中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\

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1 * Van Dyke ** Vernon Van Dyke ethnic communities rights Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Vernon Van Dyke * NSC H I10 **

2 132 Vernon Van Dyke the third generation of human rights Vernon Van Dyke David Forsythe Van Dyke Van Dyke Forsythe, 1992: 502 Donald Kommers Gilburt Loescher Van Dyke Kommers & Loescher, 1979: ix Van Dyke ethnic community rights 1 Van Dyke 1 Van Dyke community rights collective rights ethnic community rights group rights Van Dyke Van Dyke

3 group collectivity membership Van Dyke equal treatment 2 Van Dyke, 1985: 3-4 Van Dyke minorities Victor Rosenblum Van Dyke Rosenblum, 1991: 198 Van Dyke Van Dyke (1979: 36, 53) 2 Van Dyke Van Dyke

4 134 Vernon Van Dyke atomization 1979: 55, 60 Van Dyke two-level theory of rights 1974: : 213 Van Dyke, 1985: , 208 Van Dyke

5 group mind common sense 3 Van Dyke, 1985: 205 Van Dyke 1985: 205 Van Dyke, 1985: Van Dyke John Rawls Hanna Pitkin Carole Pateman J. P. Plamenatz 3 Van Dyke group community ethnic community group-persons or moral persons group mind general will 1985: 208

6 136 Vernon Van Dyke 1979: : Van Dyke 4 Hobbes Locke commonwealth associations or groups at the intermediate level Rousseau Van Dyke, 1979: 39 John Rawls 5 Van Dyke 1979: 37 Hobbes Locke Rawals 4 5 Van Dyke the consent of the governed Van Dyke Van Dyke 1979: 37 Van Dyke? Van Dyke corporate entity aboriginal collective right 1985: 209 Van Dyke Rawls Van Dyke, 1979: 39, 54 Rawls social classes the least advantaged as entities differences of language race self-determination a society of individuals

7 Van Dyke, 1982: 39 Van Dyke 1982: 39 nation-states multilingual multiracial multireligious multinational Van Dyke monolithic unity 1979: Van Dyke DeFunis case

8 138 Vernon Van Dyke Van Dyke 1979: congnizable noncognizable 6 Van Dyke, 1979: 57 Van Dyke,1979:58 Van Dyke 1982: : 59 6 Van Dyke 1979: 57 Williamsburg Hasidic Jews Soul City

9 Van Dyke, 1979: 59 Van Dyke W. Arthur Lewis Politics in West Africa Lewis - - Lewis cf. Van Dyke, 1985: 206 Van Dyke Van Dyke 1985: 207? Van Dyke 1979: 37

10 140 Vernon Van Dyke collective entity collective good nationalism 1990: : : 729 Van Dyke Van Dyke value and fact 1979: 59 the rights of self-determination : 207, Van Dyke 7 Van Dyke Van Dyke 1970: : 209

11 as human beings as members of a group 1979: 38 Van Dyke nations the populations of political dependencies trade union sovereign states Van Dyke interest groups social and economic classes Van Dyke group interests 1979: : : 215 Van Dyke as a real group person? Van Dyke Van Dyke collective units or collective entities 1982: 22 corporation 1979: : 22-23

12 142 Vernon Van Dyke Van Dyke 1985: Van Dyke, 1985: 210 Van Dyke, 1970: 79 Van Dyke Yale Law Journal 9 cf. Van Dyke, 1985: 210 Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke 8 9 Van Dyke 1985: 210 Van Dyke Yale Law Journal, The United Nations, Self-determination, and the Namibia Opinions, 82 (January 1973), 534.

13 : : 211 Van Dyke 1985: 211 Van Dyke Pandora s box : : Van Dyke

14 144 Vernon Van Dyke Van Dyke, 1985: membership citizenship

15 Van Dyke, 1982: 33 Van Dyke, 1985: 218 Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke : : 36 Van Dyke, 1979: 53-54

16 146 Vernon Van Dyke Van Dyke, 1979: : : : 37 Van Dyke cultural communities

17 parity principle 1990: : : : Old Order Amish Van Dyke, 1985: 75

18 148 Vernon Van Dyke Van Dyke 1979: : 75 Alberta 1985: 212 American Samoa 1990: need and want Van Dyke 1985: 218 Van Dyke Van Dyke

19 : 219 Van Dyke 1985: 219 Van Dyke 1985: : 220

20 150 Vernon Van Dyke 1985: 221 Van Dyke 1990: 228 Van Dyke 1990: 229 Chief Justice John Marshall original natural rights cf. Van Dyke, 1990: 229 Marshall Van Dyke the Bureau of Indian Affairs the Indian Health Service Van Dyke, 1990: 229

21 identifiable cognizable Van Dyke, 1990: Van Dyke Owen Fiss the group disadvantaging principle cf. Van Dyke, 1990: 232 Van Dyke Fiss Fiss Fiss Van Dyke, 1990: 233 Van Dyke 1985: : 233

22 152 Vernon Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke, 1982: 37 Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke, 1982: Van Dyke? Van Dyke 1982: 38

23 Van Dyke 1982: : 222 minority rights Charles Taylor Will Kymlicka Galenkamp, 1996: 41 John Packer

24 154 Vernon Van Dyke the rights of persons belonging to minorities Packer, 1996: 122, 141, 166 Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke : Figgis Laski Cole Maitland Van Dyke culture groups 1979: Van Dyke (1985:199) Walker Connor Connor

25 Van Dyke Frederick Furnivall plural society M.G. Smith Leo Kuper Leo A. Depres Van Dyke, 1979: 53 Arend Lijphart Vall R. Lorwin Hans Daalder Kenneth D. McRae Van Dyke Van Dyke, 1979: Van Dyke Van Dyke 1985: 16, 32-33, 48 Van Dyke 1985: : : Van Dyke

26 156 Vernon Van Dyke as an individual membership : 31 Van Dyke Van Dyke 1985: Van Dyke the Flanders the Wallonia Michael Walzer 1998: Van Dyke 1985: 24 Number Per cent Flanders... 5,619, Wallonia... 3,227, Brussels-Capital... 1,009, German-speaking... 65, Total... 9,920,000

27 Van Dyke, 1985: language region cf. Van Dyke, 1985: 25 corporate entities Van Dyke, 1985: 25 as entities or units aggregations of individuals ibid., 26

28 158 Vernon Van Dyke ibid., just equilibrium ibid., 26 ibid., the European Commission on Human Rights the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ibid., 28 the European Court on Human Rights ibid., Van Dyke

29 ibid., 30 Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke

30 160 Vernon Van Dyke Jeremy Waldron 1993: corporation human rights of group Waldron Michael Freeden Freeden human rights are a subset of rights in general Freeden,.1991: 6-7 Van Dyke Van Dyke

31 Waldron higher entities coordinate entities Waldron, 1993: X Y A X Y X A Wellman, 1985: 184 Waldron rights to entities Waldron Waldron

32 162 Vernon Van Dyke Waldron, 1993: , 367 Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke Kommers Loescher

33 Kommers & Loescher, 1979: 33 Van Dyke Van Dyke? Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke 15 Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke 15 Political Science: A Philosophical Analysis, 1960

34 164 Vernon Van Dyke Van Dyke Van Dyke, 1979: 59 Van Dyke?? Van Dyke, 1979: : 207 John Packer Packer Romansch Packer, 1996: Van Dyke

35 : Van Dyke 1979: 52-55, 59

36 166 Vernon Van Dyke Cassese, Antonio 1994 Introduction, in Antonio Cassese, Human Rights in a Changing World. Paperback ed. Cambridge,UK: Polity Press. Fiss, Owen M Groups and the Equal Protection Clause, Philosophy and Public Affairs (Winter): Forsythe, David 1992 (Book Review) Human Rights, the United States, and World Community, in Human Rights Quarterly 14: Freeden, Michael 1991 Rights. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Galenkamp, Marlies 1996 The Rationale of Minority Rights: Wishes Rather than Needs? in Juda Räikkä ed., Do We Need Minority Rights?.

37 Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Kommers, Donald P. Packer, John 1979 Introduction: Individual and Group Rights, in Donald P. Kommers and Gilburt D. Loescher (eds.), Human Rights and American Foreign Policy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press On the Content of Minority Rights, in Juda Räikkä ed., Van Dyke, Vernon Do We Need Minority Rights?. Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International Political Science: A Philosophical Analysis. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press Pride and Power: the Rationale of the Space Program. Urbana: University of Illinois Press Human Rights, the United States, and World Community. N.Y.: Oxford University Press International Politics (3rd ed.). N.Y.: Oxford University Press Human Rights and the Rights of Groups, American Journal of Political Science 18(4): Justice As Fairness: For Groups?, American Political Science Review (June): Human Right Without Distinction As To Language, International Studies Quarterly 20(1): The Individual, The State, and Ethnic Communities in Political Theory in Donald P. Kommers and Gilburt D. Loescher (eds.), Human Rights and American Foreign Policy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press Collective Entities and Moral Rights: Problems in Liberal

38 168 Vernon Van Dyke Democratic Thought, The Journal of Politics 44: Human Rights, Ethnicity, and Discrimination. Westport: Greenwood Press Equality and Public Policy. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Introduction To Politics. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Ideology and Political Choice: The Search For Freedom, Justice, and Virtue.: Chatham: Chatham House Publishers. Waldron, Jeremy 1993 Liberal Rights: Collected Papers N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. Wellman, Carl 1985 A Theory of Rights: Persons under Laws, Institutions, and Morals. N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld Publishers.

39 The Theory of Ethnic Community Rights: Vernon Van Dkye's Theory Construction Chen Hsiu-jong Abstract Political theorist Vernon Van Dyke contends that liberal-democratic theory, when focusing exclusively on the unique importance and autonomy of the individual, has failed to provide an adequate human rights theory of the relationship between the individual, ethnic communities and the state. This interaction is only a small part of the life of the individual and the state. In fact, the individual interacts with the state and society through his or her membership in different kinds of groups, and especially through membership in racial, religious and linguistic communities. Contractarian, utilitarian, and natural rights theories of government are all individualist prescriptions that are unable theoretically and empirically to cope with the serious problems arising from discrimination against ethnic communities in many parts of the world. Consequently, Van Dyke introduces the notion of ethnic community rights or group rights and argues, persuasively, that ethnic groups, identified by race, language, religion, or indigeneity, in addition to individuals, should be acknowledged as right-and-duty-bearing units of human rights. He proceeds to cite historical precedents and modern practices to support his thesis. He draws illustrations from heterogeneous societies in which cultural communities are corporately recognized in systems of political representation, in the distribution of social benefits, or in the assignment of territory within which the communities enjoys complete or partial autonomy. Van Dyke suggests that the theory of ethnic community

40 170 Vernon Van Dyke rights would supplement human rights theories and provide a more satisfactory doctrinal basis for some actual practices. This article will review Van Dyke s doctrine about ethnic community rights. In addition, some questions and reflections on the theory of ethnic community rights will be offered. Keywords: Vernon Van Dyke, human rights, ethnic community rights, individual rights, minority rights

穨199705

穨199705 distributive justice 1 Ronald Dworkin John Rawls 2 treating people as equals 3 1 Raz (1990) 2 Rawls (1971) 3 Dworkin (1981b), 283Dworkin (1981a) 1 4 share 5 taste 4 Amsperger (1997), Arneson (1989), Cohen