1998年1月6日

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1 费孝通学术基金北京大学民俗学会邮政编码 :

2 [ ] David Parkin Frank Pieke Alain Le Pichon Fred Damon Steven Sangren Sara Friedman Mayfair Yang Nic Tapp

3 Fred Damon David Parkin Alain Le Pichon Steven Sangren Frank Pieke Nic Tapp 3

4 Professor David Parkin,Oxford University Professor Alain Le Pichon,Pondoise University, Cergy, Paris Professor Fred Damon, University of Virginia Professor Huang Shumin, University of Ioa Professor Chen Zhongmin, University of Ohio Professor Nic Tapp,National University of Australia Professor Maifair Yang, University of California, Santa Barbara Professor Frank Pieke, Oxford University Professor Sara Friedman, Cornel University 4

5 [ ]

6 empiricism 6

7 70 Robert Park

8 Shirokogoroff Psychol-mental complex Psychol-mental complex Psychol-mental complex 8

9 reference repeat, repeat rational participation reflection

10 1936 social anthropology Peasant Life in China 10

11 Earthbound China social social circle social social isolation

12 social

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14 8 2 20% 80% 80% 14

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18 0.5km 1.5km 1km 3km 1km 0.5km O 4km 艾村村委会地形图

19 各片基本情况 ( (

21 %

24 村民精英预选提名得票数村干部预选提名得票数村小组长提名得票数

25 /2 1/4 1/

27 现在老百姓不理解 ( 村委会干部 ) 收谷子时, 拿一把杆秤, 四五个村委会干部走家串户有的老百姓看到你收粮, 把门关起来, 走了你无可奈何即使不走, 他也可以跟你讨价还价, 有各种理由, 我田里灌溉不上, 你没给我做好事 ( 指提供水利条件 ), 家里人病了, 村委会未救济, 家里出现耕牛被偷, 我不要生活下去啊, 家里出现纠纷啊, 你公安局又不给我解决问题, 我还给你粮啊? 太多的理由还有, 你收粮只收忠厚老实的, 他 ( 指钉子户 ) 家年年未收, 他交了, 我就给收粮好苦老百姓怨声载道, 干部咳声叹气这个日子太难受了 L

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32 12 主任正式侯选人 : 艾永升陈福求委员正式侯选人 : 陈仿求艾正华吴晓明黎丽萍

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35 L 35

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38 海选提名得票情况表 :

39 正式选举发出票和收回票情况表

40 正式选举得票情况表 A * % B % [ ] William A. Foley Anthropological Linguistics (anthropological linguistics) William A. Foley ( ) 19 (linguistic anthropology) cognitive anthropology (ethnography of speaking) * 40

41 (Franz Boas, ) (Edward Sapir, ) (Benjamin Whorf, ) (Bronislaw Malinowski, ) (Edmund Leach, ) (Clause Lévi-Strauss, 1908 ) (p.63) (p.68) (Chomsky:1957) - - (Beattie: 1955, 5:1-14 ) 50 (Clyde Kluckhohn) (D Andrade, Roy. 1995:12-13), 5 (Ferdinand de Saussure) 41

42 (Roman Jakobson) (symbol) (sign) / = / = / = / / = / = / = / 1999 (Eleanor Rosch) (prototype) (salience) (schema theory) (Brent Berlin) (Paul Kay) 1969 Berlin, Brent, and Paul Kay,

43 purple blue green yellow orange red Zuni (C. Geertz) (W. Goodenough) (pp.18-20) Culture, this acted document, thus is public, like a burlesqued wink or a mock sheep raid. Though ideational, it does not exist in someone s head; though unphysical, it is not an occult entity. (Geertz, 1973:10) (Varela) (structural coupling).(p.10) nation-state (embodied practice) Linguistic practices are a sub-type of cultural practices, those communicative practices sustaining social coupling through the use of linguistic signs. Because these practices sustain ongoing social coupling, they are typically emblematic of social differences, neither culture nor language are bounded homogeneous domains; the knowledge of these practices is distributed along social lines. (p.40) (Samoa) (p.7) (G. H. Mead) symbolic interactionism

44 (M. Bakhtin) (p.7) (a performative language) (a performative utterance) (Connerton, 1989) (embodied practice) (habitus) (agent) (Bourdieu,1977) Performatives are encoded also in set postures, gestures and movements. The resources of this encoding are elementary. In rites the body is given the appropriate pose and moves through the prescribed actions. The body is held braced and attentive in standing; the hands are folded and placed as though bound in praying; persons bow down and express their impotence by kneeling; or they may completely abandon the upright posture in the abasement of bodily prostration. The resources of ordinary language, its semantic range and flexibility of tone and register, the possibility of producing statements that can be qualified, ironised and retracted, the conditional and subjunctive tense of verbs, language s capacity of lie, to conceal, and to give ideational expression to that which is not present all these resources constitute, from one vantage point, a communicative defect. (Connerton, 1989:59) (the illusion of linguistic communism) (linguistic habitus) As competent speakers we are aware of the many ways in which linguistic exchanges can express relations of power. (Thompson, 1991:1) (personhood) (gender) One of the most momentous sociocultural changes over the last few centuries has been the emergence of the modern nation-state. Most of us in the industrialized countries of North America, Western Europe, and Australasia tend to take the concept of the nation-state and its associated national standard language for granted, but, in fact, both of these are the outcome of centuries of struggles among competing political and economic groups to advance their own interests. (p.398) (Robert Phillipson) (linguicism) 44

45 (anglocentricity) (Phillipson, 1992:47) (genre) (scheme) (p.377) (paralinguistic) (assonance) (1950, 1989) 1981 (chaotics)

46 Beattie, J. H Contemporary Trends in British Social Anthropology. Sociologus. Berlin, Brent, and Paul Kay Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Bourdieu, Pierre Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chomsky, A. N Syntactic Structures. Hague: Mouton. Connerton, P How Societies Remember, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. D Andrade, Roy The Development of Cognitive Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Geertz, Clifford The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Phillipson, Robert Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thompson, John B Editor s Introduction. Bourdieu, Pierre. Language and Symbolic Power. Edited and Introduced by John B. Thompson. Translated by Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson. Cambridge: Polity Press. ( )

48 % % % 1990 (14.55%) (114.38%) ( [85]09) ( [86]010)

49 13 emic 族谱祠堂和族产是汉民家族组织的三大组成要素, 自明清以来, 汉族祖先崇拜的习俗也逐渐渗入回族与畲族等家族组织中去从福建目前的少数民族看, 几乎所有的族谱 [ 原文如此引者 ] 都仿效汉人修盖了各自的宗祠, 有些家族在宗祠之下还设有数量不等的分祠房祠等 ( 第 304 页 ) 泉州一带的阿拉伯回族 [ 这种表述并不妥当, 在此姑且从之引者 ], 元代是他们的社会地位和宗教信仰最兴盛的时期, 当时汉人的社会地位较低, 拥有政治经济特权的回族人, 自然没有必要向汉人学习但到了明代, 回族人一度受到汉人的歧视, 于是, 如何尽快地融汇到汉人的文化习俗中去, 成了这一带回族人重新取得社会地位和生存空间的当务之急 ( 第 305 页 )

50 在汉文化长期占统治地位的社会氛围里, 福建的少数民族或多或少都存在着某种自卑感因此, 当他们仿效汉族进行族谱修撰时, 他们也仿效了许多汉族姓氏族谱冒造祖先的作法, 把自家的历史渊源与中国古代的名臣名将联系在一起泉州地区的回族郭氏家族, 追溯其祖先为唐代平定安史之乱有显功的郭子仪, 回族郭氏家族的这一溯源, 目的在于表明他们与其他汉族的郭姓并无差别, 都有着足以夸耀乡里的宗光祖德 ( 第页 ) Cultural trait

51 convergence 20 nation ( ) ( ) Michel Foucault

53 , - 53

54 - 54

55 - - 55

57 - R. - [ ] Clifford Geertz

58 37 3~5 1~

59 60 59

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63 [ ] 1 Human Worlds Annual Review of Chinese Social and Cultural Anthropology /11/30 63

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S.M.Shirokogorroff Robert Park Alfred R. Radcliffe-Brown LSE LSE Raymond Firth Bronislaw Malinowski

S.M.Shirokogorroff Robert Park Alfred R. Radcliffe-Brown LSE LSE Raymond Firth Bronislaw Malinowski 00-5558 208 03-0089- 207 3 7 C92.4 E 20 90 2 5 8 949 208-05-0 / 0087 Fei Xiaotong The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory edited by Brian H. Turner published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 207. DOI