate of Secondary Education ),,, 1988, GCSE, 1988 ( Education Reform Act 1988) :,, GCSE GCSE,1985 ( SEC ) * GCSE (the National Criteria), 20 176 : 1.GCSE : GCSE,, GCSE A B C D E F G, 1988 2., ( )
() 3. ( coursew - ork ), ( ) 4. GCSE 5. :,,,,, : 1. 2., 3. :,, 4. ( ) ; ; ( ) ;,,,,,,, GCSE,,,,,, 177
178 GCSE 20%, ( ), : 1.,, 2.,,,,,, 3., ; ( ),, ;, ( Bob Dunn ), GCSE,,,, GCSE,, : (General papers) ( Extended papers), C A B, ( ), A - G 2.,,
() 3.,, GCSE GCSE,, :, 6,, GCSE 2.,,,,,, 3. GCSE,,, 179
180 1988, ( GCSE), : 1. 1951, 1965,,,,,, ;,,, 2.,, 16,, ;,,,,, (),,
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182 1988 8,,,, A B C 41.8%, 29.8% A 6. 8% 8.6%,,,, A B C 57%,,,,,,
(),,, 5-16, : 1. ( Entrance Examination) ; ( ), ( Common Entrance Examination) 2. ( Standard Assesment Task ),, ( SAT) 183 7 11 14 SAT 3. (GCSE) GCSE 1988 : (GEC O - Level) ( CSE) GCSE 16 GCSE,
184,, () ( SCAA) ;, ( ACAC) ( CCEA) GCSE, GCSE, ; GCSE 7 : A B C D E F G G, 4. ( IGCSE) IGCSE (UCLES) : GCSE, GCSE, IGCSE 2 : ( Core Curriculum) ( Extended Curriculum) A C ; D G ; C 5. (GNVQ) GNVQ 1995 9 (16 ) GNVQ, GNVQ,, : GNVQ,
() (NVQ) GNVQ (NCVQ), ( BTEC) ( CGLI) ( RSA), 16-19, Sir Ron Dearing 1995 4 ;,Sir Ron Dearing 6 : () : () GNVQ NVQ : () ; () ; () ; () Sir Ron Dearing, Dearing : (GEC A - Level) (GNVQ) (NVQ), : ( Entry) ( Foundation) ( Intermediate)(Advanced) (National Certificates) Dearing 200, 2000 (National Targets for Education and Training) Dearing,, 1997 9, Dearing 185
186,, (, 1992 ) ; (, 1981) ; (,1986 ),,,,, ( ), 1992 1941 23%, 80% (, 1980;, 1986),,, 1980 8, ( 1), (2 ) 88% 58%, 1986 36
(), 80% 8,, () 1992 6000 : 90%, 76% ( ) : 1. 2. 3. 4.; 5., ;, 1986 (1990 ) :, 187, :,,,,
: : 37%, 53% 1986, 1990,, I,, I, : (1)? (2)? (3)? (4)? 188 : ( n = 20) ( n = 112 ) :,,, 22 : 1.
() 2. ( ) 3. 4. ( ) 5., 6., 7. ( ) 8. 9., 10., 11., 12. 13. ( ) 14. 15.,, 16. 17. 18.2 2 19. 20. ( ) 21. 22., 1 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 189
190 0% ()100% ( ) ( ) ( ) :, 3 : 18-20 21-24 25 :,,, ( 90% ), 50% (1) ( ) 1, 5.78( 8: )2.97( 3: ) T 7 ( 3,5, 7,9, 13,15 20), (2) ( ) 22 19 ( 4, 12 17 ) ( Pearson product - moment correlation ) ( p = 0.05 ) 22 19 ( 2, 12 15 )
() 1 22 () 1. ( ) 3.44 19 40.41 9 2. ( ) 5.45 2 8.24 19 3. 2.97 22 47.78 4 4. ( ) 4.86 7 18.97 14 5. 3.50 17 46.60 6 6. ( ) 3.94 14 39.89 10 7. 4.64 9 18.39 15 8. 5.78 1 2.39 22 9. 3.85 15 29.23 12 10. 3.02 21 42.50 8 11. 5.42 4 14.48 17 12. ( ) 5.43 3 7.53 21 13. 3.52 16 47.24 5 14. 3.95 13 51.29 3 15. () 4.75 8 34.67 11 16. 3.35 20 57.32 1 17. ( ) 3.45 18 52.83 2 191 18. ( ) 5.28 6 8.02 20 19. ( ) 5.36 5 14.27 18 20. 3.97 12 42.93 7 21. 4.32 10 15.37 16 22. ( ) 4.11 11 24.11 13
(3) ( ) 80% (23 22), :,, 25 ; 18-20 4.84.1, 21-24 :4.84.0(2) 2 () ( n) ( n) 18-20 4.1(68) 35.1(67) 21-24 4.0(18) 35.9(16) 25 + 4.8(25) 24.1(24) (4) ( ) :,, 192 6 6, : 8: ( ) ; 2: ; 12: ;
() 11: ; 19: ; 18: 2 2, ( 1) 2 ( 13 -, 3 - ), ( 3.52 2.97), 47%,,,,, 22 19, : ( 13) ( 20) (3 ),, 18-20 21-24 25,, 193,,,,,,,,
194,,,, ( 20% ),,, :,,,,,, : :, ( ) ( ),, (,,, ), (, ):, :
() 1.2. 3. 4. 5.6.7.8. 9. : 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.15.16. 17.18., 81-100% ( 20% ) 0-20% ( 20% )5,, : :,, 1 : ( ) (1) 3 ( ) 195 ( ) ( r 1 = 0.79, p < 0.001), ( 13 19)2 ; ( 1 4 ),, 2 2,, 3
196 3 ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) 1. ( ) 43 8 72 1 2. ( ) 9 17.5 13 14 3. 52 3.5 54 7 4. ( ) 20 13 3 19 5. 50 5 64 5 6. ( ) 44 7 16 13 7. 21 12 9 15 8. 3 20 0 20 9. 32 10 65 4 10. 16 15.5 7 16 11. ( ) 8 19 6 17 12. 52 3.5 60 6 13. () 38 9 31 9 14. 60 1 66 2 15. ( ) 54 2 54 8 16. ( ) 9 17.5 6 18 17. ( ) 16 15.5 20 12 18. 47 6 66 3 19. 17 14 21 11 20. ( ) 26 11 25 10 * 10 14
() ( z = 1.88, p < 0.06, Mann - Whitney),, :18-20 - 30%,21-24 - 36%,25-30% ( x 2 = 8.66, p < 0.02, Kruskal Wallis ), ( 29% : 40% ), ( z = - 3.87, p < 0.0001, Mann - Whitney), (2) (3),, ( :16% 26%, z = 3.08, p < 0.0001, Mann - Whit - ney) 197 : :
198 : 7% ; 52.7% ; 27.9% 12.4%,, 50% : ( 72% ) ; ( 66% ) ; ( : 66% 60% ) ; (65% ) ; ( 64% ) ; ( 54% ) ; (54% ), 13%,6%,6%,,,,, : :,,, 18-20 ( 21-24 ), :, (, ) :
(),,,,, :? :,,,,,??, :,??,,, ( ) 199
200,,,,,, 16,, () 18, ( ),, ( ) ( A B) (A B C),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
(),, ;,,, 20% ( GCE)40% ( GCSE) 40% GCSE,,, GCE,, 40%,,,,, ( ),,,,,,? 201,,,,,,,,,, ( multiple choice ),
202 ( open - ended),,,,,,,,,, ( )