PROSPECT & EXPLORATION 中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 Modern White Slavery in China: The Legal and Political Implications of Anti-Human Trafficking 徐子軒 (Hsu, Lucian, T. H.) 蒙納許大學亞洲語言及學院中國研究中心訪問研究員 洪嘉翎 (Hong, Chia-Ling) 臺北醫學大學醫療暨生物科技法律研究所碩士生 摘要 2009 關鍵詞 : 反販運議定書 聯合國打擊跨國有組織犯罪公約 大陸 刑法 內 國法化 74
中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 專題研究 壹 前言 1 2 (white slavery) 3 1998 53/111 2000 11 (United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, UNCTOC) (The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking of Persons, especially Women and Children ) 12 4 (prevention) (protection) (prosecution) 5 2013 USAID AusAID Walk Free (ASEAN) ( ) 1 (International Labour Organization, ILO) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC) 1995 2005 U.S. Department of State, Introduction (2007/6/12), visited date: 2014/10/12, Trafficking in Persons, http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007/82799.htm United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Factsheet on Human Trafficking (2011), visited date: 2014/10/12, UNODC http://www.unodc. org/documents/human-trafficking/unvtf_fs_ht_en.pdf UNDOC, Trafficking flows at the destination: where do the victims come from? (2012/12), visited date: 2014/10/12, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons2012, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/trafficking_in_persons_2012_ web.pdf. 2 James Giguere, Human Trafficking: A Security Perspective, International Affairs Review, Vol. XXI, No. 2 (2013), pp. 13-15. 3 19 20 Jennifer K. Lobasz, Beyond Border Security: Feminist Approaches to Human Trafficking, Security Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2009), pp. 342-343. 4 Carol S. Brusca, Palermo Protocol: The First Ten Years after Adoption, Global Security Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 3 (2011), pp. 8-10. 5 Trafficking flows at the destination: where do the victims come from?. 75
PROSPECT & EXPLORATION 6 2013 (The Global Slavery Index 2013) 7 2000 2011 8 9 6 2004 2010 65% 2007 2012 (2013 7 29 ) 2014 11 8 鳳凰網 http://i.ifeng.com/news/sharenews.f?aid=67208274 (2013 1 7 ) 2014 11 08 環球網 http://world.huanqiu.com/well_read/2013-01/3458058.html 7 The Global Slavery Index 2013 (2013), visited date: 2014/10/12, Walk Free Foundation, http://www. globalslaveryindex.org/. 8 2000 2011 (2013 3 6 ) 2014 11 8 中國兒童發展指標圖集 - 人口拐賣 http://www.unicef.cn/cn/index.php?m=content &c=index&a=show&catid=206&id=960 9 (2007 9 10 ) 2014 11 8 南方日報 http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2007-09-10/094212540843s.shtml (2011 5 3 ) 2014 11 8 第一財經日報 http://www. yicai.com/news/2011/05/760495.html 76
中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 專題研究 10 2009 2008 (2008 2012 ) ( 2008-2012 ) 2013 2013 2020 ( 2013-2020 ) 2000 ( ) 2010 ( ) 11 UNCTOC (Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking, COMMIT) ( ) 10-2011 (2011 2 23 ) 2014 11 8 法制網 http://www. legaldaily.com.cn/zt/content/2011-02/23/content_2481814.htm (2004 10 29 ) 2014 11 8 德國之聲 http://www.dw.de/ /a-1379961 (2000 4 9 ) 2014 11 8 BBC 中文網 http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_700000/ newsid_707300/707365.stm 11 (2003 ) 2014 11 8 反拐項目網 http://www.notip.org.cn/article/ articlelist.asp?lanflag=1&classid=40 77
PROSPECT & EXPLORATION 12 貳 何謂販運人口罪? (EU) 13 14 15 12 2000 (Trafficking Victims Protection Act, TVPA) 2003 (Trafficking Victim Protection Reauthorization Act, TVPRA of 2003) 2005 (Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act, TVPRA of 2005) 2008 (William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act, TVPRA of 2008) 2003 (Foreign Relations Authorization Act) 2004 (Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Protection Act) 2007 911 (The Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act) 2013 (Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act) U.S. Laws on Trafficking in Persons (2013/7/13), visited date: 2014/10/12, U.S. Department of State, http://www. state.gov/j/tip/laws/# Alison Siskin and Liana Sun Wyler, Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress (2013/2/19), visited date: 2014/10/12, CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/ crs/row/rl34317.pdf. 13 EU 2002 (Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA on combating trafficking in human beings, Decision 2002/629/JHA) 2011 (Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, Directive 2011/36/EU) 2005 (EU plan on best practices, standards and procedures for combating and preventing trafficking in human beings, Official Journal C 311 of 9.12.2005) 2007 (Commission Decision of 17 October 2007, setting up the Group of Experts on Trafficking in Human Beings, Decision 2007/675/EC) 2011 (Commission Decision 2011/502/EU of 10 August 2011 on setting up the Group of Experts on Trafficking in Human, Decision 2011/502/EU) 2012 (EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 2012-2016, New European Strategy 2012-2016) Together against Trafficking in Human Beings (2015/1/21), visited date: 2014/10/12, European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/antitrafficking/ Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (2013/3/5), visited date: 2014/10/12, European Union legislation, http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/fight_ against_trafficking_in_human_beings/jl0058_en.htm. 14 15 Module 1 Anti-Human Trafficking Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners (2009/8), visited date: 2014/10/12, UNODC, https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/tip_module1_ebook.pdf. 78
中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 專題研究 ( ) ( ) ( 2008-2012 2013-2020 ) ( 2008-2012 ) ( 2013-2020 ) ( 2013-2020 ) 16 2013-2020 ( 2008-2012 ) ( 2013-2020 ) ( ) 240 242 416 16 Kate Wedgwood (2007 6 15 ) 2014 11 8 中國發展簡報 http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.org.cn/news-12996. html 遼寧大學學報 ( 哲學社會科學版 ) 40 4 (2012 4 ) 102-109 79
19 UNCTOC PROSPECT & EXPLORATION 17 244 ( ) 18 ILO (Forced Labour Convention) (Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labor) (Slavery Convention) (Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery) 20 2007 ( 244 ) 21 17 湖北社會科學 3 (2008 3 ) 150-152 - The UN Trafficking Protocol 法學評論 147 (2008 ) 98-101 法制與經濟 299 (2012 ) 74-75 18 ( ) 法治研究 8 (2011 8 ) 25-27 19 Exploitation of the prostitution of others and sexual exploitation (2010/1/27-29), visited date: 2014/10/12, UNCTOC, http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/organized_crime/2010_ctoc_cop_wg4/ WG4_2010_2_E.pdf. 20 Exploitation of the prostitution of others and sexual exploitation. 21 (2007 7 4 ) 2014 11 8 美國之音 http:// www.voachinese.com/content/a-21-w2007-07-05-voa60-57922977/1062395.html 法學 9 (2007 9 ) 40-42 80
中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 專題研究 3.b 3.a 22 Directive 2011/36/EU 2 4 (Trafficking Victims Protection Act, TVPA)108 UNCTOC 23 24 22 Chapter 4 Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons (2008/9), visited date: 2014/10/12, UNODC, http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/ht_toolkit08_english.pdf. 23 Analysis of key concepts of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, with a focus on consent (2013/11/6-8), visited date: 2014/10/12, UNCTOC, https://www.unodc.org/ documents/treaties/organized_crime/2013_ctoc_cop_wg4/ctoc_cop_wg.4_2013_2_e.pdf. 24 法學家 2 (2012 2 ) 62-64 法治研究 4 (2013 4 ) 22-23 法治研究 7 (2013 7 ) 30-32 81
PROSPECT & EXPLORATION 3.c 3.d 18 25 ( ) (Convention on the Rights of the Child) (Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography) (Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict) (Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour) 25 (2012 8 21 ) 2014 11 8 北大國際法與比較法評論 http://www.criminallawbnu.cn/criminal/info/showpage.asp?showhead =&ProgramID=110&pkID=36173 甘肅政法學院學報 112 (2010 9 ) 80-81 82
中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 專題研究 ( 262 ) 26 2013-2020 表一 反販運議定書的標準評量 ( 3.a ) ( 3.b ) ( 3.c 3.d ) 1. 2. 2008-2012 3. 4. 2013-2020 參 打擊販運的司法程序 UNCTOC (corruption) 26 2010 (2010 11 8 ) 2014 11 8 南方週末 http://focus.news.163.com/10/1108/14/6kvo8t4700011sm9.html 83
PROSPECT & EXPLORATION UNCTOC (United Nations Convention against Corruption, UNCAC) UNCTOC 27 TVPA 102 105 ( 36 ) 28 ( ) 29 UNCTOC 2.b 30 27 Report on the Vienna Forum to Fight Human Trafficking (2008/10/8-17), visited date: 2014/10/12, UNCTOC, http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/cop2008/ctoc-cop-2008-crp-1-e.pdf. 28 UNODC, Module 14. 29 5 (2013 8 9 ) 2014 11 8 南方週末 http://news.qq.com/a/20130809/001011.htm 敫 (2011 5 9 ) 2014 11 8 財新網 http://magazine.caixin.com/2011-05- 08/100256688.html (2009 8 13 ) 2014 11 8 看雜誌 http://www.watchinese.com/article/2009/1490 (2011 5 11 ) 2014 11 8 美國之音 http://www.voachinese.com/content/ article-20110512-one-child-policy-121695349/781665.html 1 (2012 12 24 ) 2014 11 8 網易新聞 http://news.163. com/12/1224/22/8jh929hk00014jb5.html 30 Combating Trafficking in Children for Labour Exploitation: A Resource Kit for Policy-makers and Practitioners (2008/11), visited date: 2014/10/12, International Labour Organization, ILO, http://www. ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewproduct.do?productid=9130. 84
中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 專題研究 EU Decision 2002/629/JHA ( 241 ) 31 236 ( ) 32 31 2008 1,353 1,319 61.04% 2009 1,636 5 1,475 6 45% 2005 2010 82 176 150 85.23% (2011 5 13 ) 2014 11 8 中國青年政治學院學報 http://www. legaldaily.com.cn/fxy/content/2011-05/13/content_2657600.htm?node=21413 (2011 7 5 ) 2014 11 8 雲南法院網 http://www. gnfy.gov.cn/newscontent.aspx?aid=597 32 ILO, Combating Trafficking in Children for Labour Exploitation: A Resource Kit for Policy-makers and Practitioners. 85
PROSPECT & EXPLORATION 33 TVPA 34 35 ( ) ( ) ( ) 36 33 United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDAW/DESA), Supplement to the Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women Harmful practices against women (2011/3), visited date: 2014/10/12, UN, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/ vaw/handbook/supplement-to-handbook-english.pdf. 34 Rescue & Restore Victims of Human Trafficking (2012/8/16), visited date: 2014/10/12, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office of Refugee Resettlement, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/ resource/about-rescue-restore. 35 2012 (2012 ) 2014 11 8 美國國務院 http:// chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/2012tipr.html 36 Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons. 86
中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 專題研究 UOCTOC 37 37 Model bilateral agreement on the sharing of confiscated proceeds of crime or property covered by the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (2005), visited date: 2014/10/12, United Nations Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC, http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/ docs/2005/resolution%202005-14.pdf. 87
PROSPECT & EXPLORATION 表二 UNCTOC 和反販運議定書的標準評量 (UNCTOC 8 9 23 ) (UNCTOC 2.b 11 ) 1. 2. 2008-2012 3. 4. 2013-2020 ( 6 2 3.b 3.c 3.d UNCTOC 25 3 ) (UNCTOC 12 14 25 2 6 6 ) UNCTOC / UNCTOC / UNCTOC / 肆 結論 UNCTOC (compliance) 38 38 Seo-Young Cho and Krishna Chaitanya Vadlamannati, Compliance for Big Brothers: An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of the Anti-trafficking Protocol, Cege Discussion Paper Series, No.118 (2011), pp. 4-8. 88
中國大陸的 現代白奴 : 防治販運人口的法律與政治意涵 專題研究 39 40 41 39 甘肅政法學院學報 112 (2010 9 ) 79-80 40 (2013 9 29 ) 2014 11 8 西安新聞網 http://epaper.xiancn.com/xawb/html/2013-09/29/content_243415.htm (2013 4 28 ) 2014 11 8 中國廣播網 http://china.cnr. cn/yaowen/201304/t20130428_512471217.shtml 法制與經濟 240 (2010 ) 84-85 41 Janie A. Chuang, Rescuing Trafficking from Ideological Capture: Prostitution Reform and Anti-Trafficking Law and Policy, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 158(2010), pp. 1725-1727. 89
PROSPECT & EXPLORATION 附表 中國大陸加入 反販運議定書 後相關的 刑法 修正一覽 234 1 ( ) 2011 2 25 37 244 2011 2 25 38 358 3 2011 2 25 48 刑法 90