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1 1-29 (2006) JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE (46) : 1-29 (2006) 1 Establishment of the Links Among Community-based Conservation, Indigenous Hunting and Wildlife Management * ** *** **** Dau-Jye Lu Wen-Ching Wu K. Jai-Chyi Pei Sasala Taiban Abstract In recent years, the participatory-based strategy has been gradually recognized by the conservation bodies worldwide. A number of cases concerning local involvement in the natural resources management were also available in Taiwan. In this paper, we focused on the western Rukai, a branch of Rukai living in the mountainous area in Pingtung County, for a case study to build up the local institutional framework of wildlife resources management based on the core principals of the community conserved area and community-based conservation, which were community participation, local knowledge and common property. * ( djlu@ntu.edu.tw) Assistant Professor, School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Corresponding Author. ** Master, School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University. *** Professor, Institute of Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. **** Ph. D., Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, US.

2 2 Traditionally, Rukai was a hierarchical society in which the tribal people regarded hunting as one kind of livelihood, honor, and the process for a man to integrate into the tribe. Hunting activity was also a complex of local knowledge and belief, and the logo of indigenous culture and politics. Although the traditional Rukai society has been invaded and ruined by the modern State institutions, western religions, and capital market, they still preserve some traditions relevant to hunting in the tribes up to now, and many initiatives keen to re-activate them. We argue that the community could be the management unit and its core part was the hunter, who had local knowledge and ability to work in the mountains and forests. In addition, the lily cornet, a traditional symbol of recognition for outstanding hunters, which is still practiced and respected by the local Rukai, can be adopted as the certificate system for hunters. We suggest that it is necessary to add modern inventory techniques and ecological interpretation ability into hunters training courses in order to strengthen their capacity. On the other hand, the tribe can link with the Government by several new initiatives such as the tribe council (or meeting) or grassroots associations. This kind of local institutional arrangements is expected to improve the natural guarding, culture inheritance and tourism industrial, as well as contribute to reshape the social system of common property in the tribe. This may achieve a win-win situation for wildlife management, land conservation and indigenous development in the mountainous Taiwan. Keywords: community participation, common property, community conserved area, indigenous institutions, Rukai.

3 3 (Hales, 1989; McNeely, 1994; Wright and Mattson, 1996; Holdgate and Phillips, 1999) (Western and Wright, 1994; IDRC, undated) (Borrini-Feyerabend and Tarnowski, 2005) (Gomez-Pompa and Kaus, 1992; McNeely, 1994; Ghimire and Pimbert, 1997) (Miller, 1996; Litke, 1998) 2. (Feeny et al., 1990; Zazueta, 1995) 3. ( ) ) (stakeholder) (Brandon and Wells, 1992; IUCN, 1993; McNeely, 1994; 1998; Brosius et al., 1998) 4. ( ) (Martinez, 1995; McNeely, 1995; Saunier and Meganck, 1995; Dudley et al., 1999; Sayer, 1999) 2003 (IUCN) (the 5th World Park Congress) 1 (Phillips, 2003; Berkes, 2004; Brosius, 2004) 2 (Phillips, 2003) (Berkes, 2004; Brosius, 2004) ( ) 3 (Community Conserved Area) (Borrini-Feyerabend, 2003; IUCN, a; b; Brosius, 2004) (World Conservation Congress) (social fencing) ) (IUCN, 2004)

4 4 Brosius (2004) ( 1997) (2003)

5 5 ( 1996; ) ( 1994) ( 1994) 1950 ( ) ( a) ( 2003b; 2005b) 2. ) (Eu, 1969; McCullough, 1974, cited in Patel and Lin, 1989; ) (1985) 13, 14 ( ) 1990

6 ) ( 2001; 2003) 2000 ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 2004a 2005) a) (Agenda 21) ( 2 19 ) ( ) 1. (Berkes and Folke, 1998) (Kothari et al., 1998; Borrini-Feyerabend, 2003; Phillips, 2003; Berkes, 2004; Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, 2004) (rights) (responsibilities) (capacities)

7 7 (Western and Wright, 1994; Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, 2004; Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2004) ) 17 (Pathak et al., 2005; Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, 2004; Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2004) (Nepstad et al., 2005) (customary laws) (IUCN, 2003; IUCN CEESP, 2003; Kothari, 2003; Phillips, 2003) ( ) ( ) (Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, 2004; Pathak et al., 2005) (Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, 2004) 18 (co-managed protected areas) (Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, 2004) (Pathak et al., 2005) 84% (Oviedo, 2002, cited in Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Oviedo, 2004)

8 8 ( ) 2. ( ) (Dei, 1993; Williams and Baines, 1993; Berkes and Folke, 1998; Berkes, 1999; Berkes et al., 2000; Kothari, 2003) ( ) 21 ( 2005) ( ) 22 ( ) (Berkes and Folke, 1998; Berkes, 1999; Berkes et al., 2000; Kothari, 2003) ( ) ) (Kleymeryer, 1994) (McCullough, 1974, cited in Patel and Lin, )

9 9 (Brandon and Wells, 1992; IUCN, 1993; McNeely, 1994; 1998) (Hobsbawm and Ranger, 1982) 3. ( ) ( ) 2004b (Agrawal, 2001) 1. ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) (Ostrom, 1990; Murphree, 1993, 1994; Hanna et al., 1996; Ostrom et al., 1999; Pagdee et al., 2006) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) (Klemm and Shine, 1993) ( ) ( ) 23 ( ) ( )

10 10 ( ) ( ) 24 ( a) ( ) 25 ( ) ( ) (Kiss, 1990; Bass et al., 1995; Slocum et al., 1995; Furze et al., 1996) ( ) ( ) 27 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1995) ) ) (

11 ) ( 2003) ) ( ) (kadalanang) (talupaurupoang) (ada adakang) (kasikase) (dakaral) (talupang) (kadangan) (pangipangisane) (sualupu) ( ) (redistribution) ( 1987) 2004) (2004) ) (lrigu) (1987) (tsekal) (pangipangisane) marudrane) ) (animism) ) (li si) ( ) 1995) (kadunangan) 1995) ( 1984)

12 12 ( 2000) 2. ( ) 29 ( ) ( ) 30 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2001) Berkes and Folke (1998)

13 13 3. ( ) 31 32

14 14 ( 19 ) 33 ( )

15 15 Berkes (2004)

16 16 1. IUCN 1962 (World Park Congress) (in situ conservation) 2. (community ) (1985) (p.5) (1997) (p.6) (1997) (p.604-5) (2000) (p.117) Leach et al. (1997; 1999) Agrawal and Gibbon (2001) Brosius (2004) Redford and Stearman (1993)

17 17 engagement ) ) 6. ( Yang, 2005) (2004b) 9. ( 2004) ( ) (1990) (1992) (1996) (1996) (1997) (1996) (1997) (2000) (2001) (2001; 2003) (2003) (2003b; 2004c; 2005a) (2004) (2005) (1997) ( ; ) 1990 )

18 a ) 12. ( ) ( 1996; ; ) 13. (1998) (1999) (2000) (2002) ( ) ) (the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy CEESP) (World Commission on Protected Areas WCPA) (Theme on Indigenous & Local Communities, Equity & Protected Areas TILCEPA) (Indigenous Protected Areas) (Alto Fragua-Indiwasi National Park) (Borrini-Feyerabend, Kothari and Ovideo, 2004) (1988) (p.561) (1969) hunt go after (wild animals) for food or sport (p.523) 21. (2003) 22. (1963) ( 2 ) ( 19 )(

19 19 ) 2005) 24. ( ) (2002) (2003; 2004) (2003) (2005) (2005; 2006) 25. (2004) ( ) ( b; 2004c; 2005a ,168 7, (1985) 2005 ( ) (2004)

20 (1996) (2003b; 2004c; 2005a) (2005) (2005) (2003b; 2004c; 2005a) (2005) GUGA (2005c) ( ) [ 3 11] (1996) (2003) (2004) (2004) (bengelrai) (lrigu) ( ) (2005) (2002) (1984) (1997) (2005) (1990) (2005)

21 21 (Agriculture and Economics) 35: (2003) (2004) (2003) (2006a) [ ] (2006b) (2002) [ ] (2005) 4 19 (1969) (2005) (1999) 9 (1): (2001) 11 (1): (1997) (1997) (1996) ( ) 3 (1): (1997) ( ) 2: (1972) (2001) (2003) (2005) (1985) (2002) 57: ( ) [ ] (1996) (1998)

22 (1996) (1998) 19: (2000) (2001) (2004) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (1988) (1998) (1996) ( ) (2004) 55 (2): (1995) (1987) 62: (2000) 2 16 (1994) 2: (2003) [ ] (1997)

23 23 (1994) (2004) (2001) (1997) 17: (1990) (2000) (2000) 15: (2001) (Cinsibu) [ ] (1992) (1999) (1998) (2001) 11 (2): (1996) (2004) (2001) (2001) (2003) 30 (1): (1996) 4 (4): 5-10 (2002) (1998) (1985) (1996) (1963) 3: (2006) (2005) (2001)

24 24 30: (2003a) (2003b) (2004a) (1): (2004b) 37: 1-25 (2004c) (2005a) (III) (3/3) (2005b) (Indigenous peoples and National land planning Conference) (2005c) ( ) 3 9 (2000) (2003) (2004) Peyanan (2000) 15: (1985) ( (3): 86-89) ( ) (1994) (1995) 50: 1-12 (2000) (2004) (2005) (2004) (1997) (2005) 2005

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