I 1 1 3 4 4 5 7 11 16 18 21 21 21 27 29 30 31 42 42 57
63 () () 63 73 74 76 78 84 94 99 II
2-1 15 3-1 21 III
IV 2-1 13 2-2 2-3 15 17 3-1 23 3-2 31 3-3 32 3-4 33 3-5 34 3-6 36 3-7 38 3-8 38 3-9 39 3-10 40 4-1 43 4-2 44 4-3 46 4-4 47 4-5 48 4-6 49 4-7 50 4-8 50 4-9 51 4-10 54 4-11 58 4-12 60 4-13 Scheffe 62 5-1 63
Transformational Leadership 1998c Paternalistic Leadership 1
1981 2000 2
3
Leadership Robbins, 1994Yukl1994 (1) Hemphill & Coons, 1957 (2) Janda,1960 (3) Tannenbaum, Weshler & Massarik,1961 (4) Jacobs,1970 (5) Stogdill,1974 (6) Katz & Kahn,1978 (7) Rauch & Behling, 1984 4
77 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Trait Theories Of Leadership 1910 5
Behavioral Theories Of Leadership Ohio State group University of Michgan group 1940 Initiating Structure Consideration Employee-oriented Production-oriented Blake & Mouton1964 Managerial grid Situational Theories Of Leadership Fiedler1967 House (1974) Redding(1976) 6
Graen(1986) Leadermember exchange theory LMX in group outgroup LMX LMX Charismatic leadership Theory Transactive leadership Transformative leadership Transformation Cameror & Ulrich,1986 new seeing wittness Ferguson,1987 84 7
Yukl (1989) Transactive Leadership Bass & Avolio(1993) Burn1978 Transformational leader Transactional leader Bryman(1992) Bass & Avolio1990 8
Burn1978 Bass Bass1990 Bass(1985) vision (mission) (1) (2) 9
(3) (1) (2) (3) Cameron & Ulrich1986 Transactive leadership 1995 1996 10
Bass & Avolio(1993) 81 11
Silin1976 1960 Silin Redding1990 Westwood1992 headship Silin Redding Farh and Cheng1998 authoritarianism benevolence moral 2-1 12
Silin 1976Redding1990Westwood1997 1995 2000 1987 1984 1984 1995 1991 emic approach (1998a) 13
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) 2-2 2-1 14
1999 2-1 (2000) 15
81 87 Leadership Effectiveness Evan1993 89 Stonich1984 89 2-3 86 16
2-3 Fiedler(1967) Hersey & Blanchard(1969) Reddin(1970) House(1971) 1. 2. 3. Vroom & Yetton(173) Graen(1975) Kerr & Jermier(1978) Hoy & Miskel(1982) Quinn(1988) Yukl(1989) (78) (84) 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. (86) 3. 4. (87) (88) 2000 1. 2. 1. 2. 17
89 2000 90 86 45 38 51.75% 19 14.61% 5 14.33% 5 18
23.74 30.7 Stogdill19481974 Bass1990 45%65% 19
1981 102 30 20
3-1 21
67 11 68 06 73 79 09 82 06 84 06 85 01 88 07 89 08 22
3-1 3-1 (1) (2) 23
24 (3) 1 1 (1) A4,33-34 A8,15-16 A8,20-22 B,06-07 F,12-14 (2) A1,07-09 A6,05-07 A6,08-09 B,02-04 B,04-05 C,01-02 J,06 (3)
A4,08-09 F,07-11 F,17-19 G,01-03 (4) Leader A2,19-20 A/B B,08-09 F,07 (5) A6,27-30 C,04-06 F,01-03 (6) 25
26 A4,35-37 A9,06-07 B,15-17 D,12-14 E,04-05 H,01-04 (7) A3,31-33 A5,11-14 A6,25-27 A7,02-06 (8) A2,09-11 A2,14-17 A5,14-17 F,22-23 G,10-12
(9) A2,31-33 A7,15-16 B,22-24 J,11 (10) A6,13-14 A6,31-33 A9,10-11 E,01-02 27
28
1995c 29
1994 700 556 511 73% 3-2 30
3-2 424 83.0 87 17.0 134 26.2 100 19.6 277 54.2 ( ) 204 39.9 123 24.1 88 17.2 96 18.8 103 20.2 99 19.4 309 60.5 147 28.8 364 71.2 5 37 7.2 6 10 180 35.2 11 15 207 40.5 16 20 79 15.5 20 8 1.6 511 100 31
(2000) Likert 6 1 37 1 33 3-3 34353637 3-3 11 111 9 1220 121314 13 2133 3-4 Cronbach s 0.940.900.93 Cronbach s 0.63 0.92 0.63 0.80 Cronbach s 0.940.880.93 Cronbach s 0.55 0.93 0.55 32
3-4 N511..94.91.94.91.88.90 B. C..90.86.63.92.93.79.83.84.85.83.88.88.55.92.93.78.81.85.88.80 (1) Principal components factor analysis 66.66% 3-5 33
34 N511 1 2 3 4 5 A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. B. 12. R 13. R 14. R 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20..81.82.76.83.74.81.82.72.71.53.68.18.12.23.27.17.38.43.51.52 -.10 -.12 -.12 -.12 -.14 -.11 -.12 -.14 -.15 -.15 -.16 -.25 -.19 -.22 -.17 -.13 -.14 -.13 -.19 -.17.20.13.11.16.23.19.25.30.24.32.36.16.31.24.59.75.76.72.67.64 -.18 -.12 -.18 -.11 -.18 -.14 -.10 -.18 -.25 -.42 -.15 -.12 -.12 -.16 -.12 -.11 -.11 -.13 -.12 -.12.18.16.14.11 -.13.16.13 -.14 -.14 -.13 -.13.80.80.77.16.13.26.19.14.19
35 N511 1 2 3 4 5 C. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. -.20 -.20 -.21 -.22 -.21 -.22 -.21 -.12 -.17 -.13 -.12.10 -.11.67.64.82.78.80.61.63.47.56.44.50.29.34 -.14 -.15 -.14 -.10 -.15 -.14 -.14 -.14 -.13 -.14 -.13 -.12 -.13.18.32.13.22.17.19.22.59.55.71.67.75.72 -.15 -.20 -.13 -.12 -.11 -.20 -.21 -.11 -.18 -.15 -.11 -.13 -.14 7.47 22.63 22.63 5.02 15.23 37.86 3.70 11.23 49.09 3.39 10.27 59.36 2.41 7.31 66.66 1 2 3 4 5
36 (2) 66.33% 3-6 1 2 3 4 5 A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. B. 12. R 13. R 14. R 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20..81.84.70.82.79.82.83.77.70.57.70.20.25.17.14.29.37.36.45.39 -.11 -.11 -.16 -.14 -.11 -.13 -.14 -.17 -.12 -.15 -.12 -.21 -.23 -.17 -.20 -.20 -.17 -.16 -.22 -.19.16.20.25.15.14.16.22.28.31.38.29.15.23.19.68.63.73.70.67.67.15.11.18.14.16.15.12.14.15.19.15.83.84.83.22.20.32.21.25.31 -.15 -.12 -.13 -.14 -.14 -.13 -.12 -.15 -.11 -.20 -.12 -.13 -.14 -.13.16 -.14.27.22.20.27
37 3-6 1 2 3 4 5 C. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. -.15 -.20 -.11 -.12 -.11 -.11 -.12 -.18 -.22 -.11 -.14.17 -.13.64.57.78.80.78.76.73.63.62.55.54.32.39.19.18 -.10 -.13 -.14 -.14 -.17.20.20.24.20.16.17 -.11 -.33 -.14 -.13 -.14 -.16 -.13 -.12 -.21 -.12 -.17 -.11 -.13.22.24.16.11.23.17.20.46.54.60.63.74.64 7.33 22.20 22.20 5.68 17.22 39.42 3.57 10.81 50.24 2.71 8.22 58.46 2.60 7.87 66.33 1 2 3 4 5
1999 Podsakoff 1990 23 Likert 6 1 3-7 6 17 4914192429 123681112131618 21222628313236 3-8 Cronbach s 0.920.96 Cronbach s 0.75 0.91 Cronbach s 0.910.96 Cronbach s 0.70 0.88 3-8 N511. B..92.90.87.96.91.86.81.75.84 38.91.88.86.96.88.83.80.70.85
39 (1) 67.10% 3-9 1 2 A. 4. 14. 24. 9. 19. 29. B. 6. 16. 26. 36. 1. 11. 21. / 31. 3. 13. 28. / 8. 18. 2. 12. 22. 32..70.70.66.78.78.80.17.55.57.16.17.58.48.52.36.15.53.55.59.21.17.53.55.49.46.23.26.28.22.81.60.62.78.82.61.64.64.76.80.59.55.59.84.81.66.62 8.01 34.84 34.84 7.42 32.26 67.10 1 ( ) 2 ( )
40 (2) 64.22% 3-10 1 2 A. 4. 14. 24. 9. 19. 29. B. 6. 16. 26. 36. 1. 11. 21. / 31. 3. 13. 28. / 8. 18. 2. 12. 22. 32..35.54.60.26.37.25.64.58.69.58.77.69.61.66.78.56.67.71.64.76.69.65.65.72.61.60.78.78.81.49.50.46.51.23.45.40.36.31.54.35.20.40.31.42.51.46 8.63 37.51 37.51 6.15 26.72 64.22 ( ) ( )
0 100 10 11 Cronbach s 0.91 0.92 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cronbach s 2000 41
SPSS R 2 R 2 4-1 37.2% 34.2% 30.8% 29.1% 42
R 2 R 2 F ( ) 0.358 0.261-0.101 0.368 0.372 100.013 *** ( ) 0.414 0.145-0.107 0.308 0.308 75.335 *** ( ) 0.518 0.120 0.342 0.342 131.816 *** ( ) 0.458 0.149 0.291 0.291 104.235 *** * P0.05 ** P0.01 *** P0.001 =0.358( )+0.261( ) -0.101 =0.414( )+0.145( ) -0.107( ) =0.518( )+0.120( ) =0.458( )+0.149( ) 4-2 43
32.3% 29.2% 2.9% 0.6% 29.2% 27.2% 1.4% 0.9% 39.6% 38.1% 1.7% 35.1% 0.7% 35.6% R 2 R 2 F ( ) 0.362 0.291 0.292 209.828 *** 0.221 0.319 0.029 120.187 *** -0.085 0.323 0.006 82.207 *** 0.416 0.271 0.272 190.486 *** 0.129 0.284 0.014 102.021 *** -0.104 0.292 0.009 71.063 *** 0.369 0.379 0.381 312.838 *** 0.280 0.396 0.017 167.957 *** 0.440 0.350 0.351 275.732 *** 0.173 0.356 0.007 141.740 *** * P0.05 ** P0.01 *** P0.001 44
=0.362( )+0.221( -0.085 =0.416( )+0.129( ) -0.104( ) =0.369( )+0.280( ) =0.440( )+0.173( ) 4-3 23.7% 20% 0.4% 18.9% 17.8% 0.14% 30.5% 29.7% 45
R 2 R 2 F ( ) 0.264 0.198 0.200 126.973 *** 0.275 0.237 0.040 80.202 *** ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.345 0.176 0.178 110.196 *** 0.141 0.189 0.014 60.296 *** ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.553 0.304 0.305 223.851 *** ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.545 0.296 0.297 215.368 *** ----- ----- ----- ----- * P0.05 ** P0.01 *** P0.001 =0.264( )+0.275( ) =0.345( )+0.141( ) =0.553( ) =0.545( ) 4-4 37.9% 33.6% 3.4% 1.3% 30.9% 28.1% 46
1.8% 1.4% 43.8% 41.8% 2.3% 34.6% 33.6% 1.3% R 2 R 2 F ( ) 0.376 0.335 0.336 257.618 *** 0.234 0.367 0.034 148.898 *** -0.127 0.379 0.013 104.899 *** 0.409 0.280 0.281 199.336 *** 0.143 0.296 0.018 108.409 *** -0.125 0.309 0.014 76.943 *** 0.320 0.417 0.418 365.424 *** 0.364 0.438 0.023 199.995 *** 0.369 0.334 0.336 257.234 *** 0.239 0.346 0.013 135.969 *** * P0.05 ** P0.01 *** P0.001 =0.376( )+0.234( ) -0.127 =0.409( )+0.143( ) -0.125( ) =0.320( )+0.364( ) =0.369( )+0.239( ) 47
( ) 4-5 R 2 R 2 F 0.408 0.269 0.270 188.381 *** 0.220 0.303 0.036 111.886 *** ----- ----- ----- ------ 0.335 0.184 0.185 115.756 *** 0.187 0.208 0.026 67.947 *** ----- ----- ----- ------ 0.475 0.327 0.329 249.192 *** 0.192 0.353 0.027 140.400 *** ----- ----- ----- ------ * P0.05 ** P0.01 *** P0.001 48
27.0% 18.5% 32.9% 4-6 R 2 R 2 F 0.127 0.074 0.076 41.788 *** 0.142 0.089 0.016 25.833 *** 0.117 0.095 0.008 18.812 *** 0.198 0.065 0.067 36.310 *** 0.117 0.073 0.010 21.109 *** ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.263 0.068 0.069 37.949 *** ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- * P0.05 ** P0.01 *** P0.001 7.6% 6.7% 6.9% 49
30.7% 8.1% 4-7 R 2 R 2 F 0.444 0.219 0.305 0.079 0.307 0.081 225.271 45.001 *** *** 0.216 0.129 0.339 0.090 0.034 0.012 131.538 26.226 *** *** ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- * P0.05 ** P0.01 *** P0.001 Blocked Regression M1 M2 M3 M2 4-8 + + + 4-9 50
1. 2.-.089 -.084 -.089 -.083 -.076 -.081 -.050 -.055 -.060 -.107 -.098 -.103 * * * * * ** 3..003 -.042 -.043.010 -.032 -.033.011 -.028 -.029 -.010 -.053 -.055 4.-.038 -.023.006 -.032 -.020.008 -.028 -.009.018 -.045 -.032 -.005 5.-.025 -.020 -.028 -.040 -.034 -.041 -.020 -.018 -.025 -.010 -.005 -.013 6.-.007.027.014.020.052.039.008.033.021 -.043 -.006 -.018.012.015.005.014 7..279.075.239.095.285.100.253.069 *** *** ** *** *** 8..345.152.349.166.232.058.365.187 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 9. -.106 -.120 -.094 -.106 -.067 -.078 -.128 -.142 ** *** * ** * *** ***.378.333.248.388 10. -.049 -.026 -.021 -.083 11..130.145.090.149 *** ** ***.096.084.076.085.012.390.486.015.348.432.005.253.329.014.402.487.003.380.475.005.337.421.004.241.316.005.392.477 1.276 40.087 47.184 1.514 33.432 38.098.547 21.198 24.511 1.484 42.123 47.530 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001 51
(1) 37.8% 48.6% (2) 33.5% 43.2% 52
(3) 24.8% 32.9% (4) 38.8% 48.7% 4-10 53
1. 2.-.051-066 -.075 -.015 -.027 -.036 -.086 -.099 -.108 -.046 -.060 -.068 * * ** 3..105.072.055.126.094.078.084.056.040.085.053.037 * * * 4.-.048 -.036 -.008 -.077-066 -.039.000.010.037 -.055 -.042 -.017 5.-.036 -.034 -.043 -.055 -.056 -.063 -.067 -.064-072 -.016.017.008 6.-.025 -.008 -.025 -.001.016 -.001 -.018 -.006.025 -.047 -.028 -.043.010.014.014.008 7..150.129.129.092.141.068.149.101 *** *** ** ** *** * 8..407.170.410.187.319.080.404.199 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 9. -.112 -.163 -.113 -.161 -.070 -.120 -.125 -.171 ** *** ** *** ** ** ***.307.293.195.310 10..075.071.051.086 * 11..141.161.078.103 *** *** ***.124.109.125.093.010.317.441.014.307.416.014.209.334.008.318.411.001.306.430.004.296.405.004.197.321.002.307.399 1.064 29.105 39.399 1.427 27.839 35.675 1.394 16.609 25.093.811 29.273 34.928 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001 54
(1) 30.7% (2) 55
(3) (4) 56
34~37 57
4-11 4-11 424 4.33 1.27 4.24 1.16 3.81 1.24 3.38 1.41 87 3.94 1.20 4.39 1.05 3.83 1.41 3.52 1.47 (134) 4.39 1.16 4.30 0.97 3.79 1.13 3.41 1.32 (100) 4.04 1.41 3.92 1.29 3.93 1.17 3.56 1.35 (277) 4.28 1.25 4.38 1.14 3.79 1.36 3.35 1.49 (204) 4.45 1.19 4.31 1.01 3.95 1.09 3.36 1.31 (123) 4.13 1.20 4.17 1.08 3.72 1.17 3.37 1.42 (88) 4.22 1.20 4.10 1.25 3.78 1.37 3.53 1.53 (96) 4.08 1.51 4.44 1.35 3.69 1.60 3.43 1.55 (103) 4.32 1.29 4.36 1.23 4.06 1.19 3.37 1.40 (99) 4.38 1.32 4.36 1.14 3.73 1.35 3.55 1.48 (309) 4.20 1.24 4.20 1.11 3.76 1.26 3.37 1.41 424 4.38 1.23 4.21 1.11 3.70 1.27 3.29 1.30 87 3.93 1.10 4.11 1.13 3.47 1.37 3.49 1.45 (134) 4.40 1.17 4.22 1.00 3.63 1.18 3.41 1.23 (100) 4.10 1.29 3.94 1.13 3.76 1.12 3.51 1.31 (277) 4.33 1.22 4.27 1.15 3.64 1.39 3.22 1.38 (204) 4.44 1.20 4.23 1.01 3.74 1.17 3.37 1.25 (123) 4.19 1.13 4.07 1.07 3.50 1.12 3.24 1.31 (88) 4.35 1.16 4.20 1.11 3.73 1.33 3.27 1.36 (96) 4.13 1.41 4.28 1.36 3.64 1.65 3.42 1.50 (103) 4.44 1.20 4.35 1.05 3.87 1.15 3.44 1.28 (99) 4.22 1.27 4.16 1.14 3.46 1.29 3.37 1.28 (309) 4.28 1.21 4.16 1.12 3.65 1.32 3.28 1.36 58
. 43.943.93 4. 3.92 3.94 4. 4.06 4. 4 59
One-Way ANOVA Scheffe: Scheffe 4-12 4-12 6.783 9.896 1.252 0.553 0.009 2.291 0.652 1.624 ** ** 2.253 1.848 6.045 3.413 0.501 0.363 0.828 2.050 ** * 2.591 1.914 1.740 0.823 1.282 0.955 0.342 0.449 0.896 0.868 1.165 1.237 2.395 2.576 0.598 0.618 * P0.05 ** P0.01 60
. P0.01. P 0.01 P0.05.. P0.01 P0.01 P0.05 Scheffe 4-13 61
4-13 Scheffe P 0.041 * 0.153 0.811 0.910 0.811 0.910 0.003 ** 0.036 * * P0.05 ** P0.01. P0.05 P0.01. P0.05 62
5-1 5-1 1. 2. 3. 4. 63
5-1 5. 6. 1. 2-1 2. 2-2 P<0.01 2-3 2-4 64
5-1 2. 3-1 3-2 3. 3-3 P<0.05 3-4 P<0.01 65 1. 4. P<0.05 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4
5-1 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 S ilin (1976)Pye (1981) 66
1998c 1. 1987 1991 C Character 1991 Pye19811985 67
2. Simon1976 Yang 1981 3. 1995 4. Bass1996 Burns1978 Bass1985 68
81 8500 2000 2000 69
1995a 1995b 70
1995c 71
1994 Silin1976 72
Pye1981 3:2 1:3 4:1:1 1/5 73
74
75
1879 John Schofield 76
77
78 (86) 1(1) 1-4 (81) (83) (1987) (1991) ( ) (2001) (1984) ( ) (85) (87)
79 (84) 2 (1981) (1992) ( ) (1995) (1987) (1991) ( ) (1992) (1994) (1995a) (1995b) (1995c)
(1998a) ( ) (1998b) (1981) (1998c) (2000) (89) 80
Bass, B. M.(1985). Leadership and performance beyund expectations. New York: Free Press. Bass, B. M.(1990). Bass and stogdills handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial application. New York: Free Press. Bass, B.M.(1995). Comment: Transformational leadership. Journal of Management Inquiry, Vol.4 Issue 3, 293-298. Bass, B.M.(1996). A new paradigm of leadership: An inquiry into transformational leadership. Alexandria, VA:U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioural and Social Sciences. Bass, B.M. & Avolio, B.J.(1990). Transformational leadership develoment Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto; CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Bass, B.M.& Avolio,B.J.(1993). Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. In M.M.Chemers, R.Ayman. (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions, San Diego, C.A: Academic Press. Bryman, A.(1988). Quantity and quality in social research. London:Unwin Hyman. Bryman, A(1992). Charisma and leadership in organizations. London Sage. Burns, J.M.(1978). Leadership. N.Y. :Harper & Row. Burn, J.M.(1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. 81
Cameron, K.S. & Ulrich, D.O.(1986). Transformational leadership in colleges and universities. In Smart(Eds.)Higher education:handbook of theory and research, Vol.2, N.Y.:Agathon Press. Deyo, F.C.(1978). Local foremen in multinational enterprise: A Comparative case study of supervisory role-tensions in Western And Chinese factories of Singapore. Journal of Management Studies. Deyo, F.C.(1983). Chinese management practices and work commitment In comparative perspective. In L.A.P. Gosling and L.Y.C. Lin (Eds.), The Chinese in Southeast Asia: Identity, culture and politics. Singapore: Maruzen Asia. Evan, W.M.(1993). Organization theory:research and design. New York:Macmillan Publishing Company. Farh, J.L. & Cheng, B.S.(1999). Paternalistic Leadership in Chinese organizations: A critical analysis. In A.S.Tsui & J.T.Li (Eds.), Management and organizations in Chinese Context. Fiedler, F.E.(1967).A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York:McGraw-Hill. Graen, G.B.(1986). Role-making processes within complex organizations.(in M.D. Dunnette Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago:Rand McNally. House, R.J. and Mitchell,T.R.(1974). Path-goal theory of leadership. Contemporary Business, 3(Fall). Pye, L.W.(1981). Dynamics of Chines Politics. Cambridge, MA:OG&H. 82
Pye, L.W.(1985). Asia power and politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Redding, S.G. & Casey, T.W. 1976. Managerial beliefs among Asians. In R.L. Taylor, M.J. O Connell, R.A. Zawacki, & D.D. Warwick(Eds.), Proceedings of the Academy of Management 36th Annual Meering. Kansas:Academy of Management. Redding, S. G. (1990). The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. New York: Walter de Gruyter. Robbins, S. P. (1994). Organizational behavior. 3rd Ed., New-Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Sillin, R.F. (1976). Leadership and values. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Simon, H. A. (1976). Administrative behaviour: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization.(3 rd. ed.) New Youk: Free Press. Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York: Free Press. Stonich, Paul J. (1984). The Performance measureinent at reward systems: Critical to strategic management. Organizational Dynamic, 12(winter). Westwood, R.I. & Chan, A. (1992). Headship and leadership. In R.I. Westwood (Ed.), Organizational behavior: A Southeast Asian Perspective, Hong Kong: Longman Group. Yukl, G. A.(1998). Leadership in organizations(4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall. 83
84 Power A1-01 A1-02 A1-03 A1-04 A1-05 A1-06 A1-07 A1-08 A1-09 A2-01 A2-02 A2-03 A2-04 A2-05 A2-06 A2-07 A2-08 A2-09 A2-10 A2-11 A2-12 A2-13 A2-14 A2-15
85 Leader A2-16 A2-17 A2-18 A2-19 A2-20 A2-21 A2-22 A2-23 A2-24 A2-25 A2-26 A2-27 A2-28 A2-29 A2-30 A2-31 A2-32 A2-33 A2-34 A2-35 A2-36 A2-37 A2-38 A2-39 A2-40 A2-41 A2-42 A2-43 A2-44
86 A2-45 A2-46 A3-01 A3-02 A3-03 A3-04 A3-05 A3-06 A3-07 A3-08 A3-09 A3-10 A3-11 A3-12 A3-13 A3-14 A3-15 A3-16 A3-17 A3-18 A3-19 A3-20 A3-21 A3-22 A3-23 A3-24 A3-25 A3-26 A3-27
87 Discovery A3-28 A3-29 A3-30 A3-31 A3-32 A3-33 A3-34 A3-35 A3-36 A3-37 A4-01 A4-02 A4-03 A4-04 A4-05 A4-06 A4-07 A4-08 A4-09 A4-10 A4-11 A4-12 A4-13 A4-14 A4-15 A4-16 A4-17
88 mission impossible A4-18 A4-19 A4-20 A4-21 A4-22 A4-23 A4-24 A4-25 A4-26 A4-27 A4-28 A4-29 A4-30 A4-31 A4-32 A4-33 A4-34 A4-35 A4-36 A4-37 A4-38 A4-39 A4-40 A4-41 A4-42 A4-43 A4-44 A4-45 A4-46
89 A5-01 A5-02 A5-03 A5-04 A5-05 A5-06 A5-07 A5-08 A5-09 A5-10 A5-11 A5-12 A5-13 A5-14 A5-15 A5-16 A5-17 A6-01 A6-02 A6-03 A6-04 A6-05 A6-06
A6-07 A6-08 A6-09 A6-10 A6-11 A6-12 A6-13 A6-14 A6-15 A6-16 A6-17 A6-18 A6-19 A6-20 A6-21 A6-22 A6-23 A6-24 A6-25 A6-26 A6-27 A6-28 A6-29 A6-30 A6-31 A6-32 A6-33 A6-34 90
91 A7-01 A7-02 A7-03 A7-04 A7-05 A7-06 A7-07 A7-08 A7-09 A7-10 A7-11 A7-12 A7-13 A7-14 A7-15 A7-16 A7-17 A7-18 A7-19 A7-20 A8-01 A8-02 A8-03 A8-04 A8-05
92 TOP GUN SOGO A8-06 A8-07 A8-08 A8-09 A8-10 A8-11 A8-12 A8-13 A8-14 A8-15 A8-16 A8-17 A8-18 A8-19 A8-20 A8-21 A8-22 A9-01 A9-02 A9-03 A9-04 A9-05 A9-06 A9-07 A9-08 A9-09 A9-10 A9-11
EQ IQ A9-14 A9-15 A9-16 A9-12 A9-13 A10-01 A10-02 A10-03 A10-04 A10-05 A10-06 A10-07 A10-08 A10-09 A10-10 A10-11 A10-12 A10-13 A10-14 A10-15 A10-16 93
94 B A/B F-16 B-01 B-02 B-03 B-04 B-05 B-06 B-07 B-08 B-09 B-10 B-11 B-12 B-13 B-14 B-15 B-16 B-17 B-18 B-19 B-20 B-21 B-22 B-23 B-24 B-25 B-26 B-27 B-28 B-29
C-01 C-02 C-03 C-04 C-05 C-06 C-07 C-08 C-09 D-01 D-02 D-03 D-04 D-05 D-06 D-07 D-08 D-09 D-10 D-11 D-12 D-13 D-14 E-01 E-02 E-03 E-04 E-05 95
F-01 F-02 F-03 F-04 F-05 F-06 F-07 F-08 F-09 F-10 F-11 F-12 F-13 F-14 F-15 F-16 F-17 F-18 F-19 F-20 F-21 F-22 F-23 G-01 G-02 G-03 G-04 G-05 G-06 G-07 G-08 96
G-09 G-10 G-11 G-12 H-01 H-02 H-03 H-04 H-05 H-06 H-07 H-08 H-09 I-01 I-02 I-03 J-01 J-02 J-03 J-04 J-05 J-06 J-07 J-08 J-09 J-10 J-11 J-12 J-13 J-14 97
J-15 J-16 K-01 K-02 K-03 K-04 K-05 K-06 K-07 K-08 K-09 K-10 K-11 K-12 98
99 2758 80424 70
1....1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 2....1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 3....1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 4.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 5.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7....1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 8.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 9.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 12....1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 13.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 14.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 15.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 16.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 17.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 18.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 19.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 20.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 100
21.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 22.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 23.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 24.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 25.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 26.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 27..... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 28.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 29......1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 30.....1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 31.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 32.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 33.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 34.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 35.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 36.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 37.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 101
102........................................................
103................................................
0 10 20 0 30 40 0 50 60 70 80 0 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0 0 1. ( ) ( )2. ( ) ( ) ( ) 3. ( ) < > ( ) ( ) ( ) 4. ( ) ( ) ( ) < > 5. < > ( ) ( ) 6. ( )5 ( )6 10 ( )11 15 ( )16 20 ( )20 104