省 1,037 人居住在魁北克省,732 人居住在安大略省,235 人居住在阿爾伯達省,206 人在曼尼托巴省, 以及 207 人在其他省份和地區因此, 魁北克省是第二大華人定居地, 而大部份華人居住在滿地可 Clan Associations on Lagauchetiere Street We

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1 Montréal Chinatown 1890s ~ 2014 滿地可唐人街 1890s ~ 2014 Canada Chinatown Series 加拿大唐人街系列 David Chuenyan Lai 黎全恩 and Timothy Chiu Man Chan 陳超萬 After completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1886, Chinese immigrants began to migrate from British Columbia to eastern Canada. Some settled in the Province of Québec where Chinese had already come by train from the United States or by ship across the Atlantic. Nearly all of them settled in Montréal; only a few went to Québec City. During the 1890s and the 1900s, more than a thousand Chinese laundries were established in many working-class districts such as Saint Marie and Saint Louis in the City of Montréal. In the early 1890s, several Chinese stores such as Jung Fook and Wong Wing were set up on de La Gauchetière Street West between St-Urbain and St-Charles-Borromée streets (later known as Elgin Street, called Clark Street today) in the Dufferin District; a budding Montréal Chinatown began to emerge. At that time, Dufferin District, on the northern edge of Montréal s business district, was a rundown residential area with warehouses, machine shops and some light industry. Many property owners in the district partitioned their premises into rooms and took in lodgers. The large number of male residents working in the district s factories created demand for laundry, café, restaurant and other services which were provided by Chinese immigrants. According to the 1901 census, the Chinese population in Canada stood at 17,312, of which 14,885 lived in British Columbia, 1,037 in Québec, 732 in Ontario, 235 in Alberta, 206 in Manitoba and 207 in other provinces and territories. Hence, the Province of Québec had the second largest Chinese settlement and most lived in Montréal. In the 1900s, about 90 per cent of the Chinese in Montréal were surnamed Tam (sometimes romanised as Tom, Thom, Hom, Ham or Hum in Toisanese), Wong and Lee. They had established clan associations and interclan conflicts were frequent. If a laundryman surnamed Wong felt that he was cheated by another laundryman surnamed Lee, he would take his complaint to the Wong 1886 年, 當加拿大太平洋鐵路完工後, 華人移民開始從卑詩省移居至加拿大東部其中部份人在魁北克省定居, 這個省早期已經有華人從美國乘坐火車或經由大西洋乘坐輪船到達他們差不多所有人都定居在滿地可, 只有少數人去了魁北克市 1890 年與 1900 年代, 超過一千家華人洗衣店開設於多個工人區, 例如滿地可市的聖瑪麗與聖路易斯 1890 年代早期, 某些華人雜貨店, 例如曾福和黃榮開設於杜芙蓮 (Dufferin) 區, 在聖奧本 (St-Urbain) 與聖查理保羅密 (St- Charles Borromee) 街之間的拉句詩浙 (Lagauchetiere) 街 ( 之後熟知為愛珍街 (Elgin), 現在稱為克拉克 (Clark) 街 ); 一個初步成型的滿地可唐人街開始融合在當時, 杜芙蓮區位於滿地可市商業區的北部邊緣, 是一個破舊的住宅區, 其中夾雜了倉庫, 機器店與一些輕工業這個區的許多業主把房屋分隔成很多房間並出租大量的男性居民在這個區的工廠工作, 他們所需要的洗衣店, 咖啡館, 餐館以及其他服務行業都是由華人移民提供勞動力根據 1901 年的人口普查, 加拿大華人數量達到 17,312 人, 其中 14,885 人居住在卑詩 Montréal Chinatown, 1921 一九二一年的滿地可唐人街

省 1,037 人居住在魁北克省,732 人居住在安大略省,235 人居住在阿爾伯達省,206 人在曼尼托巴省, 以及 207 人在其他省份和地區因此, 魁北克省是第二大華人定居地, 而大部份華人居住在滿地可 Clan Associations on Lagauchetiere Street West 拉句詩浙西街的氏族堂所 Association.

Soon after the Republic of China was established in 1912, a Chinese consul in Ottawa visited Montréal s Chinatown and helped the Chinese form a Chinese Benevolent Association.

2 省 1,037 人居住在魁北克省,732 人居住在安大略省,235 人居住在阿爾伯達省,206 人在曼尼托巴省, 以及 207 人在其他省份和地區因此, 魁北克省是第二大華人定居地, 而大部份華人居住在滿地可 Clan Associations on Lagauchetiere Street West 拉句詩浙西街的氏族堂所 Association. Naturally, the Lee Association would feel obliged to defend its clan member. Thus interpersonal conflicts would often escalate to involve associations. Soon after the Republic of China was established in 1912, a Chinese consul in Ottawa visited Montréal s Chinatown and helped the Chinese form a Chinese Benevolent Association. Six directors, two from each clan (Wong, Lee and Tam) ran the association. When a dispute between two clans happened, it would be taken to CBA where the two directors from the third clan would resolve the conflict. Many Chinese of other surnames in Montréal were not pleased that only three large clans elected CBA directors. External political pressures acted as a catalyst for addressing this internal tension: In February 1912 the provincial government passed an Act whereby Chinese laundrymen in Montréal had to pay a $50 tax on top of a $50 license fee. Laundries run by white people did not have to pay the $50 tax. The CBA director immediately appealed to Consul General Yang Shuwen for help. In response, in February 1915, Consul General Yang suggested that the directorate of the CBA should include Chinese of other surnames to strengthen the CBA in its fight against the laundry license fee and other discriminatory acts against the Chinese in Montréal. Based on the Chinese consul general s advice, the directorate of the CBA then came to be constituted by one member from each of the five clans (Tam, Wong, Lee, Chan, Woo and Ng), one member of an association such as the Chee Kung Tong and Constitution Party, and any Chinese who made an annual donation of $2 to the association. During the 1910s, Montréal Chinatown, comprised of about twenty Chinese businesses, had expanded from the intersection of de la Gauchetiere Street West and St-Urbain Street to other nearby streets. In October 1918, an epidemic of Spanish influenza occurred among the Chinese. Since there was no hospital in Chinatown, Catholic nuns set up a ten-bed hospital near Chinatown for Chinese patients. After the epidemic was over, Chinese community leaders pooled their resources to purchase a building at 112 de la Gauchetiere Street West in 1920 for the Montréal Chinese Hospital. It was administered by Sisters of the Immaculate Conception and attended by part-time francophone doctors. 在 1900 年代, 大約九成的滿地可華人姓譚黃和李他們已經建立自己的宗親堂所, 但不同族氏卻經常發生衝突譬如, 當一個黃姓的洗衣店主覺得被一個李姓的洗衣店主欺騙, 黃姓店主會在黃姓堂所投訴, 而李姓公所則為李姓店主辯解因此, 經常因兩人之間的衝突, 演變成兩個氏族會所的爭吵而告終 1912 年, 中華民國成立後不久, 中華民國駐渥太華領事訪問了滿地可唐人街, 並幫助華人成立了中華會館中華會館由六位理事管理, 每個堂所派兩人任理事 ( 黃李譚 ) 當兩個氏族爭吵時, 事件將會提交中華會館, 經由第三個氏族的理事處理衝突許多其他姓氏的滿地可華人對於中華會館的理事只由其中三個較大堂所選舉出來的而感到不滿再者,1912 年 2 月省政府通過了一個法案, 滿地可華人洗衣店在 $50 牌照費的基礎上需要再繳納 $50 附加稅, 白人洗衣店則無需繳納 $50 附加稅中華會館理事馬上尋求總領事楊書雯的幫助因此, 在 1915 年二月, 總領事楊書雯建議中華會館理事應該聯合, 團結其他氏族華人, 採取措施對抗洗衣店牌照費附加稅的徵收, 以及其他針對滿地可華人的歧視法案因此, 基於中華民國領事的建議, 中華會館的理事會包括五個不同姓氏的宗親堂所各委派一位會員 ( 譚黃李陳胡和伍 ), 其他組織如致公堂和憲政黨各委派一位會員, 以及任何每年捐贈 $2 的華人在 1910 年代期間, 滿地可唐人街, 大概包括 20 家華人店鋪, 從拉句詩浙西街與聖奧本街的交匯處開始向周邊的街區擴大 1918 年 10 月, 一種西班牙流感瘟疫在華人中傳播因為唐人街沒有醫院, 天主教修女在唐人街為華人設立了一間有十個床位的醫院疫情結束後, 華人社區僑領籌集資金, 於 1920 年買下了拉句詩浙西街 112 號的一座大廈作為滿地可中華醫院滿地可中華醫院由天主教修女管理, 並有法語醫生兼職 Chinese Catholic Church 中華天主教堂

Montréal Chinatown thrived through the late 1910s. By 1921, Montréal had a Chinese population of 1,734, and had become the fourth largest Chinatown after Vancouver, Victoria and Toronto.

3 Montréal Chinatown thrived through the late 1910s. By 1921, Montréal had a Chinese population of 1,734, and had become the fourth largest Chinatown after Vancouver, Victoria and Toronto. It was bounded by Dorchester, Elain, de la Gauchetiere, and Chenneville streets. A large number of Chinese businesses and institutions such as the Chee Kung Tong, the Chinese Hospital and the Chinese Methodist Church were concentrated on de la Gauchetiere Street West, the commercial spine of Montréal Chinatown. Similar to other Chinatowns, there was also conflict between the Chee Kung Tong and the Kuomintang. Fights between members of the two associations often broke out in Chinatown. There was also competition between the Catholics and Protestants in Chinatown. The Catholic Church was more powerful and played a big role in the Montréal Chinese Hospital. The Church also organized English and French language classes for the Chinese. The Catholic School Commission assisted a sisterhood of nuns to operate an elementary school for Chinese children. Like the Catholics, the Protestants also organized language classes and translation services for the Chinese. For example, both the Emmanuel Congregation Church and Chinese Presbyterian Mission organized a Sunday school for Chinese. After the Canadian government passed the Chinese Immigration Act in 1923 effectively excluding the entry of Chinese to Canada, the slow and small Chinese population increase was due only to births. Thus, the 1941 census, for example, indicated that the Chinese population in Canada amounted to only 34,627 of which 18,619 resided in British Columbia, 6,143 in Ontario, 3,122 in Alberta, 2,545 in Saskatchewan, 2,378 in Quebec, 1,248 in Manitoba, 372 in Nova Scotia and 200 in other provinces and territories. Montréal Chinatown had a Chinese population of 1,703. Québec s second Chinatown was in Québec City with only 130 Chinese residents. After the Second World War, many old Chinatowns declined and eventually disappeared. Montréal Chinatown was declining because of depopulation, land speculation and disunity in the Chinese community. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, properties around Montréal Chinatown were increasing in value as it was sandwiched between Old Montréal and the city s downtown business district. Speculators purchased old buildings in Chinatown, demolished them, used vacant sites as parking lots and then sold them when attractive prices were offered. In 1962, for example, the Chinese Hospital was condemned by the fire department and closed. A new Chinese Hospital was built outside Chinatown because there was no suitable land available in Chinatown. The Chinese United Church was demolished to provide the site for new Hydro Québec offices. The Complexe Desjardins project was developed in the northwest part of Chinatown. Many houses were demolished due to the widening of Dorchester Street (now known as René Lévesque Boulevard). As a result a large number of old buildings were demolished without being 滿地可唐人街在 1910 年代後期開始興旺直到 1921 年, 滿地可華人人口為 1,734, 並成為繼溫哥華, 域多利和多倫多之後的第四大唐人街唐人街區域包括都車士打街 (Dorchester Street), 伊玲街 (Elain Street), 拉句詩浙街 (Lagauchetiere Street) 和真拿維爾街 (Chenneville Street) 大量的華人生意和機構, 例如致公堂中華醫院和基督教華人衛理公會教堂都集中於拉句詩浙西街, 滿地可唐人街商業地帶開根壯大 The Lee Association at the Corner of St.-Urbain Street & Lagauchetiere 拉句詩浙西街與聖奧本街的交匯處的李氏會所與其他唐人街一樣, 致公堂和國民黨之間同樣有衝突兩黨成員之間的鬥爭經常在唐人街發生, 還有就是天主教與基督教之間的競爭天主教教堂在滿地可中華醫院佔了一個重要角色, 權力較大教堂同時為華人提供英語和法語課程天主教學校委員會協助一個修女會為華人孩子開辦小學如天主教一樣, 基督教同樣提供語言課程和翻譯服務給華人例如中華基督教青年會 (Emmanuel Congregation Church) 和中華基督教長老會 (Chinese Presbyterian Mission) 組織了一個禮拜日的中文學校給華人孩子在 1923 年加拿大政府通過了華人移民法案並拒絕華人進入加拿大, 緩減華人人口增長, 使華人人口增長只可以來自加拿大本土出生的 1941 年人口普查, 加拿大華人人口, 只有 34,627 人, 其中 18,619 人住在卑詩省,6,143 人住在安大略省,3,122 人住在阿爾伯達省,2,545 人住在薩斯喀徹溫省,2,378 人住在魁北克省,1,248 人住在曼尼托巴省,372 人住在斯高沙省和 200 人住在其它省和地區滿地可唐人街華人人口為 1,703 人, 而且在魁北克市的第二個唐人街僅僅只有 130 人第二次世界大戰後, 許多舊的唐人街逐漸沒落並且最終消失滿地可唐人街因為人口減少, 土地投機活動和華人社區之間的不團結而逐漸沒落在 1950 年代後期和 1960 年代初, 滿地可唐人街附近的地產價值上漲, 因為它處於舊滿地可與市中心商業區之間的三文治地帶投機者購買唐人街的

舊建築, 然後拆除, 使用空地作為停車場, 當價錢合適時則賣出 1962 年, 例如消防局宣佈中華醫院不能再繼續使用並且關閉了由於唐人街沒有合適的地方, 最終一個新的中華醫院建立於唐人街以外地方中華聯合教會亦被拆除, 以便提供地方給魁省電力公司作為新的辦公大樓楼 Lagauchetiere Street was converted to a pedestrian walk

4 舊建築, 然後拆除, 使用空地作為停車場, 當價錢合適時則賣出 1962 年, 例如消防局宣佈中華醫院不能再繼續使用並且關閉了由於唐人街沒有合適的地方, 最終一個新的中華醫院建立於唐人街以外地方中華聯合教會亦被拆除, 以便提供地方給魁省電力公司作為新的辦公大樓楼 Lagauchetiere Street was converted to a pedestrian walk 拉句詩浙西改成行人專用區 replaced; low-rent housing in Chinatown became difficult to find. During the 1960s, Montréal had 8,000 Chinese residents though only about eight percent still lived in Chinatown. A plan for Chinatown redevelopment was proposed, but it was soon shelved, not because there was lack of money and official support but because the Chinese Benevolent Association of Montréal could not arouse the necessary interest within Chinatown and could not unite the various factions. Like some other Chinese communities, the Chinese community in Montréal was so politically and religiously divided that it was difficult to carry out any community project. The only significant community project was the establishment of Pagoda Park on St-Urbain Street to celebrate Canada s hundredth anniversary in The Chinese pagoda became a significant landmark in Chinatown, and was dedicated to the cause of peace and harmony among all Canadians. Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, Montréal Chinatown was reduced by expropriation and redevelopment. In 1975, the federal government announced the construction of Place Guy Favreau, a massive complex of high-rise offices and apartment buildings. The expropriation resulted in the demolition of the Chinese Presbyterian Church, Chinese Pentecostal Church, the Wong Wing Food Products factory, a few Chinese grocery stores and other non-chinese structures on the block. The Chinese Catholic Church was the only structure that escaped demolition because it was designated a historic monument in City officials regarded the massive projects of Complexe Desjardins, Complexe Guy Favreau, and Place du Quarter as the catalyst and incentive for the revitalization of Chinatown, although they were only marginally related to the lives and society of Chinese in the area. While these overbearing projects threatened the survival of Chinatown, the Chinese community in Montréal was still torn between pro-china and pro-taiwan factions, and could not form a united front to fight against these projects. Furthermore, after the Parti Québecois took power in November 1976, it passed Bill 101 on 26 August 1977, which restricted attendance at English-language schools and banned the use of any language other than French on commercial 德查鼎商業廣場 (Complexe Desjardins) 發展計劃於唐人街的西北方很多房子因為要拓寬都車士打街被拆除 ( 現在被熟知為列尼維克大道 Rene Levesque Boulevard) 因此, 大量的舊建築在沒有重建的情況下被拆除廉價出租房子在唐人街也很難找到了 1960 年代, 滿地可有 8,000 華人居民, 而僅有大約 8% 的華人仍然住在唐人街一份唐人街再發展計劃在孕育中, 但很快就被擱置了, 擱置的原因並不是沒有資金和官方支持, 而是因為滿地可中華會館不能吸引華人足夠的興趣和不能聯合各個小團體與其他華人社區類似, 滿地可華人社區政治和宗教分裂, 嚴重地影響社區項目的達成, 唯一可以完成的是 1967 年建成一座寶塔在聖奧本街作為慶祝加拿大立國 100 周年紀念, 成為唐人街地標, 祈求和祝福加拿大人民和平幸福從 1970 年代到 1980 年代初, 滿地可唐人街因為土地徵用與再發展而萎縮 1975 年, 聯邦政府公佈了基費儒廣場 (Place Guy Favreau) 的建設計劃, 興建一座大型的辦公與公寓多層大樓徵地導致了中華基督教會 (Chinese Presbyterian Church), 中華基督教長老會 (Chinese Pentecostal Church), 黃榮食品廠 (Wong Wing Food Products Factory), 一些唐人雜貨店和其他非唐人建築在該區域被拆除中華天主教堂是唯一逃脫被拆命運的建築, 因為在 1977 年它被定為歷史遺跡市政府認為德查鼎廣場, 基費儒廣場和社區廣場 (Place du Quarter) 這些大型的建築項目將是唐人街重建的催化劑和誘因, 儘管他們只是在華人社區區域的邊緣上當這些專橫的重建計劃威脅唐人街的生存, 滿地可華人社區仍然在親中國還是親台灣的派系中撕裂, 不能聯合起來去反對這些計劃再者, 魁人黨在 1976 年 11 月執政後,1977 年 8 月 26 日通過 101 法案, 該法案禁止入讀英語學校, 而且禁止使用除了法文之外的任何商業標識所有說英語的和說其他語言的移民兒童被強制入讀法語學校 (Allophones 是那些母語非英語和法語的人 ) 英語法語語言的爭議加速了華人社區的分離許多華人不關心唐人街的生存而且搬離了魁省 1975 與 1977 年間, 大約一千個華人家庭離開滿地可, 唐人街的規模因為周邊的城市發展計劃而繼續萎縮儘管對唐人街的未來毫不關心, 幾個有關的華人社區領袖在 1980 年 9 月成立了滿地可華人社區聯合中心 (MCCUC), 這個中心代表了 48 個華人團體和嘗試聯合社區去拯救唐人街在 1981 年 5 月, 滿地可市計劃徵地和拆除李氏公所大樓而擴寬聖奧本街滿地可華人社區聯合中心成功動員超過 2000 人

signs. Children of anglophone and allophone immigrants were forced to attend French-language schools. (Allophones are people whose mother tongue is neither English nor French).

Between 1975 and 1977, for example, about a thousand Chinese families left Montréal. Chinatown continued to decrease in size as the city continued to develop projects around Chinatown.

5 signs. Children of anglophone and allophone immigrants were forced to attend French-language schools. (Allophones are people whose mother tongue is neither English nor French). The English-French language dispute further alienated the divided Chinese community. Many Chinese did not care about the survival of Chinatown and moved out of Québec. Between 1975 and 1977, for example, about a thousand Chinese families left Montréal. Chinatown continued to decrease in size as the city continued to develop projects around Chinatown. In spite of the general apathy towards the future of Chinatown, several concerned Chinese community leaders formed the Montréal Chinese Community United Centre (MCCUC) in September 1980 which represented about fortyeight Chinese groups and tried to unite the community to save Chinatown. In May 1981, the city planned to expropriate and demolish the Lee s Association Building to widen St-Urbain Street. The MCCUC succeeded in mobilizing over 2,000 people to sign a petition to preserve the building and to save Chinatown. Eventually the building was saved but Pagoda Park was removed for the expansion of St-Urbain Street. The revival of Montréal Chinatown began in 1982 with installation of street signs throughout Chinatown and construction of the Catholic Community Centre and Bo Ai Lou, residential building for senior citizens. The Montréal Chinatown Development Association (MCDA) worked closely with the city on the 3.5 million dollar Chinatown facelift plan which called for the conversion of de la Gauchetiere Street between St-Laurent and Jeanne-Mance Street into a treelined, brick-paved pedestrian mall and the construction of two Chinese arches spanning the mall. Several old limestone buildings with steep Mansard-like roofs were cleaned and repainted. In 1983, the Palais des congrès de Montréal (the Montréal Convention Centre) was built on the southern boundary of Chinatown and blocked its expansion to the south. In the same year, three other significant projects were the construction of the Chinese United Building (Wah Yen Tai Lau) by the MCCUC. It was a nine-storey low-rent housing complex with eighty-two units for senior citizens and low-income families. Complexe Guy Favreau 基費儒廣場簽署一個請願書去保存這棟建築和保護唐人街最後該棟建築被保留, 但是寶塔公園因為聖奧本街的擴展而被移除唐人街的復興開始於 1982 年, 得到約翰. 什普 (Jean Drapeau) 市長與市議會的熱心支持, 伴隨著貫穿唐人街的路牌安裝, 天主教社區中心和博愛樓 ( 長者之家 ) 的落成滿地可唐人街發展委員會 (MCDA) 與市政府緊密合作了一個三百五十萬加元的唐人街重建計劃, 這個計劃把聖羅倫街 (St. Laurent) 和珍妮雯思街 (Jeanne Mance) 之間的拉句詩浙西街改建為一個三線, 磚頭路面的步行街和圍繞步行街建立了兩個中華牌樓幾棟舊式用石灰石建築及擁有蒙撒特風格屋頂的建築物被清潔和重新油漆 1983 年, 滿地可展覽中心建在唐人街的南邊並阻擋了其向南發展同年, 另外有三座大型建築計劃 : 分別是滿地可華人聯合中心 (MCCUC) 的社團大樓華人大樓這是一 Chinese United Building 華人大樓座九層, 複合式的低收入住宅, 可容納 82 戶長者和低收入家庭 ; 基費儒廣場和小區廣場則吸引了許多中產人士與商人住在唐人街附近 1984 年, 市府允許聖羅倫街的西面用於商業用途, 而且劃出了大部分的聖羅倫街東面的拉句詩浙街作為住宅區這次劃分保護了唐人街的商業從東面發展經過華人的爭取, 市府更改法律並劃分聖羅倫街與聖多米尼克街 (Saint Dominique) 之間的建築為商業使用 1986 年, 滿地可市府在唐人街建立了中山公園 1988 年, 中華天主社區中心在拉句詩浙東街與聖伊麗莎白街 (St. Elizabeth Street) 的街角建立了一座可容納 22 戶長者的仁愛樓靠近會議中心的假日酒店在 1991 年完成, 其帶有中華風格的樓頂設計, 成為唐人街的地標另外一個地標就是貫穿聖羅倫街的兩個中華牌樓牌樓的建立得到上海市政府的幫助, 上海市政府與滿地可於 1985 年成為姐妹城市中華醫院於 2001 年由滿地可中華醫院基金會在唐人街重建並從

15,000 名來自於香港台灣中國的商業移民者在魁北克省投資了大約八億七千萬加元和創造了 9,000 份工作許多華人移民來到滿地可並在聖勞倫斯河南岸的寶樂沙 The Complexe Guy Favreau and the Place du Quartier were completed and attracted the families of many middle-class

In 1984, the City opened the western side of St-Laurent Street for commercial uses, and zoned most of de la Gauchetiere Street east of St-Laurent Street as residential.

6 聖丹尼斯街 (St. Denis Street) 遷移至現在新址 Montréal Chinatown in 年的滿地可唐人街 1986 年, 加拿大政府增加了一項新的投資者移民類別, 在這個類別下, 一名投資者只要在加拿大投資 250,000 加元, 其本人與家庭都可以移民加拿大因此, 許多富裕的香港企業家與投資者來到加拿大, 因為他們對香港的前景不抱希望在接下來的十年間, 大約 15,000 名來自於香港台灣中國的商業移民者在魁北克省投資了大約八億七千萬加元和創造了 9,000 份工作許多華人移民來到滿地可並在聖勞倫斯河南岸的寶樂沙 The Complexe Guy Favreau and the Place du Quartier were completed and attracted the families of many middle-class professionals and businessmen to live near Chinatown. In 1984, the City opened the western side of St-Laurent Street for commercial uses, and zoned most of de la Gauchetiere Street east of St-Laurent Street as residential. This zoning would prevent Chinatown businesses from expanding eastward. After Chinese protests, the City amended the by-law and zoned the blocks between St-Laurent and St- Dominique for commercial use. In 1986 the City of Montréal built the Dr. Sun Yat Sen Park in Chinatown. In 1988, the Chinese Catholic Community Centre built Ren Ai Lou, a twenty-two unit senior citizens home, at the corner of de la Gauchetiere and St-Elizabeth streets. The Holiday Inn hotel, completed in 1991 with Chinese style roof design, became a new Chinatown landmark. Another significant landmark is the two Chinese arches across St-Laurent Street. It was built with the help of the Government of Shanghai, which was twinned with Montréal as a sister city in The Chinese Hospital was removed from St-Denis Street and rebuilt in Chinatown in 2001 by the Montréal Chinese Hospital Foundation. In 1986, the Canadian government added a new investor immigration category, under which an investor and their family would be admitted as immigrants if they invested $250,000 in Canada. As a result, many wealthy Hong Kong entrepreneurs and investors came to Canada as they did not have confidence in the future of Hong Kong. In A New Chinatown on St. Denis Street and Jean Talon Street. E. 新唐人街在聖丹尼斯街及約翰大榮東街

the next ten years, about 15,000 business immigrants from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China invested about $870 million and created 9,000 jobs in Québec.

In the 1990s, Hong Kong investors established three Asian-themed malls on Taschereau Boulevard in Brossard.

Most of its residents were immigrants and students from China and Southeast Asian countries.

Another group of Chinese businesses is developing at the intersection of St-Denis Street and Jean-Talon Street.

7 the next ten years, about 15,000 business immigrants from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China invested about $870 million and created 9,000 jobs in Québec. Many of the Chinese immigrants came to Montréal and settled in Brossard on the southern shore of the St. Lawrence. In the 1990s, Hong Kong investors established three Asian-themed malls on Taschereau Boulevard in Brossard. Many Chinese businesses have also been established in the area west of Concordia University and La Salle College, particularly along Sainte Catherine Street between Guy Street and Atwater Avenue. Most of its residents were immigrants and students from China and Southeast Asian countries. The Consulate General of the Chinese Cultural Centre People s Republic of 中華文化中心 China in Montréal is located at 2100, St-Catherine Street West. Another group of Chinese businesses is developing at the intersection of St-Denis Street and Jean-Talon Street. A building on St-Denis Stret houses a Chinese temple and Association Chinoise Des Aînés (Chinese Seniors Association). The 2011 census revealed that the population of Canadians with Chinese ethnic origins totals 1,487,580. Nearly 84% or 1,248,685 live in eight cities: Toronto (531,635), Vancouver (411,470), Montréal (91,785), Calgary (75,470), Edmonton (60,715), Ottawa (42,740), Winnipeg (20,410) and Victoria (14,460). (Brossard) 定居下來在 1990 年代, 香港投資者在寶樂沙的達馳露大道 (Taschereau Boulevard) 建立了三個以亞洲為主題的購物中心許多華人商業同樣建立於康戈迪大學與拉薩爾學院的西面地區, 特別是沿著基街 (Guy Street) 與迪窩打大道 (Atwater Avenue) 中間的聖凱瑟琳街 (St. Catherine Street) 其中大部份的居民為來自中國和東南亞國家的移民和學生中華人民共和國駐滿地可總領館座落於聖凱瑟琳西 Chinese Gate 唐人街牌坊 A New Chinatown on St. Catherine St. W., near Chinese Consulate General in Montréal 新唐人街在聖凱瑟琳西街, 靠近中國領事館大街 2100 號另外一部份華人商業在聖丹尼斯與約翰大隆 (Jean-Talon Street) 街的交匯處發展 2011 年人口調查顯示出在加拿大的華裔人口達到 1,487,580 人接近 84% 或 1,248,685 人居住在八個城市 : 多倫多 (531,635), 溫哥華 (411,470), 滿地可 (91,785), 卡加利 (75,470), 愛民頓 (60,715), 渥太華 (42,740), 溫尼伯 (20,410) 及域多利 (14,460) A New Chinatown on St. Catherine Street, West 新唐人街在聖凱瑟琳西街

Montréal City Council 滿地可市議會 Montréal was incorporated as a city in 1832.

Chronology of Chinese Canadian History: from Segregation to Integration which presents a national overview.

加拿大唐人街系列是全國性的華裔歷史文獻 - 加拿大華裔歷史紀要從隔離至融合的附帶冊子為個別的唐人街作更詳細介紹因為唐人街的歷史是加拿大歷史中不可忽略的部份 City of Montréal Ville de Montréal Madame Arthur H. Lee 李俊棠夫人 Mr. Gilbert Lee 李家弼先生 Mr.

8 Montréal City Council 滿地可市議會 Montréal was incorporated as a city in 滿地可市成立於1832年 City of Montréal Municipal Council City of Montréal Municipal Council 年的滿地可市議會 2013年的滿地可市議會 Sponsors This document is part of a series of companions to A Brief Chronology of Chinese Canadian History: from Segregation to Integration which presents a national overview. These documents offer a more detailed account of specific Chinatowns that are an integral part of Canada s history. 加拿大唐人街系列是全國性的華裔歷史文獻 - 加拿大華裔歷史紀要從隔離至融合的附帶冊子為個別的唐人街作更詳細介紹因為唐人街的歷史是加拿大歷史中不可忽略的部份 City of Montréal Ville de Montréal Madame Arthur H. Lee 李俊棠夫人 Mr. Gilbert Lee 李家弼先生 Mr. Garnet Lee 李家誠先生 David & Dorothy Lam Foundation 林思齊及林陳坤儀基金會 Chinese Canadian History Project Council 加拿大華裔歷史紀要委員會 Co-chairs 共同主席 Dr. Paul Crowe 高保羅博士 David Choi, FRI, Adjunct Professor 蔡宏安 Mr. George Wong 黃家讓先生 Mrs. Pauline Wong, C.Q. Members 會員 Dr. Jan Walls 王健博士 Dr. David Chuenyan Lai 黎全恩博士 Edith Lo 羅陳梅月黃玉蓮女士 Mr. David W. Choi, FRI National Chair NCCC 蔡宏安先生全加華人聯會全國執行主席 Project Executive 項目行政 : Dorris Tai 戴珍華 Artwork Consultant 平面設計 : Winnie Leung 梁允寧 Chinese Translation 中文翻譯 : Timothy C.M. Chan, Zhang Min 陳超萬張敏 The Chinese Canadian History Project Council gratefully acknowledges the contribution of Mrs. Yuet Yee Chong, Lee, and Mr. Jack W. Lee, C. M., C.Q., in fundraising and promotion of the Montréal edition of the Canada Chinatown Series. P ublisher 出版者 Simon Fraser University David See-Chai Lam Centre for International Communication 西門菲沙大學林思齊國際交流中心 Copyright reserved. 版權所有不得翻印 2015

國史館館刊第 23 期 Chiang Ching-kuo s Educational Innovation in Southern Jiangxi and Its Effects (1941-1943) Abstract Wen-yuan Chu * Chiang Ching-kuo wa

國史館館刊第 23 期 Chiang Ching-kuo s Educational Innovation in Southern Jiangxi and Its Effects (1941-1943) Abstract Wen-yuan Chu * Chiang Ching-kuo wa 國史館館刊第二十三期 (2010 年 3 月 ) 119-164 國史館 1941-1943 朱文原摘要 1 關鍵詞 : 蔣經國贛南學校教育社會教育掃盲運動 -119- 國史館館刊第 23 期 Chiang Ching-kuo s Educational Innovation in Southern Jiangxi and

省 1,037 人居住在魁北克省,732 人居住在安大略省,235 人居住在阿爾伯達省,206 人在曼尼托巴省, 以及 207 人在其他省份和地區 因此, 魁北克省是第二大華人定居地, 而大部份華人居住在滿地可 Clan Associations on Lagauchetiere Street We

省 1,037 人居住在魁北克省,732 人居住在安大略省,235 人居住在阿爾伯達省,206 人在曼尼托巴省, 以及 207 人在其他省份和地區因此, 魁北克省是第二大華人定居地, 而大部份華人居住在滿地可 Clan Associations on Lagauchetiere Street We