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3 C. Wright Mills Mills, 1958, pp. 3 4 Etzioni-Halevy, 1993, p. 29 Pareto 1935 Pareto circulation of elites 3 1 2

4 4 sub-dimensions institutional domains 3

5 5 intra-domain analysis direct-participatory democracy indirect-representative democracy Held, 1987 Wright, 1994

6 6 10% 5%

7 30% 7 18% 7% sub-degree programs 25% inter-domain status crystalization status autonomy Etzioni-Halevy, 1993 inter-generating reinforcing

8 8 power elite governing elite Mills, 1958; Domhoff, 1983 Davis, 1977; Leung, 1990 despotic elite system Etzioni-Halvey, 1993 autonomy check and balance democratic elite system Etzioni-Halvey,

9 9 1997

10 10 mediocre 1999 Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], ontological principle 2 eligibility ground 3

11 1 11 Runciman, 1970; Bell, 1977 principle of respect principle of praise market capacity bargaining power 5

12 achievement orientation effort intelligence ascription orientation meritocratic elite system merit aristocratic elite system

13 Coleman, 1990; Mithaug,

14 14 minimum maximum substantive formal i ii iii i

15 ii 1944 eleven-plus examination comprehensive-school movement Silver, 1973; Bellaby, 1977; Tyler, 1977; Carr & Hartnett, 1996

16 16 iii Silver, 1973; Halsey et al., 1980 school desegregation Mosteller & Moynihan, 1972; Katzenelson & Weir, 1985; Salomone, 1986; Coleman, 1990 Lo et al., 1997 absolute equality

17 relative equality 17 10% compensatory education positive discrimination OECD, 1980; Widlake, 1986; Scheerens, 1987; John, 1987; Slavin et al., 1989; Eberhardt & Fiske, 1998 Wilkinson III, 1979; Salomone, 1986 affirmative action

18 18 Kellough, 1989; Rosenfeld, 1991; Mills, 1994; Curry, 1996; Bunzel,

19 19 1 2

20 20 1 2

21 21 3 Castells, 1993, 1996; Carnoy, 1996

22 22 potential talent Weber 1948/1991 Aron 1978

23 23 4. Shavit & Blossfeld, 1993; Fischer et al., 1996 Tsang, Weber, 1948/1991; Giddens, 1973; Wright, 1985 Macpherson, 1962; Carens, Parson, 1964; Erikson & Goldthorpe, 1993, esp. Chapter 1; Davis & Moore, 1994; Tumin, 1994; Dahrendorf,

24 Aron, R. (1978). Politics and history. New York: Free Press. Bell, D. (1977). On meritocracy and equality. In J. Karabel, & A. H. Halsey (Eds.), Power and ideology in education (pp ). New York: Oxford University Press. Bellaby, P. (1977). The sociology of comprehensive schooling. London: Methuen. Bunzel, J. H. (1998). Affirmative action in higher education: A dilemma of conflicting principles. Stanford: Hoover Institution. Carens, J. H. (Ed.). (1993). Democracy and possessive individualism: The intellectual legacy of C. B. Macpherson. New York: SUNY Press. Carnoy, M. (1996). Technological change and education. In A. C. Tuijnman (Ed.), International encyclopedia of adult education and training (2nd ed., pp ). Oxford: Pergamon. Carr, W., & Hartnett, A. (1996). Education and the struggle for democracy: The politics of educational idea. Buckingham: Open University Press. Castells, M. (1993). The informational economy and the new international division of labor. In M. Carnoy et al., The new global economy in the information age: Reflections on our changing world (pp ).

25 University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. 25 Castells, M. (1996). The rise of network society. Oxford: Blackwell. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Equality and achievement in education. Boulder: Westview Press. Curry, G. E. (Ed.). (1996). The affirmative action debate. Reading, MA: Addison-Welsey. Dahrendorf, R. (1994). Class and class conflict in industrial society. In D. B. Grusky (Ed.), Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective (pp ). Boulder: Westview Press. Davis, K., & Moore, W. E. (1994). Some principles of stratification. In D. B. Grusky (Ed.), Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective (pp ). Boulder: Westview Press. Davis, S. N. G. (1977). One band of politics rekindled. Hong Kong Law Journal, 7, Domhoff, G. W. (1983). Who rules America now? Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Eberhardt, J. L., & Fiske, S. T. (1998). Confronting racism: The problem and the response. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

26 26 Erikson, R., & Goldthrope, J. H. (1993). The constant Flux: A study of class mobility in industrial society. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Etzioni-Halevy, E. (1993). The elite connection: Problems and potential of western democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press. Fischer, C. S. et al. (1996). Inequality by design: Cracking the Bell Curve myth. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Giddens, A. (1973). The class structure in the advanced societies. London: Hutchinson. Halsey, A. H. et al. (1980). Origins and destinations: Family, class and education in modern Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Held, D. (1987). Models of democracy. Oxford: Polity Press. John, E. (1987). Positive discrimination, social justice and social policy. London: Tavistack. Katzenelson, I., & Weir, M. (1985). Schooling for all: Class, race, and the decline of the democratic ideal. Berkeley: University of California Press. Kellough, J. E. (1989). Federal equal employment opportunity policy and numerical goals and timetable: An impact assessment. New York: Praeger.

27 Leung, B. K. P. (1990). Social issues in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 27 Macpherson, C. B. (1962). The political theory of possessive individualism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mills, C. W. (1958). The power elite. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mills, N. (Ed.). (1994). Debating affirmative action: Race, gender, ethnicity, and the politics of inclusion. New York: Delta. Mithaug, D. E. (1996). Equal opportunity theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Mosteller, F., & Moynihan, D. P. (1972). On equality of educational opportunity. New York: Vintage Books. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD]. (1980). Educational policy and planning: Compensatory education programmes in the United States. Paris: OECD. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD]. (1983). Compulsory education in a changing world. Paris: OECD. Pareto, V. (1935). The mind and society. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch. Parson, T. (1964). Evolutionary universals in society. American Sociological Review, 29(3),

28 28 Rosenfeld, M. (1991). Affirmative action and justice: A philosophical and constitutional inquiry. New Haven: Yale University Press. Runciman, W. G. (1970). Sociology in its place, and other essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Salomone, R. C. (1986). Equal education under law: Legal rights and federal policy in the post-brown era. New York: St. Martin s Press. Scheerens, J. (1987). Enhancing educational opportunities for disadvantaged learners. Amsterdam: Northern Holland Publication Co. Shavit, Y., & Blossfeld, H. (Eds.). (1993). Persistent inequality: Changing educational attainment in thirteen countries. Boulder: Westview Press. Silver, H. (Ed.). (1973). Equal opportunity in education: A reader in social class and educational opportunity. London: Methuen. Slavin, R. E. et al. (1989). Effective programs for students at risk. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Tsang, W. K. (1993). Educational and early socioeconomic status attainment in Hong Kong (Occasional Paper No. 23). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Tumin, M. M. (1994). Some principles of stratification: A critical analysis. In D. B. Grusky (Ed.), Social

29 stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective (pp ). Boulder: Westview Press. 29 Tyler, W. (1977). The sociology of educational inequality. London: Methuen. Weber, M. (1948/1991). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology (H. H. Gerth, & C. W. Mills, Eds.). London: Routledge. Widlake, P. (1986). Reducing educational disadvantage. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Wilkinson III, J. H. (1979). From Brown to Bakke: The supreme court and school integration, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wright, E. O. (1985). Classes. London: Verso. Wright, E. O. (1994). Interrogating inequality: Essays on class analysis, socialism and Marxism. London: Verso.

30 30 Between Elitism and Egalitarianism: In Search of a Theoretical Foundation for the Framework for Education Reform Tsang Wing-kwong (Abstract) In the policy discourse on the Review of Education System initiated by the Education Commission, two antagonistic discursive themes emerge. They are elitism and egalitarianism. This paper aims to clarify the meanings and implications of these two seemingly conflicting orientations in educational policy. Drawn from concepts and theories on social stratification and sociology of education, an analytical framework of elitism and egalitarianism will be constructed. The dimensions and orientations in the framework will be illustrated with education policies in Hong Kong and in other developed countries. The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical footing for the policy discourse on the Education Reform in Hong Kong.

Coleman Simkus Andorka 5 Parkin 6 Shavit Blossfeld Bourdieu, Pierre, Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction, in Pow

Coleman Simkus Andorka 5 Parkin 6 Shavit Blossfeld Bourdieu, Pierre, Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction, in Pow 1940-2001 Deng and Treiman 1 2 50 1940 60 1978 1949 1978 1978 1 Deng, Zhong and Donald J. Treiman, The Impact of Cultural Revolution on Trends in Educational Attainment in the People s Republic of China,