Abstract In the early days, Chingshui was called Niu-ma-tou or Yu-aur-tou. The purpose of this study is to manifest the historical traces and developmental patterns in Chingshui, as under the direct or indirect influence of Chingshui Tzu-Yun Buddhist Temple. The Tzu-Yun Buddhist Temple served as the center of faith for 53 villages of Niu-ma-tou. and the local cultures are a strong, religious experience in this land. Through a series of ritual practices, this Temple has combined with local cultures to form an organized geographic entity which in turn formed specific local cultural systems. The result of this study is divided into four major sections: 1. We have explored how the Tzu-Yun Buddhist Temple had become the religious center of the 53 villages before 1794. 2. This study has discovered that the entrepreneurs of Tsai Yun-shun and Yang Tung-hsing had affected the local development of Chingshui and they all kept a tight connection with with the Tzu-Yun Temple. Also, the Wen-chang Confucius academy, Au-feng Confucius Academy, and Wen-chang literati associations were all established in 1845, as related organizations of the Temple. 3. This study also presented the spatial structures of the local township. Basically, this spatial structure is a deployment of the sacred spaces of Ching-shui, as formulated by a yearly practice of divine pilgrimage over two hundred years. 4. This study has systematically recorded those local sayings and oral histories related to the geomancy of Ching-shui Tzu-Yun Buddhist Temple, of how this feng-shui geomancy exerted auspitious powers onto the local developments. This study mainly discusses the development of Chingshui settlement as related to its religious center: the Ching-shui Tzu-Yun Buddhist Temple. We also provide an interpretation of how local people looked at their feng-shui geomancy and local culture. Keywords: Niu-ma-tou culture, Ching-shui settlement, historical development, local sayings, fengshui
1 2 3 3 5 6 14 14 15 17 18 22 26 28 29 30 33
35 40 44 46 51 56 63 65 68 73 82 93 95 96 100 103 105 107 108
114 122 130 131 131 131 137 141 145 146 147 150 151 153 154 154 157 164 167
167 170 171 177 180
2-1 2 Quataong 4 2-5 7 21
1-1 2-5 2-6 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 1937
3-16 1937 3-17 1937 3-18.3-19 3-20 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 1980 4-5 1980 1980
1926 5-10
1
2 1 2003 12 68
3
4
5
6
3 7 4 2 1993 131184 3 1960 12 14 4 1943 7
8 1 2 3 4
9 5 6 5 36 1973 6 1989 319
10 7 2002
11 3 92 9 8 1988 9 2003
12 1972 4 89 10 10 2000
13 1 2 3 11 1994
14
15
16
17
12 1977 12 1 18
13 1981 10 119 14 1977 6 76 15 2000 8 10 19
16 1994 12 34 17 1989 10 68 18 17 20
19 1965 12 144 Willard Libby 1961 20 2000 8 6 21 1955 12 69 22 1999 6 84 23 20 18 21
24 2000 8 11 25 1999 6 93 26 25 31 27 25 96 22
2 1999 1965 1943 1955 28 1985 12 15 29 28 19 30 28 19 31 28 19 23
24 1949 1998 1956 2004 32 1955 71
33 61 7 34 1 2 3 231 35 1997 2 232 36 1955 69 25
37 1998 6 5 26
38 1998 6 50 39 38 52 27
40 1998 6 17 41 40 54 42 2004 6 4050 28
King of Middag Patientia Middag SalaBoedorDoredonesel Goema 43 42 56 44 42 56 29
45 Quataongh Betgierem Lamcam Papora Goema Salach Bodor Darida Noort Darida int Midden Darida Suyt Babuza Pazehhe Hoanya Sackaley Tachabeu 46 Caron 47 45 1997 201 46 Quata 1992 12 178 47 Quataong 1993 12 232 30
48 1624 1630 49 1661 5 4 166221 Fredrick Coijet 1683 9 10 50 48 1978 6 10 49 48 13 50 1970 40 31
51 52 1670 53 51 1978 6 32 52 1970 42 53 1996 6 72 32
54 Goema 54 1978 6 13 55 2000 1 393 33
1695 56 1697 57 58 1647 46 138 1656 74 243 59 2-3 Quataong 1647 1648 1650 1654 1655 1656 138461916219358231702397424374 10825116251063011127942611929 122241182212123101201041910220 56 1968 38 57 1996 9 19 58 1995 5 13 59 Quataong 1993 12 229 34
35 1052610827972598271102510725 831697198418671850156716 169521564915547170501564716143 725189786204756201778212753206799207 Quataong 1993 12 229 60 1970 3 27 9
61 1995 5 969 62 61 967 63 1997 6 126 36
37 64 2005 12 65 2005 2005 12 17 4
66 65 5 67 2005 2005 12 17 2 68 1999 6 306 38
39 69 1953 70 2005 2005 12 2 71 70 25
72 70 1 73 1994 1 119 74 64 75 2002 138 40
41 76 1968 113 77 1999 192
42
4 34 1695 23 2 8 4 8 49 1710 23 2 8 4 8 56 1717 23 2 8 4 8 6 1741 2 55 46 11 1746 2 55 46 25 1760 2 55 46 10 1830 46 55 20 2 43
Mircea Eliade 81 78 1997 6 101 79 78 103 80 1998 68 81 1997 79 44
82 83 82 2000 6 140 83 2000 6 6 45
46 206 1662 1742
84 85 1697 86 84 2005 5 101 8 5 1964 6 101 86 1996 9 19 47
48 1742 1751
49
50 1662 1751 1750 1830
51 1894 1971 1983 572 514
1778 胆 52
鉄 53
54
55 2-5
56 1733 1750
2-5 7 21 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 槺 93 94 95 57
槺 槺 58
2-6 59
60 槺 槺 蔴 槺
61
48 1662 1742 1751 1794 1823 1853 1875 1905 1916 1922 1935 1945 1946 1964 1972 10 31 62
63 1980 10 11 16 1656 74 243 1630 1661 1683
64 1731 1906
1723 槺 1745 87 87 1989 12 126 65
88 1941 99.2 5500 2900 1500 7400 3500 2800 13200 5300 10400 26100 11700 14700 99.2% 99.2% 100% 200 26300 11800 14700 61 3 9 88 1987 5 27 66
1861 858 1975 16.5% 17.5% 26.5% 1432 838 1189 12.7% 17.1% 15.9% 1259 557 715 11.2% 11.4% 9.6% 1063 400 389 9.5% 8.2% 5.2% 11249 4895 7453 49.9% 54.2% 57.2% 绍 1970 9 464~502 67
Goema 1732 1830 1887 1895 1920 89 90 89 瑶 1998 8 68 90 1979 220 68
69 91 1794 1821 1823 1875 1879 91 90 221
1905 1911 尠 70
71
72
1920 1683 衆 1684 73
92 93 禀 92 1996 9 31 93 1996 9 7 74
75 94 95 94 1957 9 13 95 1999 1 140
1845 1804 鑛 衆 96 1979 61 76
77
78
79 97 97 1979 57
80 98 98 1979 59
鳖 壻 99 1885 99 1968 182 81
82 100 1895 100 1976 12 321
徧 83
84 101 1996 7 49 102 1985 3 460
85 103 1992 6 29
104 1988 5 51 86
87 3-7 2003 12 15 105 1881 105 104 86
31 鉢 88
肈 邨 89
90
3-8 1997 9 83 91
106 1929 1929 107 106 1988 5 102 107 1997 9 78 92
93 1926 1756 1733 1783
1786 1838 108 1827 1890 1863 掲 109 108 1987 3 433 109 1988 5 36 94
110 1833 1849 槺 槺 111 1845 1851 112 1935 110 1994 6 64 111 110 68 112 1988 5 27 95
1951 113 1683 114 713 725 635 115 940 116 113 1997 9 55 114 1991 9 39 115 114 39 116 2002 10 15 96
97 1652 117 1733 118 117 1978 3 8 118 2002 10 16
98 1736 119 119 118 16
120 121 3-9 1929 1997 9 57 120 1997 9 86 121 99
1683 1893 1845 1894 1879 122 1847 1851 123 1882 122 1999 9 81 123 1988 5 134 100
101 124 1886 125 124 123 137 125 1994 6 70
126 1683 1696 1697 1729 1735 1810 1828 奌 1823 1889 126 1999 9 146 102
103 127 1963 1836 127 1994 6 66
条 128 128 1989 12 160 104
1935 421 1936 1951 1999 105
106 3-10 1997 9 56 1951 1964
107 129 1910 1923 1937 12 129 1994 6 66
108 130 131 130 1997 21 131 50 2001 3 4
109 1868 132 133 1895 132 Hele Hardacre 1868~1988 1995 30 133 132 40
134 1936 1937 135 134 衆 1980 11 135 1996 149 110
111 1922 136 136 1970 7 170
赠 137 137 2000 60 112
2000 61 2000 61 113
1937 138 139 1934 11 51 2 67 197 140 138 139 2 1999 8 151 140 1992 145 114
115 1997 32 1923
141 200 707 801 801 142 141 2002 6 93 142 2001 3 51 116
1937 1997 100 1 2 3 117
118 284 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
143 晀 1997 87 143 51 119
1937 1997 94 120
1937 1997 102 0 坂 144 1895 144 1997 9 100 121
2003 12 39 1895 122
1895 1997 80 1847 4 1 1858 1871 123
1877 1892 1894 1895 1895 145 1897 146 145 1995 1 2 22 146 1928 21 124
125 147 148 (1895 ) 147 1989 12 130 148 147 132
1895 149 150 1901 1895 149 147 133 150 1997 12 2 31 126
1935 1895 1896 1901 1917 1918 151 1895 151 1985 6 95 127
152 1895 10 17 10 18 10 19 10 20 10 22 坂 10 28 153 152 151 97 153 1989 12 128 128
129 154 154
130 99.2
155 69 1980 83 1994 155 2006 3 16 131
200 90 2001 4-1 132
4-2 1993 133
4-3 1993 2 134
156 185 252 157 158 156 2005 6 20 28 157 156 92 158 135
136 167 159 160 159 2004 12 33 160 2004 12 1
137 161 1956 1980 161
138 162 1980 6 130 163 162 130
139 1964 1972 164 1980 164 1993 9
4-4 1980 灯 140
4-5 1980 4-6 1980 141
916 165 1080 1214 166 1988 120 13 165 2005 6 20 50 166 165 51 142
143 4-7 1995 20
4-8 144
167 168 167 2002 7 3 168 167 3 145
1832 169 1739 1745 8766 2147 2004 3 7218 169 1998 8 253 146
1663 11 1 1877 1988 170 170 2004 12 23 147
171 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 171 170 40 148
4-9 -- 149
150 4-10
172 173 172 1994 17 173 2005 4 123 151
174 174 2000 6 6 152
153
5-1 1935 421 154
155 1909 1917 1858 1884 1917 1919 1920 175 175 1996 12 97
1892 1897 1908 1914 176 1920 1920 176 1970 7 15 156
1922 1891 1896 1928 177 1909 1934 692 26.6 2.2 1906 3 17 6 42 7.1 3643 20987 1935 4 21 6 2 16 7.1 6 27 15255 61685 178 177 1935 2000 10 176 178 177 9 157
158 1935 1942 2 1999 8 134
179 1997 92 179 1970 296 159
180 1997 91 180 179 298 160
33117 312 18 337 435 181 4987 1384 1986 6 95 181 1996 6 7 161
1986 6 101 182 1935 2000 10 157 183 1996 6 10 162
1997 163 184 1970 7 302 163
衆 185 1996 6 15 186 185 15 164
165
166
187 2004 12 6 188 2004 12 14 189 1939 2005 2 2004 10 31 167
168
169 190 2002 7 3
170 191 1986 506
171 192 1994 12 154
193 194 1920 淸 1920 1935 1936 193 2000 9 17 194 2000 8 390 172
173 195 1968 31 196 1999 6 16 197 196 19
198 2001 12 199 1998 8 510 174
5-9 1926 1997 9 116 200 赋 175
5-10 瀞 201 1997 9 108 202 201 107 176
1997 9 114 177
178 203 2002 6 7 204 203 9 205 1992 166
179 206 2004 12 7
180 1937 1926
181
Hele Hardacre 1995 1868~1988 1957 1999 2 1994 1980 1998 2005 2005 1993 Quataong 1997 1977 1997 182
2000 2000 1970 21 9 2003 1998 2000 1989 1965 Willard Libby 1961 1985 2002 1994 183
1988 1960 1999 1989 2004 1992 2004 2003 1994 2000 1989 184
1968 1999 1992 1999 1997 1993 1973 1977 1978 1995 1997 1988 185
1996 2002 2000 1968 1992 Quata 1981 1943 2001 1992 2002 2004 1998 186
1998 1997 2005 2005 1996 1996 1986 1985 1987 2006 1996 1979 187
2003 1997 1996 2002 1985 1989 1976 2000 2000 1935 1994 188
1970 2002 1995 1994 1955 1999 1994 1995 1963 2003 4 1997 1996 189
1970 2005 2001 1979 1987 2004 2005 20 2005 2005 2000 2002 2003 2003 2004 190
1980 191
192
4-4 287 193
1316 1454 4-5 507 194
195
4-6 60~70 196
197
1036 1083 1102 鬪 198
1742 1751 199
148 Jhana 478 鉢 638~713 176 潙 176 2005 8 102 200
4-7 201
202
4-8 203
696 795 204
205
1 2 3 4 5 206
2 1 207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220