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1 SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE BIBLE Over 8,000 copies or fragments in existence In the Old Testament, there are: 39 books Written over 1,000 years; by many inspired authors 929 chapters 23,179 verses 706,875 words (Chinese) In the New Testament, there are: 27 books Written within 70 years; by a few inspired authors 260 chapters 8,040 verses 224,823 words (Chinese) Bill Yue: Reflection paper; A Brief Introduction to Christian Doctrine;

2 THE BIBLE OF JESUS AND THE APOSTLES Old Testament Mostly in Hebrew Septuagint 七十士譯本 New Testament Mostly in Greek Formation completed around 300 CE Closed 路 24:44 耶穌對他們說 : 這就是我從前與你們同在之時所告訴你們的話說 : 摩西的律法先知的書, 和詩篇上所記的, 凡指著我的話都必須應驗 45 於是耶穌開他們的心竅, 使他們能明白聖經七十士譯本 (LXX): 傳説是由七十二位祭司把全本舊约從希伯来文翻譯成為希臘文 ; 大约在主前第三世纪 ; 成於埃及 (Alexandria) Official Bible ; quotation by NT authors Currently, no extant copy has been found 2

3 CHRISTIAN & HEBREW BIBLE 妥拉 TORAH 或五經 PENTATEUCH In the beginning ( Genesis 起源 = 創世记 ) These are the names (Exodus 出路 = 出埃及记 ) And He called (Leviticus 利未记 ) In the wilderness (Numbers 民數记 ) These are the words (Deuteronomy 申命记 ) 3

4 PROPHET 先知書 (Former 前先知書 ) Joshua 約書亞记 Judges 士師记 Samuel 撒母耳记 Kings 列王记 (Latter 後先知書 ) Isaiah 以賽亞書 Jeremiah 耶利米書 Ezekiel 以西結書 The Book of the Twelve 十二本書 = 小先知書歷史書約書亞記 / 士師記 / 路得記撒母耳記上 / 撒母耳記下列王記上 / 列王記下歷代志上 / 歷代志下以斯拉記 / 尼希米記 / 以斯帖記 Hebrew Bible Christian Bible 詩歌書約伯記詩篇箴言傳道書雅歌 WRITING 詩歌書 Praises ( 讚美 ) Psalms 詩篇 Job 約伯记 Proverbs 箴言 Ruth 路得记 Song of Songs 雅歌 The Preacher (Ecclesiastes) 傳道者 / 书 How! ( 何竟!) Lamentations 耶利米哀歌 Esther 以斯帖记 Daniel 但以理書 Ezra / Nehemiah 以斯拉 / 尼希米记 Books of the Events of the Time 历代志大先知書先知書以賽亞書 / 耶利米書 / 耶利米哀歌 / 以西結書 / 但以理書小先知書何西阿書 / 約珥書 / 阿摩西書俄巴底亞書 / 約拿書 / 彌迦書拿鴻書 / 哈巴谷書 / 西番雅書 4 哈該書 / 撒迦利亞書 / 瑪拉基書

5 5 律法历史诗歌先知历史保罗书信普通书信创世记出埃及记利未记民数记申命记约书亚记士师记路得记撒母耳记上撒母耳记下列王纪上列王纪下历代志上历代志下以斯拉记尼希米记以斯帖记约伯记诗篇箴言传道书雅歌以赛亚书耶利米书耶利米哀歌以西结书但以理书何西阿书约珥书阿摩司书俄巴底亚书约拿书弥迦书那鸿书哈巴谷书西番雅书哈该书撒迦利亚书玛拉基书马太福音马可福音路加福音约翰福音使徒行传罗马书哥林多前书哥林多後书加拉太书以弗所书腓立比书歌罗西书帖撒罗尼迦前书帖撒罗尼迦後书提摩太前书提摩太後书提多书腓利门书希伯来书雅各书彼得前书彼得後书约翰一书约翰二书约翰三书犹大书启示录

6 1. 創造 2. 族長 3. 出埃及 4. 征服 5. 士師 6. 王國 7. 被擄 8. 歸回 9. 沉默 10. 福音 11. 教會 12. 宣教 6

7 BIBLE AND CHINESE HISTORY 7

8 Aleppo Codex 8

Codex Sinaiticus 16 Οὕτως γὰρ ἠγάπησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον ὥστε τὸν υἱὸν τὸν μονογενῆ ἔδωκεν, ἵνα πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων εἰς αὐτὸν μὴ ἀπόληται ἀλλὰ ἔχῃ ζωὴν αἰώνιον.

9 Codex Sinaiticus 16 Οὕτως γὰρ ἠγάπησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον ὥστε τὸν υἱὸν τὸν μονογενῆ ἔδωκεν, ἵνα πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων εἰς αὐτὸν μὴ ἀπόληται ἀλλὰ ἔχῃ ζωὴν αἰώνιον. 17 οὐ γὰρ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἵνα κρίνῃ τὸν κόσμον, ἀλλʼ ἵνα σωθῇ ὁ κόσμος διʼ αὐτοῦ. 18 ὁ πιστεύων εἰς αὐτὸν οὐ κρίνεται ὁ δὲ μὴ πιστεύων ἤδη κέκριται, ὅτι μὴ πεπίστευκεν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ μονογενοῦς υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ. 19 αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ κρίσις ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον καὶ ἠγάπησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι μᾶλλον τὸ σκότος ἢ τὸ φῶς, ἦν γὰρ αὐτῶν πονηρὰ τὰ ἔργα. 20 πᾶς γὰρ ὁ φαῦλα πράσσων μισεῖ τὸ φῶς καὶ οὐκ ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸ φῶς, ἵνα μὴ ἐλεγχθῇ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ 21 ὁ δὲ ποιῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸ φῶς, ἵνα φανερωθῇ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔργα ὅτι ἐν θεῷ ἐστιν εἰργασμένα. 9

10 10

11 時候滿足 THE TIME HAD FULLY COME Gal 4:4 及至時候滿足, 神就差遣他的兒子, 為女子所生, 且生在律法以下, Heb 1:1-2 神既在古時藉著眾先知多次多方的曉諭列祖, 就在這末世藉著他兒子曉諭我們 ; 又早已立他為承受萬有的, 也曾藉著他創造諸世界 11

12 How We Know About Jesus Christ 我們如何認識耶穌基督 Christian Sources 基督教來源 Canonical Writing 正典著作 Non-Canonical Writing 非正典著作 4 Gospels 四福音 NT Apocrypha 新約次經 Nag Hammadi Library Non-Christian Sources 非基督教來源 Pagan 外邦的 Jewish 猶太人的 Roman historians 羅馬歷史學家 Josephus 約瑟夫 12

13 CANONIZATION 正典化 The process of RECOGNIZING INSPIRED authoritative writing 鉴定正典的权威主的话具有绝对的权威听主讲道的人传讲的也具有权威使徒的书信具有权威早期教会中来往书信具有权威注意 : 教会只能达成协议接受神话语的权威. 没有任何会议负责或宣称那些书卷可以纳为正典, 这点是极为重要的. 13

14 MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT NT CANON 對新約正典的錯誤概念 Approved by Church or Committee (Especially the Council of Nicaea) 是被教會或是委員會批准的 ( 特別是尼西亞大會 ) Voted in or out as individual books by church fathers 每一卷書是由教父投票決定屬於還是不屬於正典 Dictated by Roman Emperor (usually Constantine) 是由羅馬皇帝指定的 ( 通常認爲是君士坦丁 ) Conferences AFFIRMED what had been already accepted and DID NOT DECIDE which books to include or exclude 會議確認了已經被接受的正典, 沒有決定要包括或是排除哪本書 Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1996, c1986). A general introduction to the Bible. Includes indexes. Includes a short-title checklist of English translations of the 14 Bible (chronologically arranged). (Rev. and expanded.) (222). Chicago: Moody Press.

15 THE NEED FOR CANON 正典的需要 - Early church and its believers 早期教会及信徒 (internal need) ( 内部使用 ) Passing from apostles to church fathers 从使徒传给教父 Authenticity and authority 可靠性与权威 - Response to Marcion 回应马西安 (the Heretic) ( 异端 ) Wealthy merchant believer around 150 AD 是主後 150 左右的一位富有的商人 Wanted to remove all Jewish influence in the church 他要将犹太人的影响从教会中除去 Accepted only Luke and Pauline epistles (after d eleting passages that speaks positively about Jewish faith) 只接受路加福音和保罗书信 ( 将所有宣扬犹太人信仰的段落都删除 ) - Other challenges 其他的挑战 Gnostics 诺斯底主义 ( 又称智慧主义 ) Montanists 蒙坦纳主义 ( 对启示, 恩典, 救恩等教义都有错误观点 ) 15

16 THE CRITERIA FOR CANON 正典的准则 The rule of faith 信仰的标准 Apostolic authorship (date & authority) 作者是使徒 Common utilization during worship 在崇拜中使用 (Col 西 4:16) Citation by early church fathers 早期教父的引用西 4:16 你們念了這書信, 便交給老底嘉的教會, 叫他們也念 ; 你們也要念從老底嘉來的書信 16

17 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANON 正典的形成 - Reading of letters and writings among churches (popularity) 在教會中閱讀信件和其他著作 ( 普及性 ) - Slightly different of authoritative and beneficial works by church fathers 教父對權威性和有益的作品有不同的清單 - Closed Canon: development / acceptance completed around late 4 th century 關閉的正典 : 發展 / 接納于第四世紀晚期完成 2Pe 3:15 就如我們所親愛的兄弟保羅, 照著所賜給他的智慧寫了信給你們 16 他一切的信上也都是講論這事信中有些難明白的, 那無學問不堅固的人強解, 如強解別的經書一樣, 就自取沉淪 17

18 BOOKS OF THE CANON 18

19 MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT NT CANON 對新約正典的錯誤概念 The Incorrect View 錯誤看法 The Church Is Determiner of Canon 教會是正典的決定者 The Church Is Mother of Canon 教會是正典之母 The Church Is Magistrate of Canon 教會是正典的統治者 The Church Is Regulator of Canon 教會是正典的調節器 The Church Is Judge of Canon 教會是正典的裁判 The Church Is Master of Canon 教會是正典的主人 The Correct View 正確看法 The Church Is Discoverer of Canon 教會是正典的發現者 The Church Is Child of Canon 教會是正典的孩子 The Church Is Minister of Canon 教會是正典的管家 The Church Is Recognizer of Canon 教會是正典的識別器 The Church Is Witness of Canon 教會是正典的證人 The Church Is Servant of Canon 教會是正典的僕人 Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1996, c1986). A general introduction to the Bible. Includes indexes. Includes a short-title checklist of English translations of the 19 Bible (chronologically arranged). (Rev. and expanded.) (222). Chicago: Moody Press.

20 OT Apocrypha 次经 - Greek meaning Hidden 隐藏隐密 - 天主教称为 Deuterocanon - 不被新教以及猶太教接受為正典 - 不同的名稱, 清單和安排 - 產于兩約之間 - 故事, 末世 ( 啟示文學 ) 和歷史的紀錄 - 沒有被新約作者所引用 - 在研究歷史以及新約背景中的價值译名以斯拉续篇上以斯拉续篇下多比传犹滴传玛喀比传上玛喀比传下所罗门智训便西拉智训巴录书三童歌 ( 亚萨利亚之祷言与我祖之歌颂 ) 苏散拿传比勒与大龙耶利米书信以斯帖补编玛拿西祷言 Esdras I Esdras II Tobit Judith Maccabees I Maccabees II 英文名 The Wisdom of Solomon The Wisdom of the Son of Sirach Baruch The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children Susanna Bel and the Dragon The Epistle of Jeremiah The Rest of the Book of Esther The Prayer of Manasses 20

21 NT APOCRYPHA 新約次經 - Early knowledge of its existence (from the writings of church fathers before archeological finding 對於次經存在的早期認識 ( 在考古發現之前從教父的著作中 ) - Assuming the names of the apostles 假借使徒的名義 - Rejection by church fathers (never achieving the status of OT Apocrypha Deutero-Canon in the Catholic Church) 被教父們否認 ( 從未達到舊約次經的地位天主教會的第二正典 ) - Few mentions of death & resurrection of Jesus: because of Gnostic influence 很少提到耶穌的死亡和復活 : 因爲諾斯底思想的影響 21

22 NT APOCRYPHA 新約次經 - Reasonably accurate in history facts 對於歷史事實算是有合理的準確性 - Limited (some) value in understanding the New Testament 對於理解新約有有限的 ( 一些 ) 價值 PSEUDEPIGRAPHA ( 偽經 ) Gospel of Thomas - Part of Nag Hammadi Library - Total of 114 verses - Sayings gospel - Had many canonical text - Strong Gnostic tendency: v1 These are the secret sayings that the living Jesus spoke and Didymos Judas Thomas recorded - Assuming the names of the apostles 假借使徒的名義 - Erroneous in historical facts 歷史事件的記載有誤 - Problems in theology 神學上有問題 Gospel of Judas - Discovered in 1970s - Coptic papyrus ~ 280 AD - Secret instructions to Judas to act as martyr - Clearly Gnostic: secret, mysteries no mention of death and resurrection of Jesus 22 - Strongly condemned by early church fathers

23 QUESTIONS / DISCUSSION 问题 / 讨论 23

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1 2 3 4 5 b) 6 7 8 9 10 11 erek Kidner Tyndale Press Cole Tyndale Press LEVITICUS Harrison Tyndale Press NUMBERS Wenham Tyndale Press DEUTERONOMY Thompson Tyndale Press Joshua Hess Tyndale Press Judges