W TO,,W TO, W TO, W TO :,, ( North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA ), NAFTA NAFTA, NAFTA,(North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation,

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1 Modern Law Science Vol128 No. 6 Nov., 2006 : (2006) :W TO (, ) :,,, : ; ; : D99614 : A, : : W TO ( 05BFX050) (04JZD0015) :( ),,,,,,,W TO,,W TO,, W TO :W TO GATT ( b)( g), 34

2 W TO,,W TO, W TO, W TO :,, ( North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA ), NAFTA NAFTA, NAFTA,(North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, NAAEC),, NAFTA 11,, NAFTA,,????,,, NAFTA,,,, ;,, 20,, [ 1 ],,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, NAFTA, ( See Howard Mann, NAFTA and the Environment: Lessons for the Future [ J ]1 13 Tulane EnvironmentalLaw Journal, 2000, 388. ) 35

3 ,,,,NAFTA, NAFTA ( ) NAFTA, NAFTA NAFTA,,,,,, NAFTA,,,, NAFTA,, ;,,,GATT, GATT GATT,, NAFTA NAFTA 36, NAFTA :NAFTA ; NAFTA, NAFTA, NAFTA,,, NAFTA, NAFTA,,W TO,W TO NAFTA :,,W TO,,W TO ;, W TO, NAFTA, ;,W TO, NAFTA,,, NAFTAW TO NAFTA,, NAAEC,:,, ;, ( ) NAFTA NAFTA NAFTA,NAFTA 11

4 , NAFTA NAFTA,,, NAFTA,, NAFTA: 1. NAFTA 1102, 2. NAFTA 1103, 3. NAFTA 1105,, 4. NAFTA 1106,, : 5. NAFTA 1110, ( take a measure tantamount to nationalization or exp rop riation), (payment of just compensation), NAFTA 11,,,,, ;, [ 2 ], NAFTA,,,, NAFTA,,, : ;, NAFTA,,, ( ), NAFTA 90 ;,NAFTA ( See Gary N. Horlick & A licia L. Marti, NAFTA Chap ter 11 B - A Private R ight of Action to Enforce Market Access Through Investments [ J ], 14 Journal of International A rbitration, 1997, ). NAFTA, NAFTA ( investor - state dispute settlement p rocess) W TO ( See NAFTA s Chap ter 11 and the Environment: Addressing the Impacts of the NAFTA 1116, Investor - State Process on the Environment, International Institute for, Sustainable Development, p. 3, http: / /www. iisd. ca ) 37

5 , :, NAFTA,,,,,, NAFTA, NAFTA 1114, NAFTA : NAFTA, 11141,, NAFTA 11,NAFTA 11066,,,,, NAFTA, NAFTA,, NAFTA [ 3 ], NAFTA NAAEC NAFTA, NAFTANAFTA : [ 4 ] 38,, NAFTA, W TO ( ), NAFTA NAFTA,NAFTA,,, GATT/W TO NAFTA,,,,,NAFTA,, NAFTA, NAFTA ( ) 1. ( Ethyl corporation v. Canada) NAFTA 11, , (NAFTA 11 ),,, NAFTA ,,?, 11141?, NAFTA 11142,, ( See David A Gantz, Potential Conflicts between Investors R ights and Environmental Regulation under NAFTA s Chap ter 11 [ J ] 133 George W ashington International Law Review, 2001, ).

6 :, MMT, 1997, MMT,, MMT:, MMT,NAFTA , , MMT MMT ;, MMT,, ,, 1998,,, 2000, [ 5 ] 2. (M etalclad v. M exico),,,,,, NAFTA 11 : NAFTA ; 1110 ;, NAFTA ; (M yers v. Canada) PCB 1995, PCB 16, NAFTA 11, :PCB PCB,NAFTA ; PCB,, 1105, NAFTA, NAFTA,, NAFTA,, ( ) NAFTA 1.,,,,, :,,,,,, 39

7 ,,,,, NAFTA,,NAFTA NAAEC 2. NAFTA NAFTA,,,,,, GATT GATT,, GATT, GATT/W TO [ 6 ],,, 3. NAFTA NAFTA 11, NAFTA, NAFTA NAFTA 40,, ;,NAFTA 11, 4.,,,,,,,,, [ 7 ],,,,, ( ),,,,

8 :,,,,,,,,,,,, NAFTA,, NAFTA,, :,,,,,,,, NAFTA 11,, NAFTA,,, W TO, [ 8 ],, [ 9 ],,,,,, NAFTA NAFTA, :, NAFTA W TO, NAFTA 11 41

9 ,,, ( ),,, NAFTA,, NAFTA,NAFTA, NAFTA NAAEC, GATT :,GATT, NAFTA, NAFTA GATT GATT,,GATT NAFTA,,, NAFTA, NAFTA GATT 42,, : NAFTA,,,,, NAFTA NAFTA, NAFTA NAFTA :, NAFTA ;, NAFTA;, NAFTA ;, NAFTA NAAEC NAAEC, NAFTA NAFTA,, W TO,,W TO GATT, W TO, W TO, NAFTA,,, NAFTA, : ( 1) NAFTA, ( ) ; (2) ; (3) ( See Daniel R. Loritz, Corporate Predators A ttack Environmental Regulations: Its Time to A rbitrate Claim s Filed Under NAFTA s Chap ter 11 [ J ] 1 22 Loyola of Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review, 2000, ).

10 :,, NAFTA NAFTA,, NAFTA NAFTA, NAFTA [ 10 ] NAFTA, NAFTA, NAFTA 1110 NAFTA NAFTA, NAFTA [ 11 ] NAFTA NAFTA,NAFTA,,,,,, ;, :,,,,,, NAFTA 11NAFTA,, 11,,,, : [ 1 ]. [A ]1 [ C ] [ 2 ] Francisco S. Nogales, The NAFTA Environmental Framework, Chap ter 11 Investment Provisions and the Environment [ J ] 1 8 Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, 2002, 110. [ 3 ] David A Gantz, Potential Conflicts between Investors R ights and Environmental Regulation under NAFTA s Chap ter 11 [ J ] 1 33 George W ashington International Law Review, 2001, [ 4 ] NAAEC art. 1 ( c), art. 1, art. 3, 32 I. L. M [M ], 1993, [ 5 ] The Council of Canadians, NAFTA s B ig B rother: The Free Trade A rea of the Americas and the Threat of NAFTA - style Investor - State Rules, March 20, 2001, p. 2. [ 6 ] J. Martin W agner, International Investment, Exp rop riation and Environmental Protection [ J ] 129 Golden Gate University Law Review, 1999, [ 7 ] See Christopher, Deciphering Sustainable Development [ J ], 69 Chicago - Kent Law Review, 1994, [ 8 ] See Jonathan Fried, Globalization and International Law - Some Thoughts for Citizens and States [ J ] 1 23 Queen s Law Journal, 1997, 259, 274., NAFTA NAAEC NAFTA 11 NAFTA ( See J. Martin W agner, International Investment, Exp rop riation and Environmental Protection [ J ]. 29 Golden Gate University Law Review, 1999, 467). NAFTA 11, ( See Sam rat Ganguly, Investor - State D ispute Mechanism and a Sovereign s Power to Protect Public Health [ J ] 1 38 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1999, 119). The 43

11 [ 9 ] See Howard Mann, NAFAT and the Environment: Lessons for the Future [ J ] 1 13 Tulane Environmental Law Journal, 2000, 408. [ 10 ] See Howard Mann, International and Environmental Law and Policy, O ttawa, Canada, and A ssociate, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Trade and Investment Program, A ssessing the Impact of NAFTA on Environmental Law and M anagement Processes, CEC - First North American Symposium on Understanding the L inkages between Trade and Environment Papers, at http: / /www. cec. org/ symposium, [ 11 ] See Lawrence L. Herman, Settlement of International Trade D isputes - Challenges to Sovereignty A Canadian Perspective [ J ]. 24 Canada - U. S Law Journal, L ega l Conflicts and The ir Avo idance in the Area of In terna tiona l Investm en t and Env ironm en t Protection: A Study of the La test Reg iona l Investm en t Trea ty and Relevan t Ca ses L IU Sun (Law Schoo l, Zhongnan University of Econom ics and Law, W uhan , China) Abstract: Environmental pollution caused by econom ic integration has become one of the heated top ics in international society, which has begun to emp loy international trade and investment treaties to avert the adverse impact on the environment exerted by liberal trade and investment. The signing of the North American Free Trade Agreem ent and its sub2agreement, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation is deemed as a landm ark in environmental p rotection, which tries to care for bo th free investigation and environm ental p rotection. Though the Trade Agreement fails to regulate effectively the relationship between investm ent and environmental p rotection and peop le find many legal conflicts in its imp lementation, the idea and p rincip le embodied in it that we cannot sacrifice environment for pursuing free trade and investment will p robably become a very important notion and p rincip le in future international econom ic law and w ill exert a considerable and deep influence on the evolution of international investment law and international econom ic law. Key W ords: international investment; environment p rotection; the North Am erican Free Trade Agreement : 44

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