!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()1389 1464!"#$%&'()*+,-./01!"#$% &'()*+,!-.(/0123456789!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567*8+,79:;!"#$%&'()*+,-./0/123(456789:;<2=!"#$%&'()*+,-&#./012345678.9:/;<!"#$%&'!()*+,-./+0-12345+6-789:!"#$%&'()*(1919!"#$%&'()*+,-./0!"#$%&'()*+,-)./0,$123456(7.89:;-7!"#$%&'()*+,-".(/0.1234567*89:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./"0123&456789:;<!"#$%&'()* 1!"#$%&'()*+,-).(/01!"#$%&'()*+,-./012 2 1 2!"#$%&'()*+,-./01%&23456789:4;<=>?!"#$%&'()*+,-./-01234+56789:;<=>?@ 2001!98!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345!67+,89!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234"56789:;<=>?!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>)?@AB!"#$%"&'()*+,-./0123456789":;(!"#$%&'()*+,-./*0123456789:;<*=>?@A!"#$%1994!125 63217 311!"#$%$&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*33319829!53 116 Thomas A. Wilson, Sacrifice and the Imperial Cult of Confucius, History of Religions 41, no. 3 (February 2002), pp. 251 87
94!"#$%&'()*1571!"#$%&'()*+,-"./!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<&=>?.!"#$%&'()*+,'-./0123/0 4567859:(!"#$%&'"()*+",-./01"23456 7"89:;!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?!"#$%&'( )*+$,-./0'123 456789 :'!"#$%&1472 1529!"#$%&'()*+,-./012(3!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=(>?!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123'+45,6789:;<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789!:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-!./0123456789%/!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789#:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./012-34#56-789:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@!"#$%&'(!)*$+,-.!/*012"3456789:;!"#$%!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-./012*34567891464!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456/.789:.;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234561409 1469!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-./01 3!"#$%&'()*+,- 1465!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567 899:!"#$%&'()*+,-./01467!"#$%&1465!" 1464!"#!"!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234(567!"1442!"#$%&'()*+,-.)/01234"#56&!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234512678" 4!" 3 4!"#$%&'()*+,-./)*011962 1968!"#$%&' ()!"#!$% Khee Heong Koh, East of the River and Beyond: A Study of Xue Xuan (1389 1464) and the Hedong School (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 2006), pp. 199 200
!"#$ 95!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789/:;<=>8?!"#$%&'()*+,-.*/01!"*23456789:;#1249 1293!"#$%&'()"#*+,-./012345+6789':;!"#$%&"' ()*+,-./01234567829.:;<=>!"#$%&1408 1467!"#$%&'()*!+,!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:/;!<!"#$%&'()*+,#-.!/(0123#456789:;<#!"#$%&'()*+,-"./0123)456789#:;<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345678(98:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@5!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345 6789:;<=>?@!"#$ 5!"#$%&'()1152 1221!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+,+-.1188 1269! "#1197 1274!"1232 1303! "#1270 1337!"#$%&'()*1310 1381!"#1357 1402!"#$%&'()*+,-*./ 012%3!"#$%&'()#*+,-./01234561789:;<* 1399 1402!"#$%&'()!*+,-./0123456780 6!"#$%&'()*+,-./012$34567$89:+;!"#$%&'()*!+,$-.*/012'345612!7!"#$%& 7 5 6 7!"#$%&'(%)(*(+(*,-./01234506789:;<=%!"#$%&'(#%)*+,-.'/01234(56(78898+: Peter Brian Ditmanson, Contesting Authority: Intellectual Lineages and the Chinese Imperial Court from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Centuries (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1999), pp. 234 80 Koh, East of the River and Beyond, pp. 55 71!"#$%&'()1247 1312!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345678 9:;<=$>?!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123&456789:;<=&>?@!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123$ 456789:;<=>?@AB!"#$%&'()*+,-.'/0123124'56782005!37 69!61 62
96!"#$!"#$%1422 1491!"#$%&'()*+,-./012#1391 1469!"#1365 1444!"#$1372 1457!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&'()*+,-./01$234%5#6789:;<=> 8!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;8<!"#$%&'()*+',-./01-2345$6789:;!"#$%&'(#)*+,-./0123456789!"#$%&'()*+,1478!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+,-./01213456#789:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./012!34(567%89:;<=> 230!"79 166!"226 249!"#53 18!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345"678+9:.;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./012-345#6789&:;<=6!"179 104!"1249-1333!"#$%&'()*+,-./01!" 9!"#$%&'(1445 1499!"#$%&'()*+#,-#$!"#$%&'( )*+,-./0123456789$:;<=>(!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789!"#(:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123&456789:;1<=&>!"#$%&'()*+,-./01 10!"#$%&'()*"+,!"#$%&'()*+,-.!!"#$%&'()*+,-. /01$23456789:'()!"#$%&'()*+,-.1452 1525!"#$%&'()*+, 8 9 10!"#$%&'(%)*+(,*+-.!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-./01990!1628 30!"#$%&'()&*+(,-./0123 4526&7 895:!"#$%&'()*$+,-.#/01234567#89(:;<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./01!23"456789:;<=>?@ 231997!269 320!"#$%&'(%)*'+,*'-./012345678$%79:*!"#$%&#'()%(*
!"#$ 97!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;'()+<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234)'56789:,;<7!"#$%&'$()*+,-./0(%12&3456(789:0;!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456)748#&129:;!"#$%&'()*+,-./01&23456/789:;<!"#$% 11!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<3=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./0#123456&789:;<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./0(123!456%7#89:(;!"#$ 12!"#$%&''()*+,-./012345678!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234!5"6789:;<,=!"#$%&'()*+,-./01$%23456789:!;<!"#$%&'()*+,-'./012345678,-'9:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567$8+9:1;<=6!"#$%&'( 13!"#$%&'()*+, -./012%&'()3456789:!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@!"#$$%&'()*+,-./#0123#45 6789!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567#89:.;<7=>!"#$%&'()*+, -! 14!"#$%&'()*+#,!"#$%& 15!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345($6789:;3<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?;!"#$#%&'()*+,-./012345%60789:; <=!"#$%&'()*+,-./01$23456789:;<= 11 12 13 14 15!"#$%1623 25!"1624 Koh, East of the River and Beyond, pp. 221 27!"#$%1624!"1625 26
98!"#$%&!"#$%&'(NROO!"#$%&'()*+!"#1473 1548 16!"#!"#$%&'()*+",-./0123456"17849!"#$%&'()*+",$%-'./0123)4516!"#$%&'()*+,-./0&1/2345264789:5!" #$%&'()*+,-.%/0123 45 67 89!"#$%&'()*+,-./ 0123456* 17!"#$%&'()*+,-./!012%3456*7890:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:-./0;<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./0%123456789:;<=!"# 18!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456%789!"#$%&'()*+,-./%0123456789:;<=!"#$%&'( )*+,-./01234567 180!4#59!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?*!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789*+,-:;< 19!"#$%&'()*+,-./01-2345678.9:;<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./012#3456789:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456)078#9:;<=!"#"$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; <!"#$%&'()*+!,-./0123!"#$%&'($)*+,$-./012345678$9:;!"#$%&'($)*+,-./012(3456.7089: 16 17 18 19!"#$%&'()*+,-."/0123456$789:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567289:;<=>7?@A!"#!$%!"#$%&'()*+,-./012+31630 31!"1631!"1631 32
!"#$ 99!"#$%&#'()*+,-./012+345678+9:;!"#$%&'()*+,- 20!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?!"#$%&'()*+,&(-./0*1234567849:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456(789:;<=>?@!"#$%&'()*+,-./012ř$67,89:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789/:;<01=!"#$%&'()*+,-./0121314567859:-;5+!"#$%&'()*+,-./01*234!5(6789:!"#$%&' 21!"#$%&'()*+",-./0123 45"6789:;./!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789::;;$<=>!" 22!"#NRQM!"#$%!"#$%&'() 1555!"#1516!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'!()*+,-./01#23456(78907/ 1509 1574!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234 23!!"#$%&'()*%+,-./012$3401567 24!"#$%&'()*&+,-./012'3456789:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,,-./0123456!"78&'()*!"#$%&'()*+,-./012"3456789:;<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./012-3456!"#$%&'()*+,-../01$23456789:%;!"#$%&'()*#++,-./0123#++45678-20 21 22 23 24!"1632!"1632 33!"#$%&1465 1538!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123$45!"Koh, East of the River and Beyond, pp. 264 66!"#$%&'()*+,-./0%+123456708%9:;<%=>;? Koh, East of the River and Beyond, p. 223!"#$%&1661 62!"#$%&'()
100!"#$%&'()*+$%&,(-./01)2#3456)7!"#$%&'() *+#$,-.#$%/01 25!"#$%&'()*+,-./01.2-.34.561.789.:!" #$%&'()*+,-./01234567(89/:;<=>?!"#$%&'() 26!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-./$0123456789:;<=>?@!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>? 27!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234516789:!"#$%&'()*+,-./01"23()*+,45"6789(!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234*5678*9:;<*-9!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456.7/0189:;"!"#$%&'()*+,-./,012#345678#9:;1!"#$%&'(")*+,#-./012034056789!:!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234$)*56789:; 1487 1540!"#1484 1544!"1477 1544!"#1481 1561! 1479 1541!"1488 1550!"#$%&'()*+#$%&'(, 1500 1563 1502 1546!"1503 1583!"#1491 1562!1503 1541!"#1508 1557!"#1503 1559!"1532!"#$1532!"#$%1532!"#$%&1497 1551!" 1509 1567!"#1507 1560!"1490 1566!"1529!"#$ 25 26 27!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123,41633 34!"1634!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567 125 63!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-.59 63Huang Chin-shing, The Cultural Politics of Autocracy: The Temple to Confucius and Ming Despotism, 1368 1530, in On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius, ed. Thomas A. Wilson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2002), pp. 267 96; Thomas A. Wilson, Genealogy of the Way: The Construction and Uses of the Confucian Tradition in Late Imperial China (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 57 58; John K. Shryock, The Origin and Development of the State Cult of Confucius (New York: Paragon Book Reprint, 1966), pp. 187 90
!"#$ 101!"#$%&1521!"#$%&'()*!+,-.&'()*!/!"#$%&'()*+1529!"#$%&'()*+,- 28!"#$%&'()*+ 29!"#$%&''()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456-7869:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-!./0123456!)7+189:!" #$%&'()*+,-./ 0!12 34567 08#9!"#$%&'()"*+,-./0$1234"56789:/!"#$%&'()*+,-./ L 30 1a!"#$% * * * * * 1b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!"#$ 103 4!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'()*+,&-!"#$% 34 5!"#$%&'()!"#$%&*+,-./0#12345-678!"#$%&'())&*+,-./01(2345678! 35 6!"#$%&!"#$'( )*%+,-./0123456+*!"#$%&'()* 36 7!"#$%&'()*'+,-.%/01)2345678&'9!"#$%&'()*+,-./-01234516789:;<!"! 37 8!"#$%&'()*+,-#!"./01234 5678 38!"#$%&'12!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;.<=>?!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?!"#$1!"#$%&'()*#+,-./012345678!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@!"#$%&'!()*+,-.(/01234567!89:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./0"12/034516789:;<=> 3!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345(12647.8 39!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567.89: ;,<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345678!9#:;!"#< 40!"#$%#&'()*+,-./01234567189:(!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234&56789(:;<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./-01"234 41!"#$%& 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41!"#$%&'()'*+,-./012345'6789:;&'(<'*!"#$%&'(&)*+,*-.!"#$%&'()*+,-+./01"#$234)*+,5+.678!"#$%&'(&)*+!"#$%&'()'*+,-!"#$%&'(%)'* +,-./01#$%&'%)234!"#$%&'%('') *+,-./0#$%&1%('23!"#$%&'()279 81!"281!"#$%&$'()*
104!"#$%&'((%#)*+,-./0!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&'()*+,-./$01234567)89 :!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;0<=!"#$%&'()*+,-./012$3456789$:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345+6789:;<=>'!"#$%&'%&()*+,-."/0123&45678'12(!"#$%&'()*+,-./#$'01234%&56789:'!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123/(456!789:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-.!/&'0)12345/#6789:!"#$%&'()*'+,-./01!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567892:;<=>!"#$% 42!"#$%&'()*+,-./'01,-23'45,6!"#$%&'(!)*+,-.!/01234&5678)9:!"#$%&'%()*+,-./01234(56789)*-./!"#$%&'()*+,-./0+12"3&4546789:+!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:#$%&;<!"#$%&'!()!()*+",-./0123456!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123'45%6789:;<=*>!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+,-./012.3456789:;<=>!"#$%&'()*+,-,./0123456789:;<=>?@!"#$ %&'"()*+,-./ +0 43!"#!"#$%&'(!)*+,-&./0123!456-789!:;!"# 44!"#$%&'()*%+,-.1345!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*+,'-,./0-1$*23456789':!"#$%&'()*+,-./$0123456789:$;<)*!"#$%&'()*+,-)*./01234506789:;<1!"#$%&'()*+,-.&/012!34567"897:!"#$%&'()*+,-./'(&012345&6789:; 42 43 44!"#$%#&'()98!"#$%&$'()*(+,!"#$%&'()'*+,-
!"#$ 105!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456+$7,-89:; 1545!"#$%&'()*+1530!"#$%1139 1193!"!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345(6789./:;<=!"#$%&'()!*+,"-./0123"456 45!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789&'-.:;!"#$%&'()*+,-./0-1234!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123)4567"#$89:;!"#$%&'( )*+,-./01019 1086!"#$%&'()!"#$% 46!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345%67!"#$%&'( 47!"#$1498 1583!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-.%&'/012345,678.9:; 48!"#$%&'(#)*+,-#./01234567 49!"#$%&'()*+,-./"0123456(78*956:!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123&0456789-:;<!"#$%&'()*+,-./012-50!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-./0%123456789:;<=>?!"#$%&'()*+,'#- 51!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<1=>!"#$%&'()*+,-./"012*345!/67589* 52!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;&<-!"#$%&'( 53 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234567Chu Hung-lam, The Debate over Recognition of Wang Yang-ming, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 48, no. 1 (June 1988), pp. 47 70!"#$%&'()*+,$-./012#3456$#7!"#$%&'()*+,-!./01234567 89:$;<Koh, East of the River and Beyond, pp. 276 79, esp. n. 525!"#$%&$'()*+,()-./0123456789:;<3=>?!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<!"#$%&'()*(+,-./0!"#$%#&%'(!"#$%&$'()*(&+!"#$%#&%'(!"#$%&'%()*+,-./01#$%&2%(345!"#$%&$'()*+,!"#$%&'()'*+,-+./
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The Definition of Our Dynasty s True Confucian: The Process of Enshrining Xue Xuan in the Temple to Confucius and Some Aspects of Ming Intellectual History (A Summary) Koh Khee Heong Xue Xuan (1389 1464) was the first Ming Neo-Confucian to be enshrined in the Temple to Confucius during the Ming. It took his supporters more than a century to achieve that, and this paper divides the process into three different stages. Initial failures during the first stage forced supporters to compromise with a specialised local shrine for Xue. The second stage saw members from the rival Wang Yangming School sharing the goal of enshrining Xue with Xue s supporters. Wang s students joined the effort with an unspoken agenda: to pave the way for Wang s inclusion. Furthermore, the short-lived alliance and consensus between Xue s supporters and Wang s disciples in the discussion of 1540 was crucial in changing the paradigm for evaluating Confucians as worthy of enshrinement. Without this change in paradigm, Ming Confucians would have had rhetorical difficulty awarding the honour to one of their own during the dynasty. In the end, with intense competition between the Cheng- Zhu adherents (including Xue s supporters) and Wang s school, politics played an important role in the final stage. The alliance at this last stage was complex, not only were political allies involved; people also rallied behind the cause because of common philosophical inclination, regional pride, and family histories.