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1 Transboundary Water Governance in the Mekong River Basin 1 Lily H.C. Yu Associate Professor of Center for General Education, Cheng-shiu University / Abstract Asia, with the most population among all continents, is emerging as the future economic development center in the world. As population growth and living standards rising, freshwater usage must be increasing. Rivers flows through artificially demarcated borders, and united their users. How to share common water resources is the most important challenge faced by riparian nations. This paper discussed the importance and meaning of water governance in transboundary rivers and analyzed the case in the Mekong River basin. It introduced the history of water governance in the Mekong River basin, and evaluated its performance from environmental, political, social, and economic dimensions. Economic developments and poverty alleviation are at the top of the transboundary governance goals, that is why the issue of environmental sustainability is often ignored. The nurture of environmental consciousness is the guarantee of sustainable development. The profound governance 1 NSC H

2 obstructions are the cooperation selectively among riparian states, the absence of political democracy and active public participation, the ignorance of the poor s needs, and the corruption causing governance budgets consumed Keywords: Mekong River, water governance, water resource, transboundary river 2

3 2 Green Politics 3 4 high politics United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP Richard A. Matthew and Ted Gaulin, Conflict or Cooperation? The Social and Political Impacts of Resource Scarcity on Small Island States, Global Environmental Politics (May 2001), p Matthew Paterson, Green Politics, in Burchill, Andrew Linklater ed., Theories of International Relations (Fourth Edition, Revised Edition) (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p Ulrich Beck Oran R. Young, The Problem of Scale in Human/Environment Relationships, Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol.6, No. 4(1994), p Erika Weinthal, State Making and Environmental Cooperation-- Linking Domestic and International Politics in Central Asia (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2002), p Alex Kirby, Dawn of a thirsty century, June2, 2000, < (18 March 2010). 3

4 global commons What Price Water? Courier, 1999 < (Retrieved June 3, 2010). 8 Daniel P. Loucks: < (18 March 2010). 9 Daniel P. Loucks, Jery R. Stedinger and Douglas A. Haith, Water Resource Systems Planning and Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1981), p OwenGreene, Environmental Isues, in John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds.) The Globalization of World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp

5 % 10% global environmental governance 1992 Rio de 12 A Rare and Precious Resource, Courier, 1999 < (Retrieved June 3, 2010). 13 Press Release < Stockholm/StockholmPR.html>(Retrieved December 29, 2003)

6 Janeiro 21 Agenda World Water Day Millennium Development Goals, MDGs Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, WSSD WEHAB Water and sanitation, Energy, Health, Agriculture, Biodiversity Human Development Report, Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty, and the Global Water Crisis, About World Water Day, World Water Day, Feb. 10, < (Retrieved June 2, 1010) < ( ) 19 Water, Sanitation, and the Milennium Development Goals, Asian Development Bank < (Retrieved June 3, 2010). 20 United Nations, Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (N.Y.: United Nations, 2002), p UNDP, Human Development Report 2006 Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis. (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). 6

7 WEHAB rival rivalis 23 common- pool resources Raymond Basin ( ) Aaron T. Wolf, Annika Kramer, Alexander Carius, and Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Managing Water Conflict and Cooperation, in Lester Brown (ed.), State of the World: Redefining Global Security (Washington D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 2005), p Oran R. Young, op. cit., p Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp

8 27 contiguous river successive river 28 Rio Grande Nile Erika Weinthal, op. cit. 28 Z (Jeffrey Z. Rubin) (Guy Oliver Faure) Z The Program in Water Conflict Management and Transformation (PWCMT) WWAP, Water for People, Water for Life (N.Y.: Berghahn Books, 2003), p Sandra L. Postel, Securing Water for People, Crops, and Ecosystems: New Mindset and New Priorities, Natural Resources Forum, No.27 (2003), p WWAP, Water for People, Water for Life, p

9 International Monetary Fund, IMF (good governance) a hybrid problem-driving mode building capacity 32 UNESCO, Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential: Water for Peace (Paris: UNESCO Division of Water Sciences, 2003), p Bradley C. Karkkainen, Post-Sovereign Environmental Governance, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.4, No.1 (2004), p < >

10 stakeholders 37 the missing link accountability (empowerment) Leon Hermans, Daniel Renault, Lucy Emerton, Daniele Perrot-Maitre, Sophie Nguyen-Khoa and Laurence Smith, Stakeholder-oriented Valuation to Support Water Resources Management Processes (Rome: FAO, 2006), p UNDP, op. cit., pp GWP, Efective Water Governance -- Learning from the Dialogues, paper presented at the 3rd World Water Forum, Kyoto, Japan, March 16-23, WWAP, Water: A Shared Responsibility (N.Y.: Berghahn Books, 2006), pp

11 Mae Khong Mekong Mae Khong 41 Indo-Chine grand artery state Maria Serena I. Diokno and Nguyen Van Chinh, Introduction: Mother of Waters, in Maria Serena I. Diokno and Nguyen Van Chinh (eds.), The Mekong Arranged & Rearranged (Chiang Mai: Mekong Press, 2006), p Armando Malay, Jr., Configuring Indochina :19th Century Explorations of the Mekong, in Maria Serena I. Diokno and Nguyen Van Chinh (eds.), The Mekong Arranged & Rearranged (Chiang Mai: Mekong Press, 2006), pp Ian C. Campbell, Introduction, in Ian C. Campbell (ed.), The Mekong Biophysical Environment of an International River Basin (N.Y.: Elsevier, 2009), p Charles Keyes, Ethnicity and the Nation-states of Thailand and Vietnam, in Prasit Leepreecha, Don McCaskill, and Kwanchewan Buadaeng (eds.), Challenging the Limits Indigenous Peoples of the Mekong Region (Chiang Mai: Mekong Press, 2008), p

12 UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, ECAFE 1949 Bureau of Flood Control 1966 ECAFE Asian Development Bank, ADB 1974 ECAFE UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 44 ESCAP 1957 ECAFE the Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin Mekong Committee The First Parliament of Asia-- Sixty Years of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ( ) (Bangkok: ESCAP, 2007), p.21. History, ESCAP, < (Retrieved 22 March 2010). 45 Nantana Gajaseni, Oliver William Heal, and Gareth Edwards-Jones, The Mekong River Basin: Comprehensive Water Governance, in Matthias Finger, Ludivine Tamiotti, and Jeremy Allouche (eds.), The Multi-Governance of Water-- Four Cases Studies (N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2006), p Nguyen Phuong Binh, Geopolitics and Development Cooperation in the Mekong Region, in Maria Serena I. Diokno and Nguyen Van Chinh (eds.), The Mekong Arranged & Rearranged (Chiang Mai: Mekong Press, 2006), p

13 Interim Mekong Committee Doi Moi, renovation new economic mechanism, NEM The Greater Mekong Subregion, GMS 50 MDGs s 51 peace dividend GMS D.R. SarDesai, Southeast Asia: Past and Present (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1997), p Chanthavong Saignasith, Lao-Style New Economic Mechanism, in Mya Than and Joseph L.H. Tan (eds.), Lao s Dilemmas and Option--The Challenges in Economic Transition in the 1990 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1997), p Nguyen Phuong Binh, op.cit., p ADB s Role, Asian Development Bank, < (Retrieved Jun. 9, 2010). 51 Greater Mekong Subregion, Asian Development Bank, May 28, 2010 < (Retrieved Jun. 9, 2010). 52 GMS Greater Mekong Subregion, Asian Development Bank, 13

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15 GMS MRC AMBDC GMS MRC (nation-state) MRC IWRM (region) 56 MRC GMS GMS Kevin Woods, Transboundary Environmental Governance in the Greater Mekong Subregion: the Politics of Participation, Watershed, Vol.10, No.2 (2004), p Nguyen Phuong Binh, op.cit., p

16 GMS 59 GMS MRC Tonle Sap MRC MRC, < GMSEC, < (Retrieved March 30, 2010). 61 Nguyen Phuong Binh, op. cit., pp

17 63 64 Irrawaddy dolphin Non-governmental Organization, NGO < Ian C. Campbell, Introduction, pp Mekong Dolphins Almost Extinct, BBC News, Jun.18, 2009, < (Retrieved 29 March 2010). 66 Nathan Badenoch, Transboundary Environmental Governance Principle and Practice in Mainland Southeast Asia (Washington D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2002), p Shlomi Dinar, Scarcity and Cooperation Along International Rivers, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.1 (2009), p Louis Lebel, Po Garden, and Masao Imamurd, The Politics of Scale, Position, and Place in the Governance of Water Resources in the Mekong Region, Ecology and Society, Vol.10, No.2 (2005), p.18. < 69 C. Peter Timmer, Agriculture and Pro-Poor Growth: An Asian Perspective, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, Vol.5, No.1 (2008), p.4. 17

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24 United Nations. Uy ban song Me Kong Viet Nam < (Retrieved June 8, 2010). Water, Sanitation, and the Milennium Development Goals. Asian Development Bank < > (Retrieved June 3, 2010). Weinthal, Erika (2002). State Making and Environmental Cooperation Linking Domestic and International Politics in Central Asia. Cambridge: The MIT Press. What Price Water? (1999). Courier. < (Retrieved June 3, 2010). Wolf, Aaron T., Annika Kramer, Alexander Carius, and Geoffrey D. Dabelko (2005). Managing Water Conflict and Cooperation. In State of the World: Redefining Global Security, edited by Lester Brown, pp Washington D.C.: Worldwatch Institute. Woods, Kevin (2004). Transboundary Environmental Governance in the Greater Mekong Subregion: the Politics of Participation. Watershed, Vol.10, No.2, pp WWAP(2003). Water for People, Water for Life. N.Y.: Berghahn Books (2006). Water: A Shared Responsibility. N.Y.: Berghahn Books. Young, Oran R.(1994). The Problem of Scale in Human/Environment Relationships. Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol.6, No.4, pp

25 1 WEHAB 2 WWAP, Water: A Shared Responsibility (N.Y.: Berghahn Books, 2006), p

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3 Uy ban song Me Kong Viet Nam <http://www.

27 3 Uy ban song Me Kong Viet Nam < (Retrieved June 8, 2010). 27

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