新加坡的次區域發展策略.doc

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照宗政
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1 1989 (Malaysia-Indonesia-Singapore Growth Triangle) (spill-over effect)

3 Singapore s Subregional Development Strategy: The MIS-GT Chia-Chen Hsieh ABSTRAT Globalization spreads out the concept of global economy everywhere. The outstanding regional integration such as European Union (EU) takes off whilst the globalization wave over the world. Given the economics-security nexus, subregional development strategy cannot be ignored within the co-existence of economic globalization and economic regionalization. The great economic and political gaps between the countries in the East-Asia region causes the absence of a formal and organized regional organization with well functions and scale such as EU in Europe. The subregional economic cooperation pattern is essential to the Asian economies development before a well organization formed in Asia. The growth triangle is a unique Asian economy development pattern. The concept of Growth Triangle is initiated by the then prime minister, Goh Chok Tong, in The differences of subregional economic cooperation from regional economic cooperation are the following. Firstly, it is an investment and trade zone formed by several countries. Secondly, it does not need the complicated and time-consuming process. The Malaysia-Indonesia-Singapore Growth Triangle participated the Johor of Malaysia, the Riau of Indonesia and Singapore is the first and well-functioned growth triangle in Asia. Besides, the four characteristics derives from the growth triangle are economic complementarity, geographical proximity, policy coordination and infrastructure development. Based the above characteristics, this paper tries to adopt the flying geese model to explain that Singapore utilities the factor endowment of each one to achieve the economics of scale in order to prospect the whole subregion and to take the neo-functionalism view to assess the spill-over effect generated from the cooperation between the three parties from economic affairs to political affairs. Initially, the reasons of Singapore to proposed the formation of growth triangle is for its benefit confronting the situation of economic globalization and economic regionalization and the responses to the Asian political-economic development. The reason of Malaysia to participate the growth triangle is for

4 equality of north and south development and the role in the Southeast-Asia, while Indonesia want to flourish the economy through the establishment of industrial estate. Generally, Singapore locates in the southeast-asia region, where contains multi-culture and multi-political-economic environment needs to cooperate with neighboring countries to profit from each other and to keep the national development niche. There are three conclusions from this paper. Firstly, Singapore can stabilize the relationships with neighbors and attract more FDI by the cooperation within the MIS-GT. Secondly, Singapore can get a position in the Asian economy under the multilateral global political economic system. Finally, Singapore can sustain the development and keep the national competitiveness in the future Asian economic development by the MIS-GT efforts. Key Word: Malaysia-Indonesia-Singapore Growth Triangle, Subregional Cooperation Development, Singapore.

5 (bloc economy) (EU) (NAFTA) (city-state) (borderland integration) 1 ( ) ( 1 Minghi, J. V. From conflict to harmony in border landscapes, in D.Rumley and J. V. Mingley, eds., The geography of border landscapes (London: Routledge, 1991), pp

6 ) (subregional economic zones) Subregional Economic Zones and Integration in East Asia Dajin Peng, Subregional economic zones and integration in East Asia, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.117, No.4 (Winter, 2002/2003), pp

7 3 ( ) (natural economic territory) (extend metropolitan region) (factor endowment) 4 (comparative advantages) (economic complementarity) (geographical proximity) (policy coordination) (infrastructure development) 5 3 Fu-Kuo Liu, Industrial development and the impetus to regional economic integration in Pacific Asia, in Ian G. Cook and Marcus A. Doel and Rex Li, eds., Fragmented Asia: Regional Integration and National Disintegration in Pacific Asia (Brookfiield: Ashgate Publishing, 1996), pp Min Tang and Myo Thant, Growth Triangles: Conceptual Issues and Operational Problems, Asian Development Bank, (February, 1994), p G. Naidu, Johor-Singapore-Riau Growth Triangle: Progress and prospects, in Myo Thant and Min Tang and Hiroshi Kakazu, eds., Growth Triangles in Asia: A New Approach to Regional Economic Cooperation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp

8 6 (Mohamad Mahathir) (Mohamed Suharto) ( 2003) 229

9 (regional headquarter) 7 ( ) (Akamatsu Kaname) 1930 (flying-geese theory) ( ) 8 (flying-geese pattern) (industrialization) 1960 (textile production) (newly industrializing economy) (investing countries) 7 Chia Siow Yue and Jamus Jerome Lim, Singapore: A Regional Hub in ICT, in Seiichi Masuyama and Donna Vandenbrink, eds., Towards a knowledge-based economy: east asia s changing industrial geography (Singapore: ISEAS and NRI, 2003), pp ( 1998) 182

10 (receiving countries) (comparative advantage) Asia s Borderless Economy: the Emergence of Subregional Zones 6 V 9 9 Philip Kotler Hermawan Kartajaya ( 2001) 32-33

11 32 10 ( ) (spill-over effect) 10 (introduction stage) (import-substitution stage) (export stage) (mature stage) (reverse-import stage) Edward K. Y. Chen and C. H. Kwan, The Emergence of Subregional Eonomic Zones in Asia, in Edward K. Y. Chen and C. H. Kwan, eds., Asia s Borderless Economy: the Emergence of Subregional Zones (Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1997), pp. 2-7.

12 11 11 ( ) 25-51

13 12 12 Hass, Ernst B., The Uniting of Europe: Political, Economic, and Social Forces (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958) ; Hass, Ernst B., Beyond the Nation-State: Funcionalism and International Organization (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964) ; Lindberg, Leon N., The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963) ; Nye, Joseph S.,Jr., Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflicts in Regional Organization (Boston: Little Brown, 1971) ; Pentland, Charles, International Theory and European Integration (London: Faber and Faber, 1973) ; Russett, Bruce, International Regions and the international System (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967).

14 ( ) (Malaysia-Indonesia-Singapore Growth Triangle) Triangulating the Borderless World: Geographies of Power in the Indonesia-Malaysia- Singapore Growth Triangle 487

15 (Malaya peninsula) (Johor) (Riau islands) (Riau) (straits of Malacca) (strait of Singapore) (Goh Chok Tong) (Jakarta) (ASEAN) (APEC) Donald E. Weatherbee, Southeast Asia at Mid-Decade: Independence through Interdependence, in Southeast Asian Affairs 1995 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995), pp Singapore-Johor(e)-Riau Growth Triangle(SIJORI) Singapore-Malaysia-Indonesia Growth Triangle(SMIGT) Malaysia-Indonesia-Singapore Growth Triangle(MISGT) Macleod, Scott and T.G. McGee., The Singapore-Johor-Riau Growth Triangle: An Emerging Extended Metropolitan Region, in Fu. Chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung, eds., Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia (New York: United Nations university Press, 1996), pp

16 (inward-looking) (zero sum) (outward-oriented) (foreign direct investment) (FDI) (capital) (skilled labour) (advanced technology) (access to world markets) (advanced physical infrastructures) (advanced commercial infrastructure) (land) (natural resources) (semi-skilled labour) (intermediate technology) (basic infrastructure) 16 Waldron, Darryl G., Growth Triangles: A Strategic Assessment, Multinational Business Review, Vol.5, No.1 (Spring, 1997), pp

17 (unskilled labour) (basic technology) (natural resources) (undeveloped land) 17 Triangulating the Borderless World: Geographies of Power in the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle 490 ( ) 17 M. Sparke and J.D. Sidaway and T.Bunnell and C. Grundy-Warr, Triangulating the Borderless World: Geographies of Power in the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol.29, No.4 (2004), pp

18 (The Seventh Malaysia Plan 1996 ~ 2000) 1970 (New Economic Policy) 1991 (National Development Policy) 1996 (The Second Industrial Master Plan) % (Brunei) (Sabah) (Sarawak) (cost disparities) (Multimedia Super Corridor, MSC) 2000 ( 2001)

19 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 81.1 Growth Triangle: The Johor-Singapore-Riau Experience

20 ( ) 1997 (IMF) Yuhanis Kamil and mari Pangestu and Christina Fredericks, A Malaysian Perspective, in Lee Tsao Yuan, ed., Growth Triangle: The Johor-Singapore-Riau Experience (Singapore: ISEAS, 1991), pp

21 (Batam island) (Bintan island) (Suharto) (Lee Kuan Yew) (Singapore-Riau Economic Cooperation Agreement) (Department of Industry) Shannon L.D. Smith, The Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle: A Political and

22 The Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle: A Political and Economic Equation 375 (Batamindo Indutrial Park) (Bintan Industrial Estate) Economic Equation, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.51, No.3 (1997),pp

23 (knowledge-based economy) 25 (entrepot trade) Warren Fernandez ( 1999) Linda Low, Globalisation and the Political Economy of Singapore s Policy on Foreign Talent and High Skills, Journal of Education & Work, Vol.15, Issue.4 (Dec.2002), pp Sven W. Arndt, Production sharing and Singapore s global competitiveness, in Ramkishen S.. Rajan, ed., Sustaining Competitiveness in the New Global Economy: the Experience of Singapore (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003), pp

24 Sustaining Competitiveness in the New Global Economy: the Experience of Singapore 92 Sustaining Competitiveness in the New Global Economy: the Experience of Singapore 97 (re-export)

25 EIU Country Forecast, October/2003.

26 ( ) (borderland integration) (core) (semi-periphery) (periphery) (borderland economic integration) K.C. Ho and Alvin So, Semi-periphery and borderland integration: Singapore and Hong Kong experiences, Political Geography, Vol.16, No.3 (1997), pp

27 ( ) (intra-regional trade) Jessie P.H. Poon and Edmund R. Thompson, Asia Pacific and European Patterns of Intra- and Extra-regional Trade, in David E. Andersson and Jessie P. H. Poon, eds., Asia-Pacific Transitions (New York: Palgrave Publisher, 2001), pp Richard Higgott, The international political economy of regionalism: the Asia-Pacific and Europe compared, in William D. Coleman and Geoffrey R.D. Underhill, eds., Regionalism and global economic integration: Europe, Asia and the Americas (New York: Routledge, 1998), pp

28 ( )

2012 /3 Liberal International Economic Order Principle of Multilateralism Regionalism 1 2 Regional Trade Agreements RTAs 3 20 80 2009 1 2 RTAs RTAs Ru

* Kevin G. Cai / * 2012 /3 31 121 138 Quarterly Journal of International Politics 121 2012 /3 Liberal International Economic Order Principle of Multilateralism Regionalism 1 2 Regional Trade Agreements