AB () () (B) (A), AB,,( ) AB, AB () AB, (anarchists) (Bolsheviks),,,,AB?,,, 43
2002 1, AB,,AB,, ( ), () 1919 4,,,,:,,, ;,, ;,,,, A. Dirlik, The Origins of Chinese Com m unism (Oxford University Press,1989), p. 3., 1982 1,105 112 44
AB 1920, 16,,,,, 1920,,,, 1919,,,, 1918, (1919 5 26 ),,1981,19 ( ) 1919 9 1920,,,16 Die Kom m unistische Internationale,Fan2Fu Guan, ( 1986 1 ),1979,747 751 (1,1979,325 ) 45
2002 1,,,,,, :, 1,,,,,,,,,,1919 11,, :,,,, (1958 1959 ), 1918 1919 10 25, 1919 11 1 1 4,1919 8 1919 8 28 (,33 ) 2,325 327 1919 11 24 ; FO () 405/ 233,107 1 3 ; 1 4 46
AB,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,, (1989,423 ), :1,,1974,41, 1 4,1920 8 18 47
2002 1,1919 (, ) 1927,, :1919, (Shek Sam), ( Chung Pheng ),, ( Tok Chor),,1918,,,,1919,,, 1920,, :,,, :, (),1981,230 2 1, (), 1984,720 722,: FO228/ 3211,1919 8 ; FO405/ 233,107, (),935 48
AB,,,,,1920, ;,,,,,, ;,,,, ;, (),, 1919 1,, ; FO405/ 228,169 ; FO405/ 233,107 FO228/ 3211,1919 8 ; FO405/ 228,169 ; FO405/ 233,107 49
2002 1 1,() () 1919,,,,,, 1919,,,,,,,,,,1920,,,, (),973 (),935 50
AB,,,,,, 1919,,,,,,,,,,,, () 1914 7 ( Anarki komunisto Grupo, A. K. G. ), 1919 :,:, 1981,98 :, : 7,1962 ; () : ( 1951 11 1952 1 ), :,, 1989,91, 16,1920 51
2002 1 () AB 1919, AB,, 1919 2, :,, 1918 (.. ) 1919 3 () (.. ) 1919 4 (.. ), (A. A. M ller),1919 9,, 1901 5 5474,,1987,278,1920 1 15, M. 2001,97, 2001 3, 52 Kasanin, China in the Twenties ( Central Department of Oriental Literature, 1973),pp. 14 15 ; :,,
AB,,, C. H. Wong,,,,,,,, 1920 10,,,,1918, 1918 (.. ) ; A. A., (,1957),. 143 144. FO405/ 233,107, 1998 5. :,1918,, 53
2002 1 1919 (V. A. Stopany) ; 1920 4 (J. Lizerovitch), 1918 8,,,, 1919 1920 1919 12,,,, FO228/ 3214,1920 2 19 ;,1921 4 11 ;:, (),960 961 FO228/ 3216,41,1920 12 4 1917,1919 Leong Sow2theng, Sino2Soviet Diplomatic Relation, 1917 1926 ( Hawaii University Press, 1976), p. 132., 1917 ( 1990 12 ) 1920 9,,( G. I. Mikulin) 2000, ( FO 228/ 3211,1920 11 ;1921 4 ) 54
AB,,,,,, (),1920, ( ) ( ) :V,,,,,,V,V, 1920,,, 1920, ;,, ; (1998 ) 1919 12 5 12 25 :,,1951 11 1952 1 :,, 1986 1 55
2002 1 ;,:,, 1920, 4 1,,,1920 4, ( ),, 1920 4 15,( FO228/ 3214),,,, 1920 5 1 1920 3,, FO228/ 2986,,1920 3 :, 16,1920 FO228/ 2986,1920 4 12 ; FO228/ 2987,1920 4 26 ; FO 405/ 228, 169 ; (, ),, 1998 5 1920 11 11, K. J. McEuen ( Commissioner of Police in Shanghai),,93 56
AB 1920 4 22,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, AB AB 1919, (.. ), 1919,,,,,,, 31,2001 2000 A. Pantsov The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Revolution 1999 Far Easter A f f airs 2 Kryukov,1917,, :,,1951 11 1952 1 57
2002 1 1919 12,:,,,,, AB 1920 4, 1920 4,4,,,1920 4 1,,:,,,, 1920,1914,, 2 8,1920 4 29 ;,1920 5 1 FO405/ 228 82 1914 ( 19,1914 7 18 ) 14 1920 5 11 58
AB 1920 4 10,,,,,,?,,,,, 1920 4 29,,,,1920,, :,,, 4 20 : (1920 4 10 ) A. Dirlik, A narchism in the Chinese Revolution ( University of California Press, 1991),pp. 150 151 FO228/ 2986, 1920 4 12 ; FO228/ 2987, 1920 4 26 FO228/ 3190 59
2002 1,,,,,,,,,, 1920 4,, 4 1,,(), 1920 6,,,, 8,,,,, ( ) ( FO228/ 3214,1920 6 ) :, () 2 4 7 FO228/ 3214,1920 4 29 60
AB,,,, 1921, :,,,,,,, AB () () 1,, 1997,1 2,1921 2, (,,82 84 ) ;1920 2 (() 1,4 ),1921 4 12,, 1982 1 1920 6 :,1990,253 ; :,1980,643 61
2002 1, 1921, AB,,,,() 11 1920 4,,,, 105, J. Degras (ed. ), The Com m unist International, 1919 1943, Documents ( Oxford University Press, 1956),Vol. 1, p. 169. 1921 4, R. A. Scalapino, ( Press of California University, 1983), p. 168. ( ),, : ( ), 1968, 106 FO228/ 2986,1920 4 27,, 62 The Early Japanese L abor Movement
AB,,,,,, 4 20 ; ;,, 1920 2,, ; :,58 3,1991 3 FO405/ 228,169 (383 ) 1920 4 11,1920 5 5 1919,,,, FO228/ 3214,1920 2 19 63
2002 1, ;, ( ),,,,,, 1921,,,,,,, ( ),,,, V. Stopani, 31,1921 4 :, 7 1921,,,,486 1920 6 29, 1,1992,280 FO228/ 3214,1920 6 :,1924 8 25 26 ( 1923 ), 64
AB,,,,,,,,,, 21 (),,, ;, ;(),(),1920 1919, A. K. G.,,,,78 81 160 161 167 :, 7 65
2002 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, (B ) (A),AB, (M ),,,486 ( C), M,, 66
AB BA BM, AM,, B,,,,BA,,,,,,,A M (B),,1920 9, AB, AB, B FO228/ 3216,41, 1920 12 4 ; FO228/ 3211,1921 5 1917,1919, (),978 67
2002 1 AB?,?,,,,;,AB,,,,:,,; (,, ),, :,, ( 1984 2 ), (1991,246 ) 68
AB ;,, 1917 11, (, ),,, 1917 6,,,,,,1918,,,,, (Anarcho2Bolsheviks),, M. A. Miller, Kropotkin (Chicago University Press,1976), p. 238. P. Avrich, The R ussian A narchists ( Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 196 199. 69
2002 1,,,? :,, ;, ;,,, 1919 9, :,,,, ( ),,,A. E. 200 :, :, V. I. Lenin, Collected Works ( Progress Publisher), Vol. 29, p. 562. J. Degras(ed. ), The Com m unist International, 1919 1943, Documents,Vol. 1, pp. 66 67., 22,1920, 70
AB ( IWW) (CGTU) (CN T) ;,,,, ( ),,AB, : () :,,,,:, ( ),, (J. T. Murphy) ( R. Minor) ( P. Monatte) 1920 3, The Call,1920 4 1 8 ; G. Beckmann & Okubo Genji : The Japanese Com m unist Party, 1922 1945 ( Stan2 ford University Press,1969), p. 30. P. Kropotkin,Theory and Practice, Words of A Rebel (Canada, 1992), pp. 203 204. 71
2002 1,,,,,AB,AB 20,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1918 3 :, ;, ( 2,170 171 ),,,, (, 4 4,1923 6 ) 1924 5 :, ( 3 ) 72
AB,?,,,, AB,, () A. M. IWW, IWW (B. Shatoff),,, A. A., (),77 78 Avrich, The Russian A narchists, p. 197 ; Kasanin, China in the Twenties, p. 18. 1920 4,,,1920 8 () ;,, 1999 4, 1918 ( 1919 ), 1918,,, 73
2002 1,,,, 1918 :, ;1920,,,,,,A B AB V. Stopani, 31,1921 4 P. Zarrow, A narchism and Chinese Political Culture ( Columbia University Press, 1990), p. 210. :,,1979,110, 2 ;, 2 8, 30,1921 4 5,81 ; :,1924 8 26 74
AB AB 1921, 3, 1921, :, :,, 3,,,,,, ( ) 1921, 3 27,AB B. Lazitch & M. M. Drachkovitch, Lenin and the Comintern ( Hoover Insti2 tution Press, 1972), Vol. 1, p. 227., 75
2002 1,AB AB, 1922 1 15, 1922,,, AB,,, 1922,,,,,,,, ( Eroshenko),,,,1921 5 17 ;1921 11 14 ; FO228/ 3140,2 (DeCobert), K., 1919 1920 FO228/ 3140,2 FO228/ 3140,2,1922 2 27, 16,1923 4 76
AB 1923,,, (AF) 1919 (),AB,,AB 1923,,,,,,, :,1923 2 5 ( 1979 ) 4 AB AF,, :,1923 ( FO228/ 3211,1923 10 ) 1926 3 18,, (1926 3 19,, 2001 7 ), 77
Modern Chinese History Studies No. 1, 2002 Scientifically Promoting the Study of the 1911 Revolution : Commemorating the 90th Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution L i Tieyi ng (1) A Variation on War and Peace : The Evolution of China s Political Situation from the Chongqing Negotiations to the Political Consultative Conference W ang Chaoguang (14) The evolution of China s political situation from the Chongqing negotiations to the political consultative conference reflects China s most important postwar question : war or peace. This was the subject about which the Chinese people were concerned, and the focus of disputes among the various political forces. Al2 though the Chinese Communist Party and the Guomindang signed the October 10th Agreement after the Chongqing negotiations, they did not solve the two fundamental problems of military forces and territorial control. Thus full2scale armed conflict still broke out as a result of their struggle over power. Afterwards, the two parties ceased fire and held a political consultative conference to discuss the problems of China after the war. They did this partly because of a military stalemate, but more importantly because of changes in the international situation. However, the cease2fire had no real internal motivation. This armistice under foreign pressure was difficult to maintain, and in the end the two parties returned to war. A few temporary compromises were no more thandetourswhich could not hinder the two parties in their determination to carry out their fundamental policies. Under such circumstances, war was the main theme of the variation on war and peace, and peace no more than an interlude. A Case St udy of Cooperation between Anarchist s and Bolsheviks (AB Cooperation) in China : The Trut h Societ y and ot her Problems L i Danyang (43) The Truth Society, now fallen almost into oblivion, was active for some time on the eve of the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party. Prelimi2 nary research on its membership, main activities, and organizations related to it shows Russian Bolsheviks (B) taking initiative to contact, link with, and cooper2 ate with Chinese anarchists (A) and their organizations, and endeavoring to en2 courage the latter to turn to Bolshevik. How could A and B cooperate? Besides sharing the same ultimate goals and struggling against the same immediate oppo2 nents, the main motivation was Soviet Russia and the Communist International s 1
strategy to link up and unite with international anarchist organizations. There were a number of special factors underlying AB cooperation in China, but the main one was the realization of this strategy in the contemporary international sit2 uation. The Evolution of China s Postwar Policy toward Vietnam : A Study Based on the Guomindang s Work with Vietnamese Political Parties L uo M i n (78) The Guomindang s work with Vietnamese political parties after the war went through three periods, focusing respectively onvietnamese pro2china par2 ties, thevietnam Independence LeagueandBao Dai. By reviewing the Guomindang s postwar work with Vietnamese political parties, we can see that ideology was not the sole criterion for choosing which parties to foster. In accor2 dance with changes in Vietnam and China s internal situations and the interna2 tional situation as a whole, it was China s own national interests, the strengths of the various Vietnamese parties, and France s policy toward Vietnam that be2 came the important factors for the Guomindang to consider in its Vietnam strate2 gy. As far as its methods are concerned, the Guomindang s work with Viet2 namese political parties after the war was mainly based on moral support and se2 cretly encouraging Vietnamese parties to cooperate with each other. It refused to assist Vietnam materially. As to the effect of the policy, the plans were compre2 hensive and sound on paper, but were heavily discounted in the execution. Some times this was because the Guomindang gave up its plan because of rapid changes in the situation in Vietnam, but more often the Guomindang s self2contradictory policies, disputes between Chinese branches in Vietnam and the intensification of conflict between the CCP and Guomindang left them with unable to carry out their plans. On Wu Tingfang s Relations wit h t he Revolutionaries during t he 1911 Revolution Zhang L iheng (119) During the 1911 Revolution, Wu Tingfang s relations with the revolution2 aries went through gradually moved from cooperation to alienation. As a feudal high official who had served the Qing government for thirty years, Wu Tingfang s entry into the ranks of bourgeois revolution was a union of contingen2 cy and necessity. On his side, his political convictions in favor of establishing a bourgeois republic and against the Qing government s stupidity and stubbornness led him to join the revolution. This was also the major premise for Wu s coopera2 tion with Sun Yat2sen and other revolutionaries. That the revolutionaries took the initiative to invite Wu to join them was due on the one hand to the effect of the bourgeois revolutionariesbiased political propoganda, and on the other to Wu s great influence at home and abroad. But most of all it was due to the demands of 2