第五章路徑依循與組織內捲：民主集中制的界限

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2 (Franz Schurmann) Franz Schurmann, Ideology and Organization in Communist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), p

8 30 (differentiation)

10 (dilution) (transformation) 33 (exclusionary) (inclusionary) 33 Ken Jowitt, Inclusion and Mobilization in European Leninist Regimes, World Politics, Vol. 28, No. 1(Oct. 1975), pp ; Ken Jowitt, Gorbachev: Bolshevik or Menshevik?, in Stephen White, Alex Pravda and Zvi Gitelman eds., Developments in Soviet Politics (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1990), pp

69-96; Ken Jowitt, Gorbachev: Bolshevik or Menshevik?

11 (Bruce J. Dickson) % 13.1% 17.1% 16.6% 19.8% Bruce J. Dickson, Cooptation and Corporatism in China: The Logic of Party Adaptation, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 115, No. 4(Winter 2000/2001), pp %28.3% 30.6%22.8% 43.7% 20% % 31.6% % Maurice Meisner, The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socilism, (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996), pp ; Richard Lowenthal, Development vs. Utopia in Communist Policy, in Chalmers Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Cal. : Stanford University Press, 1970), pp Dickson, Cooptation and Corporatism in Chin, p. 525;

2% 2002 9 2 1 37 Maurice Meisner, The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socilism, 1978-1994(New York: Hill and Wang, 1996), pp.

12 ( )

13 45 46 (agents) Patrick H. O Neil, Revolution from Within: Institutional Analysis, Transition from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary, World Politics, Vol. 48, No. 4(July 1996), p. 585; ( ) ( ) ( ) Dickson, Cooptation and Corporatism in Chin, pp ; Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald B. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), pp Dickson, Cooptation and Corporatism in Chin, pp ; Dorothy J. Solinger, China s Transition from Socialism: Statist Legacies and Market Reform, (Armonk, N. Y. : M. E. Sharp, 1993), p

519-521; Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald B. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), pp. 164-165.

14 49 50 (heterogeneity) 51 (Robert Michels) (iron law of oligarchy) 52 (party-as-a-system) Bob Jessop, State Theory: Putting States in their Place (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), pp ; Philippe C. Schmitter, Still the Century of Corporatism? Review of Political Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1(1974), pp Dorothy Solinger, China s Urban Transients in the Transition from Socialism and the Collapse of the Communist Urban Public Goods Regime, Comparative Politics, Vol. 27(January 1995), pp Robert Michels, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy (New York: The Free Press, 1962)

50 51 Dorothy Solinger, China s Urban Transients in the Transition from Socialism and the Collapse of the Communist Urban Public Goods Regime, Comparative Politics, Vol.

15 /PRmeeting/64103.htm; A

16 ( ) ;

com 2002 1 22-24 1994 12 4-6 1996 4 17-18 1999 2

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20 (recruitment) (political exit) 64 (R. Michels) (G. Mosca) (V. Pareto) (zone of uncertainty) 65 (renewal) (policy innovation) (policy 64 Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, eds., Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics (London: SAGE, 1988), p.1; Elmer E. Schattschneider, Party Government (New York: Holt, 1942), p. 64; Gallagher and Marsh, Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective, p. 277; Ranney, Governing, pp Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp

, Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics (London: SAGE, 1988), p.1; Elmer E.

21 agenda) 66 (alternative position) (Lowell Dittmer) (two fronts) (protracted succession) 69 (1952) Macridis, Modern Political Regimes, p. 18; Valerie Bunce, Do New Leaders Make a Difference? Executive Succession and Public Policy under Capitalism and Socialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), p Vernon Bogdanor, eds, The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p Dittmer, China under Reform, pp ; Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics at Mao s Court: Gao Gang and Party Factionalism in the Early 1950s (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), pp. 32, ; Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution 1: Contradictions among the People (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), pp Dittmer, China under Reform, pp

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29 /17 12/25 6/21 13/23 11/28 2/17 2/20 2/22 2/24 30/97 85/170 52/195 61/201 50/210 23/175 44/189 41/193 44/ in David Shambaugh and Richard H. Yang, eds., China s Military in Transition (New York: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 6-15; Ellis Joffe, Party-Army Relations in China: Retrospect and Prospect, Ibid., pp Lowell Dittmer, China under Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), pp

31 Li Cheng and Lynn White, The 15 th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: Full-Fledged Technocratic Leadership with Partial Control by Jiang Zemin, Asian Survey, Vol. 38, No. 3(March 1998), pp ;

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34 (Hannah Arendt) (institutional choice) Donald L. Horowitz, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, Debate: Presidents vs. Parliaments, Journal of Democracy,Vol.1, No. 4(Fall 1990), pp ; Scott Mainwaring, Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: the Difficult Combination, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2(July 1993), pp ; Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, Presidentialism and Parliamentarism in Comparative Perspective, in Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives, Vol. 1 (Baltimore, Md. : John Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp ; Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999). 116 (Andrew J. Nathan)

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39 (Nelson W. Polsby) (David T. Canon) (durability) (well-bounded) (internal complexity) A

40 130 (legislative embeddedness) Kevin J. O Brien, Chinese People s Congresses and Legislative Embeddedness: Understanding Early Organizational Development, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1(April 1994), pp ; Murray Scot Tanner, Organizations and Politics in China s Post-Mao Law-Making System, in Potter, ed., Domestic Law Reforms in Post-Mao China, pp ; Murray Scot Tanner, The Erosion of Communist Party Control over Lawmaking in China, China Quarterly, No. 138 (June 1994), pp

41 133 (David Beetham) David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (London: Macmillan, 1991), p /

42 / / / 2 / / / / 3 / / / 4 vs. 5 vs. 6 (general will) (co-ordinate) (veto power) (reactive powers) (Andrew Nathan) Frank L. Wilson, Sources of Party Transformation: The Case of France, in Peter H. Merkl, ed., Western European Party Systems: Trends and Prospects (New York: The Free Press, 1980), pp

43 (rule by law) (rule of law)

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46 149 (party discipline) 150 (homogenization) 5-4 OR Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engeering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp

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48 (inactive) (agents) (remonstrator) 156 (political ornaments) (representative) 159 (fractionalism) (malignant) Kevin J. O Brien, Agents and Remonstrators: Role Accumulation by Chinese People s Congress Deputies, China Quarterly, No. 138 (June 1994), pp O Brien, Agents and Remonstrators, pp Michael Waller, Democratic Centralism (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1981), pp Sartori, Parties and Party System, p

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第五章 路徑依循與組織內捲：民主集中制的界限

第五章路徑依循與組織內捲：民主集中制的界限