VP 183
96 48% 58 29% 8 4% 29 15% 9 4% 201 100% 18 60% 4 13% 4 13% 4 13% 30 15% 11 55% 7 35% 1 5% 1 5% 21 10% 10 83% 2 17% 12 6% 14 50% 6 21% 2 8% 6 21% 28 14% 4 67% 1 11% 1 11% 6 3% 34 35% 38 40% 20 21% 4 4% 96 48% 1 100 % 1 5% 5 63% 1 12% 2 25% 8 4% 184
96 58 8 29 9 201 48% 29% 4% 15% 4% 100% 185
186
187
DeLancy1981Hopper& Thompson (1980) information flow Comrie1981: 121 A+V+P 188
189
Pron VP Pron VP NP 190
191
192
193
Comrie 194
Comrie Comrie 195
196
11 197
198
199
200
201
202
21 28 203
204
205
105 3 51 54 47% 97% 50% 3% 206
207
208
209
VP 210
VP 211
212
213
1 214
215
216
2.1 217
218
SVO SVO 219
220
221
222
223
Hopper& Traugott, 1993 224
SVO SOV Dryer, 1992 VRO VR 225
who, which DeLancy 1981Hopper &Thompson 1980 226
227
228
1 2 229
230
231
232
233
English References Books: Bache, Carl, Essentials of mastering English : a concise grammar, New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. Berk, Lynn M. English syntax: from word to discourse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Bernard Comrie, Language Universals and Linguistic Typology --Syntax and Morphology, Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited, 1981. David Crystal, A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, Oxford: Blackwell2003. Dik, Simon C, The Theory of Functional Grammar. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1997. Givón, Talmy, Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Vol. I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1984. 234
Greville G. Corbett, Number, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Hawkins, John, A. Word Order Universals. New York: Academic Press, 1983. Heine, Bernd, Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1991. Hopper, Paul J. &Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Grammaticalization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Langacker, Ronald W, Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol. 2, Descriptive Application, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987-1991. Lindsay J. Whaley, Introduction to Typology The Unity and Diversity of Language, SAGE Publications, 1997. MacBride, Alexander Ian. A Constraint-based Approach to Morphology. Doctoral dissertation, UCLA. 2004. Morley, G. David. Explorations in functional syntax: a new framework for lexicogrammatical analysis.london; Oakville, CT : Equinox Pub., 2004. Lee, Cher Leng. Zero Anaphora in Chinese. Taipei: Crane Publishing Co., 2002. Leben, William. Suprasegmental phonology. Ph.D dissertation. MIT. Published, New York: Garland. 1973. Lehmann, Winfred P (ed.), Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language, Austin: Univeristy of Texas Press, 1978. Li, Charles N. (ed.), Word Order and Word Order Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975. P.H Matthews, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics, Oxford University Press, 1997. Russell, Kevin. 1995. Morphemes and Candidates in Optimality Theory. Ms. Rutgers Optimality Archive 44-0195. Sun, Chaofen, Word-order Change and Grammaticalization in the History of Chinese. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1996. William Croft, Typology and Universals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1990. 235
Articles: Arnold, Jennifer E & Thomas Wasow Heaviness vs. Newness: the Effects of Structural Complexity and Discourse Status on Constituent Ordering. Language, 76, March 2000. pp.76-91. BAO Zhiming Nouns, verbs, and eventful language. In Polishing the Chinese mirror: Essays in honor of Henry Rosemont, Jr, edited by Marthe Chandler and Ronnie Littlejohn. New York, Global Scholarly Publications. 2007. pp. 176-187. BAO Zhiming Language and world view in ancient China. Philosophy East and West 40, June 1990. Pp.195-219. Barbara A. Fox &Sandra A. Thompson, A Discourse Explanation of the Grammar of Relative Clause in English. Language, 66. June 1990, pp. 297-316. C. J. Fillmore. The Case for Case. In Bach and Harms (Ed.): Universals in Linguistic Theory. 1968, pp59--81. DeLancey, Scott, An Interpretation of Split Ergativity and Related Patterns. Language, 57, March 1981, pp.626-657. Dryer, Matthew S., The Greenbergian Word Order Correlations. Language, 68, March 1992, pp.43-80. Greenberg, Joseph H. Some Universals of Grammar With Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements. In Greenberg (ed.), Universals of Language, second edition. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1966, pp.73-113. Hopper, Paul J. & Thompson, Sandra A. Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse. Language 56, June 1980: pp.251-99. Hyman, Larry M. Suffix ordering in Bantu: A Morphocentric Approach. In Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle (eds.), Yearbook of Morphology 2002. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2003, pp.245-281. 236
Keenan, Edward L. and Bernard Comrie. 1977. Noun Phrase Accessibility and Universal Grammar. Li 8: 63-99. Reprinted in Edward L. Keenan Universal Grammar: Fifteen Essays. London: Croom Helm, 1987, pp. 1-45. Lee, Cher Leng. The implications of mismatched personal pronouns in Chinese. Text. 19, June 1999:pp 345-370. Li. Charles N, Sandra A. Thompson, Subject and Topic: a New Typology and Language, in Charles N. Li (ed.), Subject and typology, New York: Academic Press, 1976, pp. 457-489. Luke, K.K. Recognising the end of a sentence-in-progress. In New Developments in Chinese Grammatical Research, edited by Jingmin Shao, Liejiong Xu, C.Y. Sin, and K.K. Luke, Hangzhou: Zhejiang Educational Press, 2002,pp.320-338. Luke, K.K. A discourse analysis of sentence-final sin in Cantonese. Journal of Jinan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2002, 24(2),pp.41-44. Luke, K.K. On analogical and metaphorical genitives in Modern Chinese. The 11th Annual Meeting of the International Associationof Chinese Linguistics, August 2002, Nagoya, Japan. Luke, K.K. and Zhang, Wei, the relationship between syntactic structure and selfrepair in conversation. In Problems in Linguistics, edited by Zhaoming Dai and K.K. Luke, Jilin: Jilin People's Press. 2001,pp.171-185. Vennemann, Theo, Topics, Subjects, and Word Order: from SXV to SVX via TVX, in Anderson, John M. & Jones, Charles, (ed.), Historical Linguistics. North-Holland Linguistics Series 12: Amsterdam: North Holland, 1974, pp, 339-376. Xu, Zheng. Double Marking: An OT account. Paper presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2006. Xu, Zheng, and Mark Aronoff. A Realization OT Approach to Blocking and Extended Exponence. Paper presented at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Chicago, Illinois. 2008. 237
Xu, Zheng, Mark Aronoff, and Alice C. Harris. A Realization OT Approach to Inflectional Morphology. Paper to be presented at the 18th International Congress of Linguists. Seoul, Korea. 2008. Yip, Moira. Identity Avoidance in Phonology and Morphology. In Steven G. Lapointe, Diane K. Brentari, and Patrick M. Farrell (eds.) Morphology and its relation to phonology and syntax. Stanford, California: CSLI Publications,1998, pp.216-246. Relative Clause in Chinese. In Studies in Chinese Syntax. Taipei Student Book Co.1979pp.221-224. 238