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C hina Nonprofit Review 1997 12 1 2 3 NPO 2001 1 22 1 12 2002 1-20 20 2009 10 26 173 1 2010 1 29 174 2011 1 24 177 138 1

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C hina Nonprofit Review NPO 20 70 20 80 1 1995 NPO NPO NPO NPO 1998 3 NPO 2 NPO NPO NPO 2010 12 NPO 38347 2011 1998 12 1 12 9 NPO NPO 140 1 2 1980 1998 NPO 2001 NPO NPO 2011 2 15 NPO

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C hina Nonprofit Review 144 NPO 20 NPO NPO 2011 2 4 2. 2010 10 8 NPO NPO 2011 98 3 2011 2 24 NPO

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C hina Nonprofit Review 2 http / / www5. cao. go. jp /npc /unei /jigyou /gaiyou. pdf2011 2 12 2010 12 1 1 2 43 47 NPO 38347 93% NPO 3272 7% 2011 NPO NPO NPO NPO 1. NPO NPO 5 1 2010 9 1 NPO NPO 87% NPO 64% NPO 34% NPO NPO 146 NPO

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C hina Nonprofit Review NPO NPO 100 1998 NPO Pekkanen NPO Pekkanen. Robert 2006 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 1 NPO 2 NPO 1995 2008 NPO NPO NPO NPO 156 1 2 NGO NPO 2011 3 NPO NGO 2011 3 28

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C hina Nonprofit Review NPO 2010 137-144 NPO NPO 158 2007 J 5 2010 J 3 2010 N 2010 11 1 2005 J 6 2007 M 2011 N 2011 5 8. M. 2002. 177 EB/OL. http / /www. kantei. go. jp/jp/kan/statement /201101/24siseihousin. html2011-01 - 24/ 2011-02 -12. 々. M. 2002.. EB /OL. http / /www5. cao. go. jp / entaku /pdf /declaration-nihongo. pdf2010-06 - 24 /2011-02 - 12.. EB /OL. http / /www5. cao. go. jp / entaku /pdf /goverment-actions-nihongo. pdf2010-06 - 04 /2011-02 - 12.. EB /OL. http / /www5. cao. go. jp /npc /unei /jigyou /gaiyou. pdf 2010-03 - 10 /2011-02 - 12..

EB /OL. https / /www. npo-homepage. go. jp / index. html2010-12 - 30 /2011-02 - 12. NPO M. 2002. M. 2000. NPO N. 2011-04 - 04. Pekkanen. R obertjapan's Dual Civil Society Members W ithout A dvocatesstanford U niversity Press2006. An Analysis of Japan's NPO Policy System Guided by New Publicism Yu Zucheng Abstract When China's N PO s were just emergingjapan's N PO s were far ahead in their development. In terms of the reasons besides Japan's implementation of an N PO Law in 1998Japan also rolled out a set of complementary policies at the federal and local levels. Accordingly this article treats Japan's N PO system as a policy system. Employing both quantitative analysis of the N PO policies of cabinet offices and local autonomous administrative entities as w ell as inductive reasoningthe article discusses the policy system's guiding principles and contentthe impacts of the central and regional governmentsand the future direction of the system. The study finds that Japan has already generally established a guiding principle for N PO policy-a new publicism and that cabinet offices have implemented N PO programs entitled N ew Publicism Advancement M eetings and N ew Publicism Assistance W ork. Problems such as policy consistency from administration to administrationpolicy coordination between central and local governmentsand policies morphing into official projects may still persist. Yetbecause it has a strong guiding concept is laid on strong N P O 159

C hina Nonprofit Review social foundations and galvanizes citizens powers new publicism has been notable for how smoothly its implementation has proceeded. Autonomous local bodies have passed assisting regulations assisting guides assisting measures fund systems and joint work plans information netw ork centers and other measures in order to ensure a high rate of implementation of N PO policies. T hough problems w ith orchestrating central and local policy and squabbles over pow ers betw een the low er levels of government may sometimes result in joint action failures or joint action maneuvering the establishment of division of pow ers in society and formation of competition betw een localities w ill increase the degree of implementation of an N PO policy carried forward by the vehicle of joint action. Based on Japan's experienceschina should endeavor to establish a guiding concept for its N PO policies consistent with the needs of China's situation. In additiona very high priority should be placed on N PO - building w ithin the greater project of society building. At the central government levelchina should hasten to reform and improve basic laws concerning N PO s. In additionlocal levels of government should be actively encouraged to play a role in creating innovations in the area of N PO policy. Key words new publicism N PO policy systems joint action 160