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139 The Daoist and the Primitive Mind George Chun Wai Cheng Abstract This paper employs the theories of Ernst Cassirer, Lucien Lévy-Brühl, and Claude Lévi-Strauss to examine the characteristics of the primitive mind. With the aesthetics of subject-object relationship put forward by Zhu Guangqian, the author discusses the concept of you (rambling), an activity that can transcend the existence of being, in the Daoist thought. The Daoist views of life and death are also discussed with reference to spiritual freedom and the mortal body. By relating the concept of immortality with modern studies on primitive religions and mythical thought, the author argues that the quest for immortality by the Daoists actually is identical to that of the primitive human beings. In addition, the idea of shijie (the transformation of the body into a spirit) is a peculiar thought of life continuation in the primitive mind. The primitive mind in the book Laozi can also be manifested by the perception of cyclical time, originating from the progression of seasons. The book Zhuangzi takes a further step by transcending the constraint of time with the idea of bianhua (change), seeking longevity comparable to that of the Earth and the Heaven in the reversal of time, so as to reach the Infinite. Judging from the existence of the cyclical time in Daoism, the author believes that the Daoist mind is closer to the primitive mind than that of the Confucians. * George Chun Wai Cheng is an assistant professor in Faculty of Education at University of Macao.

140 19 2 Keywords: Daoism, primitive mind, subject-object relationship, immortality, cyclical time