公共圖書館閱讀環境與設備升級計畫 成效評估及讀者滿意度調查 研究報告 指導機關 : 教育部辦理機關 : 國立臺中圖書館執行機關 : 國立臺灣師範大學日期 : 100 年 11 月
... I... III... IV... VIII ABSTRACT... XI... 1... 1... 2... 2... 4... 4... 6 IPA... 21... 31... 31... 31... 34... 36... 39... 41... 41... 45... 48... 48... 52... 56... 60... 62... 65... 66... 69... 74... 77... 81... 81... 81... 92... 150 I
... 168... 187... 193... 193... 197... 201... 202... 206... 210... 215... 216... 257... 291 98... 324... 332 II
2 1... 9 2 2IDEA STORE CANARY WHARF... 14 2 3IDEA STORE WHITECHAPEL... 15 2 4... 17 2 5JURONG... 17 2 6... 18 2 7() () ()... 18 2 8... 19 2 9... 20 2 10... 20 2 11... 21 2 12PZB... 22 2 13 1990... 23 2 14... 27 3 1... 36 6 1... 94 6 2... 96 6 3... 98 6 4... 101 6 5... 104 6 6... 107 6 7... 109 6 8... 111 6 9... 113 6 10... 116 6 11... 118 6 12... 120 6 13... 122 6 14... 124 6 15... 127 6 16... 129 6 17... 131 6 18... 133 6 19... 135 6 20... 138 6 21... 140 6 22... 142 6 23... 144 6 24... 146 6 25... 149 6 26 ( IPA )... 191 III
2 1... 8 2 2... 10 2 3... 16 2 4 PZB... 23 2 5 PZB... 24 2 6 PZB... 25 2 7... 26 2 8... 26 3 1... 31 3 2... 37 3 3... 38 4 1... 43 4 2... 45 4 3... 45 4 4... 46 4 5... 46 4 6... 46 4 7... 46 4 8 99... 47 4 9 100... 47 4 10 99100... 47 5 1... 48 5 2... 49 5 3... 51 5 4... 54 5 5... 65 5 6... 66 5 7... 67 5 8... 67 5 9... 67 6 1... 81 6 2... 82 6 3... 83 6 4... 84 6 5... 85 6 6... 85 6 7... 86 6 8... 87 6 9... 87 6 10... 87 6 11... 88 6 12... 88 IV
6 13... 89 6 14 //... 89 6 15... 90 6 16... 91 6 17... 93 6 18... 94 6 19... 94 6 20... 95 6 21... 96 6 22... 96 6 23... 97 6 24... 98 6 25... 99 6 26... 99 6 27... 100 6 28... 100 6 29... 101 6 30... 102 6 31... 103 6 32... 104 6 33... 105 6 34... 106 6 35... 106 6 36... 107 6 37... 108 6 38... 108 6 39... 109 6 40... 110 6 41... 110 6 42... 111 6 43... 112 6 44... 112 6 45... 113 6 46... 114 6 47... 115 6 48... 116 6 49... 117 6 50... 118 6 51... 118 6 52... 119 6 53... 119 6 54... 120 6 55... 121 6 56... 121 V
6 57... 122 6 58... 123 6 59... 123 6 60... 124 6 61... 125 6 62... 126 6 63... 127 6 64... 128 6 65... 128 6 66... 129 6 67... 130 6 68... 130 6 69... 131 6 70... 132 6 71... 132 6 72... 133 6 73... 134 6 74... 134 6 75... 135 6 76... 136 6 77... 137 6 78... 138 6 79... 139 6 80... 139 6 81... 140 6 82... 141 6 83... 141 6 84... 142 6 85... 143 6 86... 143 6 87... 144 6 88... 145 6 89... 145 6 90... 146 6 91... 147 6 92... 148 6 93... 149 6 94... 150 6 95... 150 6 96... 151 6 97... 151 6 98... 152 6 99... 154 6 100... 155 VI
6 101... 157 6 102... 159 6 103... 162 6 104... 164 6 105... 165 6 106... 165 6 107... 166 6 108... 168 6 109... 169 6 110... 169 6 111 170 6 112... 170 6 113 171 6 114... 173 6 115... 174 6 116 176 6 117... 178 6 118 181 6 119... 183 6 120... 184 6 121 184 6 122... 185 6 123 186 6 124... 188 6 125... 188 6 126... 189 6 127... 189 6 128... 189 6 129 IPA... 190 7 1... 193 7 2 IPA... 194 VII
98 (98 101 ) 98 99 () 98 99 77 () 100 8 10 10 7 76 () 5,369 1.44 2.06 2.44 3.11 1.44 2.06 2.44 3.11 () () 4.0 VIII
65 () () IX
() 1 2 (()) () X
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study lies in evaluating the achievement of the Project for improving reading environment and equipment for public libraries (the Project in short). From 2009 to 2010, a total of 83 public libraries in Taiwan received subsidies from Ministry of Education (MOE) to improve their reading environment and equipment. In this study, patrons from 77 of the 83 libraries were investigated to undersnad their satisfaction about the improvement of libraries, and libarians from these libraries were interviewd to understand their opinions about the Project. This study employs qualitative and quntatative methodologies. The abovementioned 77 libraries conducted the Project during 2009 and 2010 and have finished the improvement of their reading environment and equipment. Librarins from 76 libraries were interviwed. A questionnaire was designed to understand the perceptions of those patrons who visited the libraries before and after the improvement, and a total of 5,369 effective samples were gathered during the period from 10 August to 7 October, 2011. In addition, statistics on indicators such as library visits, workstation use, loans, events, and attendances at events were collected. The primary results of this study are explicated as follows. 1. The satisfaction of patrons with the abovementioned five constructs are significantly improved after the Project. This study exploits the questionnaire survey to understand the patrons satisfaction with the five constructs, librarians, services, collections, equipment, and space and environment. From descriptive analysis, the satisfaction with the five constructs after the improvement of reading environment and equipment are higher than beore the improvement. A further paired t test shows that the difference is significant. 2. The average library visits per month increases from 1.44 times to 2.06 times, and the average duration of each library visit increases from 2.44 hours to 3.11 hours. This study exploits the questionnaire survey to understand the patrons library usage. The descriptive analysis shows that the Project attracts patrons to visit libraries more frequenyly, and their stay in libraries are longer than before. 3. Patrons have the highest satisfaction with children areas, restrooms, and self study areas. Regarding the satistfaction with physical area in libraries after the improvement, children areas, restrooms, and self study areas receive the most votes. In additrion, the average degree of satisfaction with every area after improvement is higher than 4.0. 4. Most libraries focus on improving entrance imagery and children areas, and the improvement focuses are met with patrons requirements. According to in depth inverview, about a half of the libraries created or XI
re modeled their entrance imagery (such as library signboards, landscape, and display windows). Non barrier facility and outdoor reading areas rank the next. Fuethermore, sixty five of the 76 interviewed libraries created or re modeled their children areas. Besides, libraries conduct the Project according to patrons real needs, as most of the created or re modeled areas are used heavily by patrons. 5. Patons consider that the constructs of librarians and equipment are the most important. This study exploits the questionnaire survey to understand the patrons perceptions on the importance of five constructs, librarians, services, collections, equipment, and space and environment. In overall, patrons think the constructs of librarians and equipment are the most important. 6. A majority of libraries deems that the Project is helpful and positive. Due to the scarce funding of local governments, a majority of libraries rely on the subsidies from central government to enhance reading environment, equipment and service quality. Libraries believe that the improvement of reading environment, equipment, and service quality can attract more people to use libraries for their reading, leisure, and learning; therefore, most libraries hope that the Ministry of Education can continue supporting the Project. 7. Improvement of reading atmosphere is the primary positive effectiveness of the Project. The improvement of reading atmosphere is attributed several factors, including lighting, landscape, partition, allocation of reading desks and chairs, the installation of air conditioners. Additional positive effectiveness is the easiess to hold activities, increasing the library visits of children. 8. Responding to the improvement of reading environment and equipment, libraries adjust their policies and operations. In addition to the improvement of reading environment and equipment, libraries are eager to enhance their services. As a result, after the Project, libraries adjust their policies, such as extending the open hour, refining the borrowing policy, and regulating the use of space and equipment. Furthermore, libraries modify their operations, including increasing promotion activies and providing single window services. 9. Libraries rely on National Taichung Library, local governments, and Cultural Affairs Department of counties and cities to conduct the Project. National Taichung Library, local governments, and Cultural Affairs Department of counties and cities assist libraries to improve their improvement of reading environment and equipment from many aspects. The most importance ones are the provision of and striving for funding, human resources and expertise during the conduction of the Project, the provision of working and despository spaces. 10. About seventy percents of libraries have smooth cooperation with XII
archiects. About seventy percents of libraries cooperate successfully with architcts to improve the reading environment and equipment as the libraries wants; however, about thirty percents of libraries express their difficulties in cooperating with architects. The major difficulties are inconvenient communication with architects located in other cities, inexperience of architcts in designing libraries, architcts impatience of multiple modifications, indelicate design, gaps between design and implementation, and difficult design change. On the basis of the research findings, this study proposes the following suggestions: 1. For the Ministry of Education (MOE): (1) The MOE should continue supporting the Project and other projects related to the development of public libraries. (2) The MOE should set up the overall strategy for the development of public libraries. (3) When the MOE attempts to initiate new projects similar to the project for improving reading environment and equipment, the MOE should ask public libraries to conduct user satisfaction survey before and after the conduction of the new projects. In this manner, the user satisfaction survey can be conducted more easily and the result will be more effective. (4) The MOE should analyze library statistics again in 2012 or 2013 so that the library statistics can reflect the achievement of the Project more precisely. (5) The MOE should put into effect the evaluation of public libraries gradually. 2. For the National Taichung Library (NTL) and Cultural Affairs Department of counties and cities: (1) The NTL should conduct the training courses on core competence relative to the Project (such as procument law and knowledge on construction) for libraries. (2) The NTL and Cultural Affairs Department of counties and cities should hold benchmark library visiting and related training courses. (3) The NTL and Cultural Affairs Department of counties and cities should discussion with MOE on library evaluation. 3. For public libraries and local governments: (1) Local governments should exert their strength to support the development of public libraries. (2) Public libraries should continuously improve reading environment, XIII
equipment and services. (3) Public libraries should use other libraries experience as reference to upgrade reading environment, equipment and services. (4) Public libraries should conduct SWOT and IPA analysis and set up the strategy for the development. (5) Public libraries should promote themselves proactively, and build excellent relationship with departments of local governments and social groups.. Additional research directions include: 1. Public libraries can use the five constructs proposed in this study to conduct their own patron satisfaction surveys. 2. Public libraries can investigate thoroughly about the importance and satisfaction of specific space, equipment and services. XIV
(Department for Culture, Media and Sport) 4S (DCMS, 2003) Space () (active citizenship) Stock () Service () (Bookstart) Staff () 3S 4S 98 (98 101 )()( 2009) () () 1
98 99 83 (2009) 83 () 98 99 98 99 () () (()) 98 99 () () 2
98(99) 99(100) () (niche) 3
(UNESCO, 1994) (Clubb, 2009) (UNESCO, 1994) 12 10 (Koontz & Gubbin, 2010) Web Web 2.0 Web 3.0 Web 4.0 Web (world wide wisdom) 4
(hybrid library) (accessibility) (cultural storehouse) (2007) 2002 (2002) ( ) (Koontz, & Gubbin, 2010) (2007) (Network Literacy Center) (Global Electronic Information Center) (Liaison for Government Information)(Center for Lifelong Educator)(Public Access Center)(Community Information Organizer and Provider) (Economic Development Center)(McClure, Bertot, & Beachboard, 1996) DCMS DCMS (DCMS, 2003) Worpol(2004) (people)(programmes)(place)(partner) (new civic landmark)(retail model)(young people s library)(neighborhood lifelong learning centre) (themed library or joint venture)(mobile library of pod) (online library) 5
( 2002) (1996) (Wiscosin Department of Public Instruction) (Whole Building Design Guide, WBDG) (Dahlgren, 2009; WBDG, 2011) (2008) 2 1 (2007) ( 2 1) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 6
(20082010 2008) 7
() 2 1 () () K ( ) (2007)62117 139 8
2 1 ( 2007)62117 139 9
(1992) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (Dahlgren, 2009; WBDG, 2011) WBDG 20 (Dahlgren, 2009)( 2 2) 25 (study carrel) 30 (lounge chair) 35 30 2 2 1,000 22.5 2,500 14.25 5,000 10.00 10,000 7.0 25,000 4.5 50,000 3.00 100,000 2.25 (2007) 62117 139 (1996) (modular system)(one Room) 10
(2010) 92 93 98 101 (200720082010) (20102010 20102008) 11
(5 10 ) (0 4 ) (2010) (2008) (2010) (2010) 12
Scherer(2004) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Scherer Fayetteville Public Library Blair Library (daylight harvesting)(water harvesting) (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED TM ) LEED TM ( ) () 500 (1) (2) (3) (4) (Koontz & Gubbin, 2010) ()() 13
(2009200820062010 2008) )(Idea Store) () (Idea Store) Tower Hamlets 30% (socially excluded) Tower Hamlets 20% (active user) 5% 1988 Tower Hamlets Tower Hamlets 1999 4 (homework club)(crech) ( ) 2002 5 2011 4 2012 2 2 2 3 2 2Idea Store Canary Wharf http://www.ideastore.co.uk/en/articles/libraries_your_local_idea_store_library_idea_store_canary_wharf 14
2 3Idea Store Whitechapel http://www.ideastore.co.uk/en/articles/libraries_your_local_idea_store_library_idea_store_whitecha pel () (National Library Board) (National Reference Library)(Regional Library) (Community Library) (Community Chidlren s Library) 1 1994 Library 2000 (NLB, 1994)(1) (Establishing Singapore as an international information hub)(2) (Preserving and promoting Singapore's literary heritage)(3) (Providing for education, knowledge andd research) (4) (promoting a well read and well informed society) 2005 Library2010 (NLB, 2005) (Library for f Life, Knowledge for Success)( 2006) (Knowledge)(Imagination) (Possibility)(2008) 2 3 ( 20082006) 1 http p://www.pl.sg/page/pllibrarybranches 15
2 3 (Woodlands Regional Library, WRL) Jurong (Jurong Regional Library) (Sengkang Community Library) (Library@Orchard) (Library@Esplanade) 2001 4 2004 6 2002 11 1999 10 ( 2007 11 30 ) 2002 9 1. 2. Windows to the World ( 2 4) 3. 4. 1. 2. ( 2 5) 3. Verging all teens 1. DIY 2. ( ) 3. 1. 18 35 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. (1) (2008) 26(1)1 11(2) (2006) 266 20 16
2 4 http://www.woodlandsregionallibrary.org 2 5Jurong http://www..jurongregionallibrary.com/images.php () 2011 ( 2 6)( 2 7 ) ( ) ()( 2 7 ) 17
A 2 7() ()http:/ AB 2 http:// //lib.city.takas ( 6 /lib.city.takasa aki.gunma.jp/ 2 8) 18 aki.gunma.jp/c () /contents/libr contents/libra rary/chuo/ind ary/chuo/inde ex.html( ex.html ( ) )
() ) 25 2 http:// 2007 11 2 ( 2 11 ( 8 /lib.city.takasa 1 2 9 1) 2009 19 aki.gunma.jp/c ( 9) contents/libra PARCO 2 10) ary/chuo/inde 5,800 ex.html
2 9 (2008)// http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/sean334470/post/ /1309354785 2 10 ()()(2008)// http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/sean334470/post/ /1309354785 20
2 11 IPA Juran(1986) Kotler(1987) Crosby(1979) ParasuramanZeithaml Berry (1988) Hempel(1977) Oliver(1981) Parasuraman (1998) 21
(Desired Service)()(Perceived Service) SERVQUAL SERVQUAL 1985 ParasuramZeithaml Berry( PZB) 理 度 來 量 1988 年 行更 (Conceptual Model of Service) (Gaps) ( 2 12) SERVQUAL 度 2 12PZB Parasuraman, A., Berry, L. L., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, 49(4), 41 50. SERVQUAL 量 PZB 1990 1985 年 2 13 PZB 2 4 SERVQUAL PZB 22
2 5 (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. E P SQ 2 13 1990 Parasuraman, A., Berry, L. L., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1990). Delivering quality service: Balancing customer perceptions and d expectations. New York: The Free Press.. 2 4 PZB (Tangibles) (Reliability) 度 諾 度 理 力 (Responsiveness) (Assurance) 識 (Empathy) 理 度 Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, Z V. A.,& Berry L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple item scale for measuring consumer perceptions off service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64( (1), 15 17. 23
2 5 PZB (1985) (1988) (Tangibility) 1. (Tangibility) 2. (Reliability) 3. (Responsiveness) 4. 力 (Competence) 識 5. 禮 (Courtesy) 切 度 6. (Credibility) 度 7. (Security) 8. (Access) 易 度 9. (Communication) 了 見 10. (Understanding) (Reliability) (Responsiveness) (Assurance) (Empathy) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 諾 6. 力 7. 8. 9. 錄 10. 說 11. 12. 13. 不 14. 行 立 15. 易 16. 禮 17. 識 18. 19. 行 便利 20. 21. 利益 22. 了 Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A.,& Berry L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 15 17. SERVQUAL 度 數 數 2 6 24
2 6 PZB (Q) = ()(P) ()(E) P > E () P < E () P = E () Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A.,& Berry L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 15 17. SERVQUAL 量 領 館 SERVQUAL 來 行 量讀 館 度 LibQUAL+ LibQUAL+ (Association of Research Libraries, ARL) Texas A&M University Library SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al., 1988) LibQUAL+ PZB (2007 Coleman, Xiao, Bair & Chollett, 1997) (Service Affect) (Library as Place) (Information Control) LibQUAL+ (Desired Service) (Minimum Service)(Perceived Service) 25
(Service Adequecy Gap) (Service Superiority Gap) 2 7 2 8 (2007) LibQUAL+ 5 ( ) Likert 2 7 (Positive Adequecy Gap) (Negative Adequecy Gap) 2007) LibQUAL+ TM 11(2)19 44 2 8 (Positive Superiority Gap) (Negative Superiority Gap) 2007) LibQUAL+ TM 11(2)19 44 (Importance Performance Analysis IPA) Martilla & James (1977)() IPA ()()(importance) ()(performance) 2 14 IPA ( )() ()() () 26
() () () () () () () () 表現程度 重要程度 2 14 Martilla, J. A., & James, J. C. (1977). Importance performance analysis. Journal of Marketing, 41(1), 77 79. (2007Martilla & James, 1977; Tonge & Moore, 2007; Weber, 2000; Yeo, 2003)( ) (2006) 27
(Environment scanning)(community need analysis) (Monitoring and evaluation)(performance measurement) (Koontz & Gubbin, 2010)(Satisfaction survey) (2000) (1) ()(2) ( 11 )(3) 11 98 3 84.19 4.21 95% 98 9 87.3 75.1 ( 2010) () 2005 11 26 12 3 (stratified random sampling) 1,100 (2005) 1. 1 2 (19 29 ) 2. 28
3. 1 2 2 3 4. 5. () 92 92 93 301 95 ( 2006) 301 64 64 300 64 6,416 1. 37.5% 35.4% 2. 60.4% 37.9% 3. 4. 5. ()() 1. 92 93 301 98 99 83 (95 ) ( 2 3 ) 29
2. () 3. t IPA 30
98 99 83 () () 98 99 83 6 ( 3 1) 77 3 1 99 99 99 99 99 () 99 77 77 () 70 () 60 ( ) 5,000 95% 3 % 2 2 http://publibstat.ntl.gov.tw/index.php 31
77 ( 77 77 () 77 98 97 99 99 9799 97100 ( 100 97 100 ) 100 4 99 98 100 100 98100 ( 100 98 100 ) 100 4 97 99 3 2 4 100 77 100 1 6 77 30 3 http://publibstat.ntl.gov.tw/index.php 32
90 ( ) () (2010) ( ) () 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. () 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 33
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. () (2010) 77 4S (DCMS, 2003) LibQUAL+ (2007) () () ( ) 5 ( ) ( 3 1) 34
() Cronbach () 35
3 1 76 3 2 36
3 2 F01 2011/08/30 F42 2011/08/12 F02 2011/08/17 F43 2011/08/11 F03 2011/08/19 F44 2011/08/16 F04 2011/08/25 F45 2011/08/24 F05 2011/08/13 F46 2011/08/13 F06 2011/08/12 F47 2011/08/16 F07 2011/08/12 F48 2011/08/25 F08 2011/08/12 F49 2011/08/20 F09 2011/08/17 F50 2011/08/21 F10 2011/08/15 F51 2011/08/18 F11 2011/08/29 F52 2011/08/14 F15 2011/08/17 F54 2011/08/18 F16 2011/08/22 F55 2011/08/17 F17 2011/08/22 F56 2011/08/13 F18 2011/08/12 F57 2011/08/27 F19 2011/08/19 F58 2011/08/24 F20 2011/09/01 F59 2011/08/18 F21 2011/08/26 F60 2011/08/16 F22 2011/08/27 F61 2011/08/16 F23 2011/08/23 F62 2011/08/17 F24 2011/08/18 F65 2011/08/18 F25 2011/08/12 F66 2011/08/17 F26 2011/08/17 F67 2011/08/19 F27 2011/08/16 F68 2011/08/18 F28 2011/08/11 F69 2011/08/18 F29 2011/08/14 F70 2011/08/17 F30 2011/08/17 F71 2011/08/17 F31 2011/08/18 F72 2011/08/12 F32 2011/08/12 F73 2011/08/17 F33 2011/08/18 F74 2011/08/12 F34 2011/08/16 F75 2011/08/24 F35 2011/08/16 F76 2011/08/19 F36 2011/08/09 F77 2011/08/18 F37 2011/08/14 F78 2011/08/18 F38 2011/08/13 F79 2011/08/14 F39 2011/08/11 F80 2011/08/12 F40 2011/08/17 F81 2011/08/20 F41 2011/08/18 F82 2011/08/19 37
行 100 年 7 26 8 9 15 77 66 3 5 230 (reliability) (trustworthiness) (consistency)(stability) Cronbach s α Cronbach s α α 0.7 (Nunnally, 19782010) 3 3 Cronbach s 0.984 0.7 3 3 Cronbach s α 5 0.894 5 0.955 0.896 5 0.952 3 0.788 3 0.891 0.821 3 0.874 6 0.819 6 0.942 0.913 0.984 6 0.932 8 0.894 8 0.941 0.921 8 0.933 19 0.936 19 0.977 0.964 19 0.963 38
77 ( ) ( ) LimeSurvey 100 8 10 100 10 7 6,142 5,768 374 5,369 5,203 166 773 565 208 87.41% 77 NVivo 8 F01 F76 Nvivo8 39
F02 (F02) F02 (F02) SPSS Cronbach s α α 0.7 (2010) (Nominal Scale) (Interval Scale) t (One Way ANOVA) Scheffe (Importance Performance Analysis, IPA) IPA 40
77 ( 77 98 97 99 99 98 100 100 4 97 99 ( )100 100 1 6 97( 99) 100 () 4 1 61 61 98(99) 99(100) 97 99 2 4 100 100 1 6 100 41
100 100 1 2 ( (2006) 92 93 95 ) 42
4 1 99/05/11 97, 99 100/01/11 98, 100 99/08/23 97, 99 99/08/20 97, 99 99/07/14 97, 99 100/08/01 100/02/27 98, 100 100/01/02 98, 100 99/06/01 97, 99 100/02/17 98, 100 100/01/20 97, 100 99/12/21 98, 100 100/04/07 100/03/13 97, 100 100/05/13 100/02/14 98, 100 100/04/01 98, 100 99/04/20 97, 99 100/05/03 100/06/05 100/03/27 98, 100 100/05/21 99/04/20 97, 99 99/07/20 97, 99 100/06/13 100/03/15 98, 100 100/03/10 98, 100 () 100/06/01 99/05/07 98, 99 99/06/05 97, 99 100/01/01 97, 100 100/06/30 99/05/20 97 ( ) 99/10/31 97, 100 99/08/25 97, 99 100/06/25 99/12/01 98, 100 99/03/26 97, 99 43
99/08/01 97, 99 100/01/12 98, 100 100/04/01 99/05/01 97, 99 100/03/15 98, 100 100/02/25 98, 100 99/08/01 97, 99 99/12/17 97, 100 99/12/19 97, 100 100/07/27 99/12/17 97, 100 100/07/11 100/03/25 97, 100 99/09/30 97, 99 99/07/10 97, 99 99/03/20 97, 99 99/07/30 97, 99 99/08/08 97, 99 100/01/17 97, 100 99/08/17 97, 99 99/05/20 97, 99 99/11/13 97, 100 99/07/01 97, 99 100/5/31 100/07/01 鄕 99/10/30 97, 99 鄕 100/01/19 98, 100 鄕 100/02/01 98,100 99/12/31 98, 100 99/03/24 97, 99 100/01/14 98, 100 100/04/11 98, 100 99/07/14 97, 99 99/9/22 97, 99 97,99 99/11/01 97, 100 99/12/03 97, 100 99/07/01 97, 99 99/08/05 97, 99 99 12 44
61 4 2 4 2 9.7%9.9%37.4%15.3% 4 2 845,376 927,473 82,097 9.7% 4,232,779 4,332,452 99,673 2.4% 3,327,005 3,656,020 329,015 9.9% 3,638,417 3,689,458 51,041 1.4% 7,935 10,906 2,971 37.4% 373,605 430,744 57,139 15.3% 4 3 () 4 3 445,288 457,749 12,461 2.8% 1,876,621 2,067,895 191,274 10.2% 1,172,402 1,305,756 133,354 11.4% 1,531,058 1,555,343 24,285 1.6% 1,612 1,615 4 0.2% 141,494 178,973 37,479 26.5% 4 4 25.0% 114.6% 45
4 4 121,930 152,432 30,502 25.0% 766,144 763,065 3,079 0.4% 559,979 635,893 75,914 13..6% 654,688 778,182 123,494 18.9% 2,624 5,630 3,007 114.6% 113,029 120,927 7,898 7.0% 4 5 4 1 8 100 101 100 4 5 133,298 145,844 12,546 9.4% 700,115 613,937 86,178 12.3% 551,131 587,326 36,195 6.6% 541,883 455,281 86,602 16.0% 1,418 1,416 2 0.1% 34,405 24,919 9,486 27.6% 4 6 4 6 144,860 171,448 26,588 18.4% 889,899 887,555 2,344 0.3% 1,043,493 1,127,045 83,552 8.0% 910,788 900,652 10,136 1.1% 2,282 2,245 37 1.6% 84,677 105,925 21,248 25.1% 4 7 4 7 9.7% 2.8% 25.0% 9.4% 18.4% 2.4% 10.2% 0.4% 12.3% 0.3% 9.9% 11.4% 13.6% 6.6% 8.0% 1.4% 1.6% 18.9% 16.0% 1.1% 37.4% 0.2% 114.6% 0.1% 1.6% 15.3% 26.5% 7.0% 27.6% 25.1% 61 46
4 8 4 9 99100 4 10 99100 99100 4 8 99 270066 326506 56440 20.90% 2518458 2410440 108018 4.29% 1,512,935 1,730,449 217,514 14.38% 2058346 2060734 2388 0.12% 6207 9346 3139 50.57% 254175 289216 35041 13.79% 4 9 100 576083 603142 27059 4.70% 1734321 1943092 208771 12.04% 1,839,491 1,969,549 130,058 7.07% 1581751 1635829 54078 3.42% 1773 1651 122 6.88% 120930 146308 25378 20.99% 4 10 99100 99 100 9.7% 20.90% 4.70% 2.4% 4.29% 12.04% 9.9% 14.38% 7.07% 1.4% 0.12% 3.42% 37.4% 50.57% 6.88% 15.3% 13.79% 20.99% 99 4.29% 100 12.04% 99 50.57% 100 6.88% 61 1 2 47
98 99 76 ( ) ( 5 1) 47.37% 26.32% 5 1 () 1. 36 47.37 2. 20 26.32 3. 12 15.79 4. 29 38.16 () () (F60) (F04) 48
(F05) () (F32) (F44) 5 2 () 1. 65 85.53 2. () 55 72.37 3. () 51 67.11 4. 50 65.79 5. 49 64.47 6. () 48 63.16 7. () 45 59.21 8. ( Bookstart ) 41 53.95 9. 40 52.63 10. () 32 42.11 11. 24 31.58 12. 20 26.32 13. 17 22.37 14. 14 18.42 15. 13 17.11 16. 20 26.32 85.53%() 72.37%( ) 67.11% 65.79% 64.47% 5 2 49
( )() () ( Bookstart ) (F25) (F05) (F57) (F67) () () (F24) (F34) (F60) () () () () 50
(F71) (F59) 4 (F23) () 82.89% 77.63% 72.37% 48.68% 5 3 5 3 () 1. () 63 82.89 2. 59 77.63 3. 55 72.37 4. 45 59.21 5. 37 48.68 6. 23 30.26 () (F23) (F62) (F07) () 51
(F11) (F06) (F58) () (F81) (F75) () () (F15) 52
(F57) (F49) () 99...(F21) (F22) () Bookstart (F43) (F55) () (F21) (F73) 53
5 4 39 51.13%38 50.00% 18 23.68% 7 5 4 () 1. 39 51.13 2. 38 50.00 3. 18 23.68 4. 7 9.21 76 (F20) (F48) (F52) (F40) () 1. 54
2. (F51) (F39) (F42) (F40) DVD (F07) (F34) () (F32) (F20) (F31) () 55
(F18) (F67) (F78) (F25) ( ) () (F79) (F61) (F44) () () () ()(F54) 56
(F78) () (F49) (F23) (F39) () () (F62) (F29) (F16) (F01) () () 57
1.... (F52) (F16) (F44) 2. () (F05) (F79) (F67) ()() (F01) (F27) (F77) 3. () 58
() () ()(F18) (F57) (F62) () (F19) (F22) (F19) 73% () 59
(F50) (F02) () (F22) (F65) (F73) (F59) () (F62) 7 5 12 (F76) (F19) 73% 27% 60
Delay Call (F79) (F49) (F23) (F34) (F68) (F38) 3~4 (F27) (F45) 61
34 12 (F19) (F46)..(F28) (F68) (F50) (F45)... (F66) () 62
(F56) (F32) (F34) () 30 (F75) (F36) (F19) () (F22) (F68) 63
(F62) () (F23) (F77) () (F40) (F06) () (F45) 64
(F73) (F44) 82.43% 45.95% 37.84% 5 5 5 5 () 1. 61 82.43 2. 34 45.95 3. 28 37.84 4. () 17 22.97 5. 10 13.51 6. 3 4.05 7. 9 12.16 74 (F65) (F59) (F01) 65
5 6 1. 5 6 / / 2. 3. 4. 5. () 6. / / 58 5 7 // / () 66
5 7 () 1. 56 96.55 2. 54 93.10 3. 19 32.76 4. 14 24.14 58 16 5 8 5 9 5 8 () 1. 16 100.00 2. 11 68.75 3. 9 56.25 4. 2 12.50 16 5 9 () 1. 10 62.50 2. 8 50.00 3. 8 50.00 4. 4 25.00 16 () 67
(F66) (F77) () (F44) () (F73) DVD DVD (F36) (F60) () 1. (F28) 68
2. (F34) 3. 3 (F03) 4. (F03) (F34) 5. (F49) (F37) (F34) (F37) 69
() () (F26) () (F71) (F06) () (F28) () / (F03) (F67) () (F81) 70
(F10) (F18) / () (F25) (F02) (F03) () (F25) (F06) (F05) (F60) () / (577) 71
(F50) (F29) () (F26) (F56) ()... 2/3 (F31) (F68) fu (F60) (F52) (F36) (F82) () 72
(F65) (F43) () (F32) () (F07) (F77) (F74) () (F55) (F61) () (F74) (F39) () 73
(F28) 100 (F03) 66 (F28) () 1. (F66) (F81) 2. (F74) 74
(F41) (F05) (F75) (F39) 3. (F38) 4. (F74) () 1. (F42) 2. 75
(F71) (F11) () (F35) (F69) (F18) () (F30) () 76
book start ()( )(F82) (47.37%) (26.32%)(15.79%) 65 (85.53%) ()(72.37%)( )(67.11%)(65.79%)(64.47%) Bookstart () () 77
78
82.43%() 45.95%() () / /// ( ) 79
() () / 80
77 () ( 5,369 ) 6 1 Cronbach s α 0.7 Cronbach s α 0.986 0.7 6 1 Cronbach s α 5 0.921 3 0.871 6 0.927 8 0.930 18 0.971 0.986 77 6,142 5,768 374 15 67 5,369 5,203 166 773 565 208 87.41% 6 2 81
4 () () () () 30.9% (26.5%)(22.4%) 20.3% 6 3 6 2 5,203 96.91 166 3.09 5,369 100.00 565 73.09 208 26.91 773 100.00 N= 6,142 4 99 12 25 ()() ()() 82
6 3 33 66 99 178 197 195 771 201 194 1658 174 (30.9%) 507 68 71 81 36 205 88 76 76 104 112 234 18 89 1200 (22.4%) 1089 (20.3%) 82 60 46 60 29 61 77 67 59 50 52 () 114 59 61 63 65 69 64 76 65 72 17 43 60 94 70 74 98 54 17 366 264 102 234 337 197 467 83
46 42 88 60 53 44 46 42 44 51 569 57 18 65 14 60 15 1422 鄕 92 (26.5%) 鄕 53 鄕 24 201 32 10 () 70 124 44 105 113 79 400 33 70 62 66 128 5,369 41.2% 58.8% 6 4 6 4 2,194 41.2 3,129 58.8 N= 5,323 13 19 30.8%20 29 18.9%70 0.5% 6 5 84
6 5 12 403 7.5 13 19 1,652 30.8 20 29 1,013 18.9 30 39 938 17.5 40 49 818 15.3 50 59 384 7.2 60 69 117 2.2 70 28 0.5 N= 5,353 () 43.7% () 29.2% 3.9% 6 6 6 6 440 8.5 () 762 14.8 () 1,505 29.2 () 2,255 43.7 200 3.9 N= 5,162 46.5%// 12.5%// 0.5% 6 7 85
6 7 2,467 46.5 // 666 12.5 511 9.6 312 5.9 / 306 5.8 // 201 3.8 // 194 3.7 167 3.1 134 2.5 / 86 1.6 // 56 1.1 /// 43 0.8 // 26 0.5 139 2.6 N= 5,308 () 1. 1 5 54.7% 1 14.8%21 2.8% 1 5 44.4% 6 10 17.5%21 6.6% 6 8 86
2. 6 8 (/) 1 792 14.8 280 5.2 1 5 2935 54.7 2383 44.4 6 10 788 14.7 940 17.5 11 15 359 6.7 599 11.2 16 20 344 6.4 814 15.2 21 151 2.7 353 6.5 N= 5,369 t 6 9 t 39.114 6 9 t p 1.44 2.06 39.114 0.000*** > N= 5,369 (***p<0.001) () (14:01 18:00) 40.1% (09:00 12:00) 32.2% (18:01 20:00) 9.9% 6 10 6 10 (09:00 12:00) 2,719 32.2 (12:01 14:00) 1,496 17.7 (14:01 18:00) 3,389 40.1 (18:01 20:00) 838 9.9 (N= 8,442) () 87
1. 1 2 32.7%1 26.1%5 8.6% 2 3 28.3%1 2 26%1 8.4% 6 11 6 11 1 1389 26.1 451 8.4 1 2 1737 32.7 1390 26.0 2 3 1131 21.3 1513 28.3 3 5 605 11.4 1094 20.5 5 455 8.5 900 16.8 N= 5,317 2. t 6 12 t 47.969 6 12 t p 2.44 3.11 47.969 0.000*** > N= 5,310 (***p<0.001) () 26.1% (17.4%)(13%) 0.1% 6 13( 5 2) () () 88
6 13 3550 26.1 2363 17.4 1765 13.0 1267 9.3 1036 7.6 943 6.9 899 6.6 495 3.6 383 2.8 342 2.5 227 1.7 131 1.0 93 0.7 53 0.4 12 0.1 38 0.3 (N= 13,597) () // // 38.5%(34.9%)( )(12.2%)// 1.71% 33% 6 14 6 14 // 3918 38.5 3554 34.9 () 1245 12.2 641 6.3 () 389 3.8 () 262 2.6 168 1.7 (N= 10,177) 89
() 1. 6 15 9.7% (9.5%)(8.7%) 1.1% 43% 6 15 2000 9.7 1972 9.5 1794 8.7 1769 8.6 1666 8.1 1464 7.1 () 1454 7.0 1380 6.7 1305 6.3 1188 5.7 1148 5.6 1148 5.6 1002 4.8 () 917 4.4 251 1.2 218 1.1 (N= 20,676) 2. 1,789 33.32% 2,264 6 16 90
6 16 297 13.1 91 4.0 89 3.9 71 3.1 40 1.8 419 18.5 62 2.7 14 0.6 11 0.5 185 8.2 138 6.1 108 4.8 64 2.8 58 2.6 23 1.0 20 0.9 19 0.8 7 0.3 157 6.9 74 3.3 73 3.2 47 2.1 35 1.5 18 0.8 16 0.7 14 0.6 14 0.6 13 0.6 11 0.5 7 0.3 6 0.3 63 2.8 N=2,264 1,789 91
13.1% 4.0% 3.9% 3.1% 1.8% 2.8% 18.5% 2.7% 6.9% 3.3% 3.2% 2.1% 8.2% 6.1% 4.8% 2.8% 2.6% 5 (5/ 1/) (/5 /4 /3 /2 /1 ) () 92
() 1. 4.16 4.29 4.28 3.95 3.63 3.70 3.67 3.58 6 17 1 1 4.28 3.65 4.20 1 2 4.23 3.67 4.19 1 3 4.29 3.70 4.21 1 4 4.07 3.56 4.09 1 5 3.95 3.58 4.09 4.16 3.63 4.16 4.16 4.21 4.18 4.09 6 17 6 16 2. 4.16 3 (1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 4.16 3 (1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 6 18 6 1 93
6 18 IPA 1 1 4.288 4.20 1 2 4.233 4.19 1 3 4.299 4.21 1 4 4.077 4.09 1 5 3.955 4.09 4.16 4.16 6 1 3. 6 19 t p 1 1 3.65 4.20 47.679 0.000*** > 1 2 3.67 4.19 46.349 0.000*** > 1 3 3.70 4.21 45.263 0.000*** > 1 4 3.56 4.09 44.492 0.000*** > 1 5 3.58 4.09 43.085 0.000*** > ***p<0.0011 ( t ) 6 19 94
() 1. 4.10( ) 4.27 4.12 3.92 3.63 () 3.67 3.66 3.56 4.20( ) 4.25 4.19 4.17 6 20 6 16 ( ) () () 6 20 2 1 () 4.27 3.67 4.25 2 2 4.12 3.66 4.19 2 3 3.92 3.56 4.17 4.10 3.63 4.20 2. 4.10 2 (2 1, 2 2) 1 (2 3) 4.20 1 (2 1) 2 (2 2, 2 3) 6 21 95
6 21 IPA 2 1 () 4.27 4.25 2 2 4.12 4.19 2 3 3.92 4.17 4.10 4.20 () 6 2 6 2 3. 6 22 6 22 t p 2 1 ( ) 3.66 4.25 50.199 0.000*** > 2 2 2 3 3.66 4.19 44.801 0.000*** > 3.56 4.17 46.339 0.000*** > ***p<0.001( t ) 96
() 1. 3.89 4.21 4.01() 3.74 3.54 3.63 3.59 3.46 4.11 4.17 4.16 () 4.03 6 23 6 23 3 1 4.21 3.58 4.16 3 2 4.01 3.63 4.17 3 3 3.79 3.46 4.05 3 4 3.87 3.48 4.09 3 5 () 3.74 3.50 4.03 3 6 3.74 3.59 4.16 3.89 3.54 4.11 ( 3.89)(4.21) (4.01)() 3.74 3.87 2. 3.89 2 (3 1, 3 2) 4 (3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6) 4.11 3 (3 1, 3 2, 3 6) 3 (3 3, 3 4, 3 5) 6 24 97
() 6 3 6 24 IPA 3 1 4.21 4.16 3 2 4.01 4.17 3 3 3.79 4.05 3 4 3.87 4.09 3 5 () 3.74 4.03 3 6 3.74 4.16 3.89 4.11 6 3 3. 6 25 98
6 25 t p 3 1 3.58 4.16 51.787 0.000*** > 3 2 3.63 4.17 46.148 0.000*** > 3 3 3.46 4.05 44.044 0.000*** > 3 4 3.48 4.09 44.913 0.000*** > 3 5 () 3.50 4.03 33.786 0.000*** > 3 6 3.59 4.16 42.636 0.000*** > ***p<0.001( t ) () 1. 4.15 4.42 4.32 3.83 6 26 4 1 4.23 3.49 4.23 4 2 4.02 3.44 4.16 4 3 3.83 3.44 4.05 4 4 4.32 3.59 4.22 4 5 4.42 3.67 4.34 4 6 4.18 3.61 4.22 4 7 4.11 3.65 4.24 4 8 () 4.07 3.59 4.20 4.15 3.56 4.21 3.56 3.67 3.65 3.44 4.21 4.34 4.24 4.05 99
6 26 () (4.02) (4.16) 4.20 ( 6 27) () 6 27 () 1. () 63(82.89%) 4.07 4.20 2. 59(77.63%) 4.11 4.24 3. 55(72.37%) 4.23 4.23 4. 45(59.21%) 4.18 4.22 5. 37(48.68%) 4.02 4.16 2. 6 28 IPA 4 1 4.23 4.23 4 2 4.02 4.16 4 3 3.83 4.05 4 4 4.32 4.22 4 5 4.42 4.34 4 6 4.18 4.22 4 7 4.11 4.24 4 8 () 4.07 4.20 4.15 4.21 4.15 4 (4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6) 4 (4 2, 4 3, 4 7, 4 8) 4.21 5 (4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 7) 3 (4 2, 4 3, 4 8) 6 28 100
() 6 4 6 4 3. 6 29 6 29 t p 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 () 3.49 3.44 3.45 3.59 3.67 3.61 3.65 3.59 4.23 4.16 4.05 4.22 4.34 4.22 4.24 4.20 54.4322 53.3288 42.2833 39.1655 53.4477 50.9900 48.5200 49.9833 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** > > > > > > > > ***p<0.001( t ) () 1. 4.13 4.46 4.44 101
3.74 3.50 3.59( ) 3.57 3.29 4.20 4.37 4.27 4.04 6 30 6 30 5 1 4.12 3.49 4.20 5 2 4.44 3.53 4.13 5 3 4.46 3.59 4.37 5 4 4.33 3.56 4.22 5 5 4.21 3.48 4.17 5 6 () 4.33 3.57 4.19 5 7 () 4.12 3.45 4.16 5 8 4.11 3.55 4.20 5 9 () 4.29 3.53 4.23 5 10 3.91 3.46 4.10 5 11 () 4.16 3.49 4.22 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 3.93 3.46 4.21 5 13 4.04 3.53 4.27 5 14 4.08 3.55 4.22 5 15 3.95 3.51 4.17 5 16 3.91 3.52 4.20 5 17 () 3.94 3.50 4.19 5 18 4.36 3.42 4.26 5 19 3.74 3.29 4.04 4.13 3.50 4.20 ()( )( ) ( 5 2) 4.0 4.16 4.27 102
6 31 () 65(85.53%) 4.04 4.27 () 55(72.37%) 4.33 4.19 () 51(67.11%) 3.45 4.16 50(65.79%) 3.42 4.26 49(64.47%) 4.11 4.20 () 48(63.16%) 4.16 4.22 () 45(59.21%) 4.29 4.23 ( Bookstart ) 41(53.95%) 3.93 4.21 () 32(42.11%) 3.94 4.19 24(31.58%) 3.91 4.10 20(26.32%) 4.08 4.22 17(22.37%) 3.74 4.04 14(18.42%) 3.95 4.17 13(17.11%) 3.91 4.20 2. 4.13 8 11 4.20 11 8 6 32 () () () () ( Bookstart ) () 6 5 103
5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 () 5 7 () 5 8 5 9 () 5 10 5 11 () 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 5 13 5 14 5 15 5 16 5 17 () 5 18 5 19 6 32 4.12 4. 20 4.44 4.46 4.33 4.21 4.33 4. 13 4. 37 4. 22 4. 17 4. 19 4.12 4. 16 4.11 4. 20 4.29 3.91 4. 23 4. 10 4.16 4. 22 3.93 4. 21 4.04 4. 27 4.08 4. 22 3.95 4. 17 3.91 4. 20 3.94 4. 19 4.36 4. 26 3.74 4. 04 4.13 4.20 IPA 6 5 3. 6 33 104
6 33 t p 5 1 3.49 4.20 57.775 0.000*** > 5 2 3.53 4.13 45.483 0.000*** > 5 3 3.59 4.37 62.022 0.000*** > 5 4 3.57 4.22 55.049 0.000*** > 5 5 3.48 4.17 50.501 0.000*** > 5 6 () 3.57 4.19 52.476 0.000*** > 5 7 () 3.45 4.16 50.331 0.000*** > 5 8 3.55 4.20 50.216 0.000*** > 5 9 () 3.53 4.23 38.233 0.000*** > 5 10 3.46 4.10 43.409 0.000*** > 5 11 () 3.49 4.21 54.358 0.000*** > 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 3.45 4.21 40.747 0.000*** > 5 13 3.53 4.27 50.208 0.000*** > 5 14 3.55 4.22 48.318 0.000*** > 5 15 3.51 4.17 36.960 0.000*** > 5 16 3.53 4.20 34.027 0.000*** > 5 17 () 3.50 4.19 45.949 0.000*** > 5 18 3.42 4.26 60.378 0.000*** > 5 19 3.30 4.04 35.410 0.000*** > ***p<0.001( t ) () 1. 4.09 4.22 4.20 3.86 3.76 3.831 1 3.81 3.69 4.13 4.19 4.05 4.02 6 34 6 34 105
6 34 1 1 4.20 3.81 4.19 1 2 4.19 3.80 4.19 1 3 4.22 3.83 4.19 1 4 3.97 3.69 4.05 1 5 3.86 3.69 4.02 4.09 3.76 4.13 2. 6 35 IPA 1 1 4.20 4.19 1 2 4.19 4.19 1 3 4.22 4.19 1 4 3.97 4.05 1 5 3.86 4.02 4.09 4.13 4.09 3 (1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 4.13 3 (1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 6 35 6 6 106
6 6 3. 6 36 6 36 t p 1 1 3.81 4.18 21.920 0.000*** > 1 2 3.80 4.19 21.759 0.000*** > 1 3 3.83 4.19 20.533 0.000*** > 1 4 3.70 4.05 19.039 0.000*** > 1 5 3.69 4.02 18.531 0.000*** > ***p<0.001 () 1. 4.03( ) 4.26 4.04 3..80 3.76 () 3.81 3.78 3.68 107
4.17( ) 4.24 4.15 4.11 6 37 6 37 2 1 () 4.26 3.81 4.24 2 2 4.04 3.78 4.15 2 3 3.80 3.68 4.11 4.03 3.76 4.17 2. 4.03 2 (2 1, 2 2) 1 (2 3) 4.17 1 (2 1) 2 (2 2, 2 3) 6 38 6 38 IPA 2 1 () 4.26 4.24 2 2 4.04 4.15 2 3 3.80 4.11 4.03 4.17 () 6 7 108
6 7 3. 6 39 6 39 t p 2 1 ( ) 3.82 4.24 22.903 0.000** ** > 2 2 3.79 4.15 19.463 0.000** ** > 2 3 3.68 4.11 20.012 0.000** ** > ***p<0.001 () 1. 3.85 4.20 3.99 3.67 3 3.70 3.79 3.73 3.64 4.12 4.17 4.16 4.05 6 40 109
6 40 3 1 4.20 3.72 4.14 3 2 3.99 3.79 4.17 3 3 3.76 3.65 4.05 3 4 3.81 3.64 4.11 3 5 () 3.69 3.66 4.06 3 6 3.67 3.73 4.16 3.85 3.70 4.12 2. 3.84 2 (3 1, 3 2) 4 (3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6) 4.10 3 (3 1, 3 2, 3 6) 3 (3 3, 3 4,3 5) 6 41 6 41 IPA 3 1 4.20 4.14 3 2 3.99 4.17 3 3 3.76 4.05 3 4 3.81 4.11 3 5 () 3.69 4.06 3 6 3.67 4.16 3.85 4.12 110
6 8 () 6 8 3. 6 42 6 42 t p 3 1 3.72 4.14 23.272 0.000*** > 3 2 3.79 4.17 19.825 0.000*** > 3 3 3.65 4.06 18.684 0.000*** > 3 4 3.65 4.11 21.613 0.000*** > 3 5 () 3.66 4.06 19.000 0.000*** > 3 6 3.74 4.16 18.474 0.000*** > ***p<0.001 () 1. 4.11 111
4.40 4.29 3.83 3.67 3.76 3.71) 3.56 4.21 4.36 4.25 4.08 6 43 6 43 4 1 4.18 3.56 4.17 4 2 3.97 3.56 4.18 4 3 3.83 3.61 4.08 4 4 4.29 3.70 4.21 4 5 4.40 3.76 4.36 4 6 4.11 3.71 4.19 4 7 4.06 3.76 4.25 4 8 () 4.05 3.68 4.20 4.11 3.67 4.21 2. 4.11 4 (4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6) 4 (4 2, 4 3, 4 7, 4 8)4.19 3 (4 4, 4 5, 4 7) 5 (4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 4 6, 4 8) 6 44 6 44 () 6 9 6 44 112
IPA 4 1 4.18 4.17 4 2 3.97 4.18 4 3 3.83 4.08 4 4 4.29 4.21 4 5 4.40 4.36 4 6 4.11 4.19 4 7 4.06 4.25 4 8 () 4.05 4.20 4.11 4.21 6 9 3. 6 45 t p 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 () 3..57 3..57 3..62 3..70 3..76 3..72 3..76 3..69 4.16 4.17 4.08 4.20 4.36 4.20 4.244 4.20 23.642 26.726 19.958 17.961 28.516 24.629 24.787 25.451 0.000* ** 0.000* ** 0.000* ** 0.000* ** 0.000* ** 0.000* ** 0.000* ** 0.000* ** > > > > > > > > ***p<0.001 113
6 45 () 1. 4.07 4.39 4.32 3.73 3.60 3.70 3.69 3.31 4.19 4.37 4.25 4.02 6 46 6 46 5 1 4.06 3.57 4.17 5 2 4.39 3.31 4.14 5 3 4.41 3.63 4.37 5 4 4.25 3.63 4.20 5 5 4.14 3.58 4.17 5 6 () 4.29 3.66 4.20 5 7 () 4.07 3.61 4.19 5 8 4.08 3.70 4.16 5 9 () 4.24 3.63 4.20 5 10 3.85 3.63 4.11 5 11 () 4.06 3.59 4.19 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 3.88 3.61 4.20 5 13 3.97 3.64 4.25 5 14 4.01 3.68 4.21 5 15 3.90 3.68 4.14 5 16 3.86 3.69 4.18 5 17 () 3.83 3.63 4.21 5 18 4.32 3.49 4.23 5 19 3.73 3.49 4.02 4.07 3.60 4.19 2. 4.07 9 10 4.19 114
11 8 6 47 6 47 5 1 4.06 4.17 5 2 4.39 4.14 5 3 4.41 4.37 5 4 4.25 4.20 5 5 4.14 4.17 5 6 () 4.29 4.20 5 7 () 4.07 4.19 5 8 4.08 4.16 5 9 () 4.24 4.20 5 10 3.85 4.11 5 11 () 4.06 4.19 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 3.88 4.20 5 13 3.97 4.25 5 14 4.01 4.21 5 15 3.90 4.14 5 16 3.86 4.18 5 17 () 3.83 4.21 5 18 4.32 4.23 5 19 3.73 4.02 4.07 4.19 IPA () ()() () ( Bookstart ) () 6 10 115
6 10 3. 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 () 5 7 () 5 8 5 9 () ) 5 10 5 111 () 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 5 13 5 14 5 155 5 16 5 17 () 5 18 5 19 6 48 3.57 3.61 3.63 3.63 3.59 3.66 3.61 3.70 3.63 3.64 3.59 3.61 3.64 3.68 3.68 3.69 3.64 3.49 3.49 ***p<0.001 t p 4.17 28.059 0.000*** > 4.13 23.578 0.000*** > 4.37 33.866 0.000*** > 4.19 28.351 0.000*** > 4.17 25.991 0.000*** > 4.19 28.014 0.000*** > 4.19 25.480 0.000*** > 4.16 21.772 0.000*** > 4.19 22.362 0.000*** > 4.11 19.683 0.000*** > 4.19 26.090 0.000*** > 4.19 20.383 0.000*** > 4.25 23.068 0.000*** > 4.21 22.093 0.000*** > 4.14 10.768 0.000*** > 4.17 20.534 0.000*** > 4.21 22.771 0.000*** > 4.24 31.202 0.000*** > 4.02 15.380 0.000*** > 6 48 116
() 1. 4.18 4.31 4.30 3.94 6 49 1 1 4.30 3.52 4.03 1 2 4.24 3.54 4.01 1 3 4.31 3.55 4.06 1 4 4.10 3.43 3.94 1 5 3.94 3.44 3.93 4.18 3.50 3.99 3.50 3.55 3.54 3.43 3.99 4.06 4.03 3.93 6 49 2. 4.17 3 (1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 3.97 3 (1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 6 50 6 11 117
6 50 IPA 1 1 4.300 4.03 1 2 4.244 4.01 1 3 4.311 4.06 1 4 4.100 3.94 1 5 3.944 3.93 4.18 3.99 6 11 3. 6 51 6 51 t p 1 1 3.52 4.03 21.001 0.000** ** > 1 2 3.54 4.01 19.287 0.000** ** > 1 3 3.54 4.07 21.043 0.000** ** > 1 4 3.42 3.94 19.860 0.000** ** > 1 5 3.44 3.93 19.729 0.000** ** > ***p<0.001 118
() 1. 4.12( ) 4.27 4.14 3.94 3.52 () 3.55 3.46 4.07( ) 4.13 4.05 4.04 6 52 6 52 2 1 () 4.27 3.55 4.13 2 2 4.14 3.55 4.05 2 3 3.94 3.46 4.04 4.12 3.52 4.07 2. 4.12 2 (2 1, 2 2) 1 (2 3) 4.07 1 (2 1) 2 (2 2, 2 3) 6 53 6 53 IPA 2 1 () 4.27 4.13 2 2 4.14 4.05 2 3 3.94 4.04 4.12 4.07 () 6 12 119
6 12 3. 6 54 6 54 t p 2 1 () 3..54 4.12 21.695 0.000*** > 2 2 3..55 4.05 19.256 0.000*** > 2 3 3..45 4.044 20.406 0.000*** > ***p<0.001 () 1. 3.88 4.21 4.02 () 3.68 3.41 3.50 3.47)( ) 3.35 3.96 4.05 4.03 120
() 3.84 6 55 6 55 3 1 4.21 3.45 4.03 3 2 4.02 3.50 4.05 3 3 3.79 3.35 3.89 3 4 3.88 3.36 3.95 3 5 () 3.68 3.35 3.84 3 6 3.72 3.47 4.00 3.88 3.41 3.96 2. 3.88 3 (3 1, 3 2, 3 4) 3 (3 3, 3 5, 3 6) 3.94 3 (3 1, 3 2, 3 6) 3 (3 3, 3 4,3 5) 6 56 6 56 IPA 3 1 4.21 4.03 3 2 4.02 4.05 3 3 3.79 3.89 3 4 3.88 3.95 3 5 () 3.68 3.84 3 6 3.72 4.00 3.88 3.96 () 6 13 121
6 13 3. 6 57 6 57 t p 3 1 3.45 4.04 23.122 0.000** * > 3 2 3.500 4.05 21.024 0.000** * > 3 3 3.35 3.89 19.163 0.000** * > 3 4 3.366 3.95 18.973 0.000** * > 3 5 () 3.366 3.83 16.874 0.000** * > 3 6 3.47 3.99 17.724 0.000** * > ***p<0.001 () 1. 4.19 4.44 4.41 3.85 3.48 3.61 3. 55) 122
3.35 4.07 4.16 4.13) 3.91 6 58 6 58 4 1 4.32 3.39 4.13 4 2 4.09 3.35 4.07 4 3 3.85 3.38 3.91 4 4 4.41 3.49 4.06 4 5 4.44 3.61 4.16 4 6 4.19 3.53 4.11 4 7 4.11 3.55 4.08 4 8 () 4.08 3.51 4.04 4.19 3.48 4.07 2. 6 59 IPA 4 1 4.32 4.13 4 2 4.09 4.07 4 3 3.85 3.91 4 4 4.41 4.06 4 5 4.44 4.16 4 6 4.19 4.11 4 7 4.11 4.08 4 8 () 4.08 4.04 4.19 4.07 4.18 4 (4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6) 4 (4 2, 4 3, 4 7, 4 8) 4.06 5 (4 1, 4 2, 4 5, 4 6, 4 7) 123
3 (4 3, 4 4, 4 8) 6 59 () 6 14 6 14 3. 6 60 t p 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 () 3.39 3.35 3.37 3.49 3.61 3.53 3.55 3.51 4.13 4.08 3.90 4.06 4.16 4.111 4.08 4.044 23.7255 22.8100 16.7099 18.9566 19.3266 22.0788 19.5588 19.8255 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** > > > > > > > > ***p<0.001 6 60 () 1. 124
4.13 4.46 4.45) 3.69 3.41 3.55 3.51 3.15 4.08 4.28 4.19) 3.90 6 61 6 61 5 1 4.15 3.42 4.11 5 2 4.45 3.43 3.90 5 3 4.46 3.55 4.28 5 4 4.40 3.51 4.11 5 5 4.20 3.42 4.07 5 6 () 4.33 3.50 4.07 5 7 () 4.14 3.35 4.05 5 8 4.12 3.45 4.13 5 9 () 4.33 3.44 4.05 5 10 3.92 3.36 3.99 5 11 () 4.18 3.40 4.12 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 3.88 3.36 4.07 5 13 4.00 3.41 4.14 5 14 4.08 3.47 4.12 5 15 3.93 3.38 4.04 5 16 3.89 3.43 4.06 5 17 () 3.92 3.40 4.05 5 18 4.37 3.33 4.19 5 19 3.69 3.15 3.94 4.13 3.41 4.08 2. 4.13 10 9 4.08 8 11 6 62 125
6 62 5 1 4.15 4.11 5 2 4.45 3.90 5 3 4.46 4.28 5 4 4.40 4.11 5 5 4.20 4.07 5 6 () 4.33 4.07 5 7 () 4.14 4.05 5 8 4.12 4.13 5 9 () 4.33 4.05 5 10 3.92 3.99 5 11 () 4.18 4.12 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 3.88 4.07 5 13 4.00 4.14 5 14 4.08 4.12 5 15 3.93 4.04 5 16 3.89 4.06 5 17 () 3.92 4.05 5 18 4.37 4.19 5 19 3.69 3.94 4.13 4.08 IPA ( )() ( Bookstart ) () ()( )() 6 15 126
6 15 3. 6 63 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 () 5 7 () 5 8 5 9 () ) 5 10 5 111 () 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 5 13 5 14 5 155 5 16 5 17 () 5 18 5 19 6 63 3.42 3.43 3.55 3.51 3.42 3.50 3.35 3.45 3.44 3.36 3.40 3.35 3.42 3.47 3.38 3.43 3.39 3.34 3.17 ***p<0.001 t p 4.10 24.816 0.000*** > 3.90 14.573 0.000*** > 4.28 26.754 0.000*** > 4.11 23.535 0.000*** > 4.07 22.874 0.000*** > 4.06 22.252 0.000*** > 4.04 22.349 0.000*** > 4.13 24.922 0.000*** > 4.05 17.752 0.000*** > 3.99 19.328 0.000*** > 4.11 24.382 0.000*** > 4.06 18.943 0.000*** > 4.14 22.439 0.000*** > 4.12 21.381 0.000*** > 4.04 20.055 0.000*** > 4.05 19.943 0.000*** > 4.05 20.076 0.000*** > 4.19 27.719 0.000*** > 3.93 16.718 0.000*** > 127
() 1. 4.16 4.32 4.29 3.92 3.64 3.72 3.67 3.57 4.18 4.23 4.22 4.11 6 64 6 64 1 1 4.32 3.66 4.22 1 2 4.23 3.67 4.23 1 3 4.29 3.72 4.23 1 4 4.05 3.57 4.11 1 5 3.92 3.59 4.11 4.16 3.64 4.18 2. 6 65 IPA 1 1 4.32 4.22 1 2 4.23 4.23 1 3 4.29 4.23 1 4 4.05 4.11 1 5 3.92 4.11 4.16 4.18 4.16 128
3 (1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 4.18 3 ( 1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 6 65 6 16 6 16 3. 6 66 6 66 t p 1 1 3.66 4.22 22.246 0.000** ** > 1 2 3.67 4.23 22.247 0.000** ** > 1 3 3.72 4.23 20.695 0.000** ** > 1 4 3.57 4.11 20.333 0.000** ** > 1 5 3.59 4.11 19.134 0.000** ** > ***p<0.001 129
() 1. 4.12( ) 4.31 4.13 3.92 3.64 3.69( ) 3.67 3.57 4.23( ) 4.28 4.22 4.18 6 67 6 67 2 1 () 4.31 3.67 4.28 2 2 4.13 3.69 4.22 2 3 3.92 3.57 4.18 4.12 3.64 4.23 2. 4.12 2 (2 1, 2 2) 1 (2 3) 4.23 1 (2 1) 2 (2 2, 2 3) 6 68 6 68 IPA 2 1 () 4.31 4.28 2 2 4.13 4.22 2 3 3.92 4.18 4.12 4.23 () 6 17 130
6 17 3. 6 69 6 69 t p 2 1 ( ) 3.67 4.28 23.585 0.000*** > 2 2 3.69 4.22 19.938 0.000*** > 2 3 3.57 4.18 20.742 0.000*** > ***p<0.001 () 1. 3.86 4.22 4.00 () 3.71 3.54 3.63 3.62) 3.42 4.12 4.21 4.19 () 4.03 131
6 70 6 70 3 1 4.22 3.62 4.21 3 2 4.00 3.63 4.19 3 3 3.72 3.42 4.04 3 4 3.82 3.45 4.07 3 5 () 3.71 3.52 4.03 3 6 3.68 3.59 4.15 3.86 3.54 4.12 2. 3.86 2 (3 1, 3 2) 4 (3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6) 4.12 3 (3 1, 3 2, 3 6) 3 (3 3, 3 4, 3 5) 6 71 6 71 IPA 3 1 4.22 4.21 3 2 4.00 4.19 3 3 3.72 4.04 3 4 3.82 4.07 3 5 () 3.71 4.03 3 6 3.68 4.15 3.86 4.12 () 6 18 132
6 18 3. 6 72 6 72 t p 3 1 3.62 4.21 24.999 0.000** * > 3 2 3.63 4.19 22.181 0.000** * > 3 3 3.42 4.04 20.278 0.000** * > 3 4 3.45 4.07 20.727 0.000** * > 3 5 () 3.52 4.02 9.856 0.000** * > 3 6 3.59 4.15 20.608 0.000** * > ***p<0.001 () 1. 4.12 4.44 4.31 3.72 3.54 3.66 3. 64) 133
3.36 4.22 4.39 4.31) 3.99 6 73 6 73 4 1 4.22 3.48 4.31 4 2 3.93 3.37 4.14 4 3 3.72 3.36 3.99 4 4 4.31 3.60 4.25 4 5 4.44 3.66 4.39 4 6 4.19 3.62 4.25 4 7 4.13 3.64 4.25 4 8 () 4.04 3.58 4.21 4.12 3.54 4.22 2. 6 74 IPA 4 1 4.22 4.31 4 2 3.93 4.14 4 3 3.72 3.99 4 4 4.31 4.25 4 5 4.44 4.39 4 6 4.19 4.25 4 7 4.13 4.25 4 8 () 4.04 4.21 4.12 4.22 4.11 5 (4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 7) 3 (4 2, 4 3, 4 8) 4.20 5 (4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 7) 3 (4 2, 4 3, 4 8) 6 74 134
() 6 19 6 19 3. 6 75 t p 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 () 3.48 3.38 3.36 3.60 3.66 3.62 3.63 3.58 4.32 4.144 3.999 4.25 4.39 4.26 4.25 4.222 29.9477 26.1500 19.9700 13.7811 26.6099 24.3944 22.7144 24.0333 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** 0.000** ** > > > > > > > > ***p<0.001 6 75 () 1. 4.12 4.51 135
() 4.38 3.65 6 76 5 1 4.08 3.47 4.19 5 2 4.51 3.52 4.18 5 3 4.51 3.61 4.39 5 4 4.34 3.55 4.23 5 5 4.23 3.45 4.13 5 6 () 4.38 3.56 4.19 5 7 () 4.08 3.41 4.15 5 8 4.10 3.53 4.21 5 9 () 4.31 3.52 4.33 5 10 3.86 3.43 4.08 5 11 () 4.17 3.52 4.23 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 3.86 3.38 4.24 5 13 4.01 3.56 4.31 5 14 4.05 3.57 4.23 5 15 3.92 3.51 4.21 5 16 3.88 3.52 4.29 5 17 () 3.97 3.47 4.19 5 18 4.37 3.37 4.20 5 19 3.65 3.19 3.99 4.12 3.48 4.21 3.48 3.61 3.57 3.19 4.21 4.39() 4.33) 3.99 6 76 2. 4.12 8 11 4.21 10 9 6 77 136
6 77 5 1 4.08 4.19 5 2 4.51 4.18 5 3 4.51 4.39 5 4 4.34 4.23 5 5 4.23 4.13 5 6 () 4.38 4.19 5 7 () 4.08 4.15 5 8 4.10 4.21 5 9 () 4.31 4.33 5 10 3.86 4.08 5 11 () 4.17 4.23 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 3.86 4.24 5 13 4.01 4.31 5 14 4.05 4.23 5 15 3.92 4.21 5 16 3.88 4.29 5 17 () 3.97 4.19 5 18 4.37 4.20 5 19 3.65 3.99 4.12 4.21 IPA () () () () ( Bookstart ) () 6 20 137
6 20 3. 6 78 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 () 5 7 () 5 8 5 9 () ) 5 10 5 111 () 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 5 13 5 14 5 155 5 16 5 17 () 5 18 5 19 6 78 3.46 3.52 3.61 3.55 3.45 3.57 3.42 3.53 3.52 3.43 3.51 3.38 3.56 3.57 3.51 3.52 3.47 3.36 3.19 ***p<0.001 t p 4.19 28.251 0.000*** > 4.19 23.696 0.000*** > 4.39 29.119 0.000*** > 4.23 26.017 0.000*** > 4.13 22.908 0.000*** > 4.19 25.264 0.000*** > 4.15 23.364 0.000*** > 4.21 25.169 0.000*** > 4.33 12.907 0.000*** > 4.08 20.100 0.000*** > 4.23 25.687 0.000*** > 4.24 15.533 0.000*** > 4.31 23.891 0.000*** > 4.24 23.252 0.000*** > 4.21 21.865 0.000*** > 4.29 10.333 0.000*** > 4.20 21.576 0.000*** > 4.20 27.309 0.000*** > 3.98 16.439 0.000*** > 138
() 1. 4.25 4.37 4.34 4.09 3.58 3.65 3.61 3.53 4.30 4.34 4.33 4.25 6 79 6 79 1 1 4.34 3.57 4.33 1 2 4.28 3.61 4.32 1 3 4.37 3.65 4.34 1 4 4.18 3.53 4.25 1 5 4.09 3.56 4.27 4.25 3.58 4.30 2. 6 80 IPA 1 1 4.34 4.33 1 2 4.28 4.32 1 3 4.37 4.34 1 4 4.18 4.25 1 5 4.09 4.27 4.25 4.30 4.25 3 (1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 4.30 139
3 ( 1 1, 1 2, 1 3) 2 (1 4, 1 5) 6 80 6 21 6 21 3. 6 81 6 81 t p 1 1 3.58 4.33 30.667 0.000** ** > 1 2 3.61 4.32 29.635 0.000** ** > 1 3 3.66 4.34 28.474 0.000** ** > 1 4 3.53 4.25 29.861 0.000** ** > 1 5 3.56 4.27 28.835 0.000** ** > ***p<0.001 () 1. 4.16( 140
) 4.25 4.18 4.05 3.56 () 3.58 3.52 4.32( ) 4.34 4.31 4.30 6 82 6 82 2 1 () 4.25 3.58 4.34 2 2 4.18 3.58 4.31 2 3 4.05 3.52 4.30 4.16 3.56 4.32 2. 6 83 IPA 2 1 () 4.25 4.34 2 2 4.18 4.31 2 3 4.05 4.30 4.16 4.32 4.16 2 (2 1, 2 2) 1 (2 3) 4.32 1 (2 1) 2 (2 2 2 3) 6 83 () 6 22 141
6 22 3. 6 84 6 84 t p 2 1 () 3.58 4.34 32.739 0.000*** > 2 2 3.58 4.31 31.013 0.000*** > 2 3 3.52 4.30 31.501 0.000*** > ***p<0.001 () 1. 3.97 4.21 4.02 () 3.87 3.48 3.55 3.54) 3.37 4.22 4.27 4.24() 142
4.15 6 85 6 85 3 1 4.21 3.52 4.27 3 2 4.02 3.54 4.24 3 3 3.89 3.37 4.17 3 4 3.95 3.42 4.19 3 5 () 3.87 3.45 4.15 3 6 3.88 3.55 4.27 3.97 3.48 4.22 2. 6 86 IPA 3 1 4.21 4.27 3 2 4.02 4.24 3 3 3.89 4.17 3 4 3.95 4.19 3 5 () 3.87 4.15 3 6 3.88 4.27 3.97 4.22 3.97 2 (3 1, 3 2) 4 (3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6) 4.22 3 (3 1, 3 2, 3 6) 3 (3 3, 3 4, 3 5) 6 86 () 6 23 143
6 23 3. 6 87 t p 3 1 3.52 4.26 32.973 0.000** * > 3 2 3.544 4.24 29.843 0.000** * > 3 3 3.388 4.17 30.039 0.000** * > 3 4 3.42 4.18 28.767 0.000** * > 3 5 () 3.466 4.15 26.657 0.000** * > 3 6 3.55 4.26 28.492 0.000** * > ***p<0.001 6 87 () 1. 4.18 4.41 4.29 3.90 3.52 3.62() 3.56) 144
3.37 4.31 4.42 4.35) 4.19 6 88 6 88 4 1 4.23 3.48 4.33 4 2 4.10 3.42 4.23 4 3 3.90 3.37 4.19 4 4 4.29 3.53 4.33 4 5 4.41 3.62 4.42 4 6 4.23 3.56 4.31 4 7 4.16 3.62 4.35 4 8 () 4.12 3.56 4.31 4.18 3.52 4.31 2. 6 89 IPA 4 1 4.23 4.33 4 2 4.10 4.23 4 3 3.90 4.19 4 4 4.29 4.33 4 5 4.41 4.42 4 6 4.23 4.31 4 7 4.16 4.35 4 8 () 4.12 4.31 4.18 4.31 4.18 4 (4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6) 4 (4 2, 4 3, 4 7, 4 8) 4.31 6 (4 1, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 7, 145
4 8) ) 2 (4 2, 4 3) 6 89 6 24 () 6 24 3. 6 90 6 90 t p 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 () 3.48 3.42 3.38 3.53 3.62 3.55 3.62 3.57 4.33 4.23 4.19 4.33 4.42 4.30 4.34 4.31 33.986 29.794 28.325 32.273 32.993 31.210 30.090 30.937 0.000* *** 0.000* *** 0.000* *** 0.000* *** 0.000* *** 0.000* *** 0.000* *** 0.000* *** > > > > > > > > ***p<0.001 () 146
1. 4.20 4.46 4.44) 3.87 3.46 3.58 3.55) 3.29 4.29 4.42 4.40) 4.15 6 91 6 91 5 1 4.19 3.46 4.31 5 2 4.44 3.51 4.28 5 3 4.46 3.58 4.42 5 4 4.36 3.55 4.32 5 5 4.29 3.46 4.28 5 6 () 4.35 3.54 4.29 5 7 () 4.20 3.38 4.23 5 8 4.13 3.50 4.28 5 9 () 4.31 3.50 4.35 5 10 4.01 3.39 4.19 5 11 () 4.27 3.43 4.32 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 4.08 3.43 4.31 5 13 4.17 3.48 4.34 5 14 4.17 3.47 4.30 5 15 4.06 3.45 4.26 5 16 4.02 3.44 4.27 5 17 () 4.06 3.47 4.27 5 18 4.37 3.46 4.40 5 19 3.87 3.29 4.15 4.20 3.46 4.29 2. 4.20 9 10 4.29 10 9 6 92 147
6 92 5 1 4.19 4.31 5 2 4.44 4.28 5 3 4.46 4.42 5 4 4.36 4.32 5 5 4.29 4.28 5 6 () 4.35 4.29 5 7 () 4.20 4.23 5 8 4.13 4.28 5 9 () 4.31 4.35 5 10 4.01 4.19 5 11 () 4.27 4.32 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 4.08 4.31 5 13 4.17 4.34 5 14 4.17 4.30 5 15 4.06 4.26 5 16 4.02 4.27 5 17 () 4.06 4.27 5 18 4.37 4.40 5 19 3.87 4.15 4.20 4.29 IPA () ()() () ( Bookstart ) () 6 25 148
6 25 3. 6 93 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 () 5 7 () 5 8 5 9 () ) 5 10 5 111 () 5 12 ( Bookstart ) 5 13 5 14 5 155 5 16 5 17 () 5 18 5 19 6 93 3.47 3.51 3.57 3.55 3.46 3.54 3.38 3.50 3.50 3.39 3.42 3.43 3.48 3.48 3.45 3.45 3.47 3.46 3.31 ***p<0.001 t p 4.31 34.886 0.000*** > 4.28 30.771 0.000*** > 4.42 34.077 0.000*** > 4.32 32.245 0.000*** > 4.27 30.092 0.000*** > 4.29 29.709 0.000*** > 4.23 29.672 0.000*** > 4.28 29.571 0.000*** > 4.35 31.460 0.000*** > 4.19 27.738 0.000*** > 4.31 32.878 0.000*** > 4.30 28.680 0.000*** > 4.35 31.038 0.000*** > 4.30 30.161 0.000*** > 4.26 27.914 0.000*** > 4.26 28.977 0.000*** > 4.26 27.368 0.000*** > 4.40 34.445 0.000*** > 4.15 22.067 0.000*** > 149