( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 9 : Hogg,,,, Hogg,,,,,, 5,, 9 :Mr. Hogg was on his way home. He had been out of work for two weeks and could not find another

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1 ( ) Examinations Research Apr V o l. 4, N o. 2,,,,, ; G A (2008) , ( ),,,,,, ;,,, ;,

2 ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 9 : Hogg,,,, Hogg,,,,,, 5,, 9 :Mr. Hogg was on his way home. He had been out of work for two weeks and could not find another job. Today he hadn t anything to eat and he had no money in his pocket. Suddenly,a thin man with a gun in his hand appeared in front of him. Don t move or shout. Put hands on your head. Give me your money. The man said. Hogg didn t deare to move. But I haven t hot any. Hogg said. With these words he pulled out his pockets,and they were all empty. The man didn t believe him. So Hogg told him everything. After hearing his story,the man put the gun away and took out five dollars,saying, We are in the same boat. Take this. After he put the money into Hogg s hand,he went away quickly. Hogg watched the man disappearing in the darkness. With the money in his hand,hogg didn t know what to do or what to say. 91

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5 4 2, ( ), 1.,,,,,, 2., 1,,, 1 (define) (record) (name). (memorize) (list) (relate) (repeat) (recall) (state) (restate) (tell) ( ) (locate). (discuss) (review) (identify) (describe) (report) (express) (recognize) (explain) 94

6 ( ) (translate) (employ) (dramatize) (interpret) (use) (practise). (apply) (demonstrate) (illustrate) (operate) (schedule) (sketch) (classify) (differentiate) (experiment) (distinguish) (appraise) (test) (analyze) (calculate) (compare),. (contrast) (criticize) (diagram) (question) (relate) (examine) (translate) (interpret) (inventory) (inspect) (debate) (synthesize) (compose) (plan) ( propose ) ( design ) ( ) (formulate). (construct) (create) (set up) (organize) (manage) (prepare) (integrate) (predict) (summarize) (assemble) (collect) (arrange) (judge) (appraise) (evaluate) (rate) (compare) (score). (revise) (value) (select) (measure) (estimate) (assess) (choose),,, : What causes...? Why does the author mention...? : The main idea of this passage is... This passage tells us... Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 3. 95

7 4 2,,,,,,, 4., 10 :At New Year s Eve write a letter to your friend. What s your plan for the coming semester? Please tell your friend about your hopes and wishes for next semester. 10 (plan), (hopes and wishes), (plan) (hopes and wishes),, 11 :, : 11 ; 21 11,,, 5.,,,,, 12,,,,,,, 96

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16 ( ) 5.,,, 3 2,,,,,, ;,,, ( ) [1 ] : [M], :,2006 [2 ]Cohen R. J. and Swerdlik M. E (2005). Psychological Testing and Assessment An Introduction to Tests and Measurement (Sixth Edition) London :McGraw Hill Higher Education [3 ] Downing S. M. ( 2006 ). Selected - Response Item Format in Test Development in Handbook of Test Development Edited by Downing S. M. and Haladyna T. M. London :Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers [4 ]McDonald R. P. (1999). Test Theory A Unified Treatment. London :Lawrence Erlbaum [5 ]Osterlinter,S. J. (1998). Constructing Test Items :Multiple - Choice,Constructed - Response,Performance, and Other Formats Boston/ Dordrecht/ London : Kluwer Academic Publishers [6 ]Tindal,G. etc. (2002). Large - Scale Assessment Program for All Students :Validity,Technical Adequacy,and Implementation. London :Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 105

17 4 2 Theories and Techniques for Item Construction Lei Xinyong Zhou Qun Shanghai Municipal Educational Examinations Authority, Shanghai, Abstract :Some psychological assumptions are the foundations of the item construction for large scale assessment. The assumptions are consistent with Osterlinter s item definition which means that an item consists of three components,definite measuring objective or psychological construct,a stimulus and a prescriptive form for answering. Without any one of the components,an item could not be used to infer the examinees psychological construct. Based on these assumptions as well as the item definition,the authors have discussed the fundamental considerations in developing selected2response and constructed2response items. Key Words : item construction item elements selected2response constructed2response item item 106

(Cohen R. J. 2005),,,,,,,,, ( Testing),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85

2008 1 4 1 Examinations Research Jan. 2 0 0 8 V o l. 4, N o. 1 :,,,, ; G424. 79 A 1673-1654 (2008) 01-0084 - 14,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ;,,, ;,200235 84 (Cohen R. J. 2005),,,,,,,,, ( Testing),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,