第五章

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1 僚 William A. Welsh 說僚理論兩老路 (old-line) 僚識落 1 來僚領力更僚了不僚僚理論論識不更僚僚理論度來僚說歷論僚不論僚理論僚僚理論列僚僚僚僚理論論異僚僚索僚理論行 (mixed scanning model) 1 William A. Welsh, Elites and Leadership in Communist System: Some New Perspectives, Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol.9, No.1&2(Spring/Summer 1976), pp Claudio M. Radaelli, Technocracy in the European Union (New York: Longman, 1999), p Hong Yung Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (California: University of California Press, 1991), p Hans Hendrischke, Expertocracy and Professionalism, in David Goodman and Beverley Hooper ed. China s Quiet Revolution: New Interactions between State and Society (New York: Longman Cheshire, 1994), pp

Radaelli, Technocracy in the European Union (New York: Longman, 1999), p. 26.

2 僚僚理論兩行度僚識力理力僚兩度李 Lynn White 僚力力略僚例陸力來力識論見 Robert D. Putnam 僚 (technocratic mentality) 了利僚論僚識度理見更利不 6 路僚力參 5 Cheng Li and Lynn White, The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: From Mobilizers to Managers, Asia Survey, Vol. 28, No. 4 (April 1988), pp Robert D. Putnam, Elite transformation in Advanced Industrial Societies: An Empirical Assessment of the Theory of Technocracy, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.10, No.3 (October 1977), p

the Chinese Communist Party: From Mobilizers to Managers, Asia Survey, Vol. 28, No. 4 (April 1988), pp. 371-399. 6 Robert D.

3 不論理論理論臨僚僚力行僚理論 (objective, scientific decision-making) 11 不論來僚力理便行論浪利論僚來利行來利識 14 論便 7 Richard Lowenthal, Development vs. Utopia in Communist Policy, in Chalmers Johnson ed., Change in Communist Systems (California: Stanford University Press, 1970), pp 寧僚略理 ( 北 )1994 年年 Hong Yung Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China, p Frank Fischer, Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise (California: Sage publications, 1990), p William A. Welsh, Elites and Leadership in Communist System: Some New Perspectives, p Frank Fischer, Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise, pp Frank Fischer, Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise, p Hong Yung Lee, China s New Bureaucracy? in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum ed., State and Society in China: the Consequences of Reform (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992), pp Frank Fischer, Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise, p

8 寧僚略理 ( 北 )1994 年 1 1994 年 2 69 9 Hong Yung Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China, p. 288.

4 更見 1953 年年 4 年利僚僚兩 1970 年僚不易度僚僚兩來說歷 1978 年歷了 16 了來臨僚異 80 年僚 90 年老歷度僚流了論理不不理領年來不僚李僚識理念僚 16 度 ( 北 2003 年 ) Kendall E. Bailes, The politics of Technology: Stalin and Technocratic Thinking among Soviet Engineers, American Historical Review, Vol.79, No.2 (1974), p. 449, Don K. Rowney, Transition to Technocracy: The Structural Origins of the Soviet Administrative State (New York: Cornell University Press, 1989), p Cheng Li and Lynn White, The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: From Mobilizers to Managers, pp

5 年度 R. S. Milne (outlook) 僚 20 僚路兩領僚來臨 21 不僚例力度力度例 22 論歷不歷度領論列說度兩僚理論略路良 1932 陵兩行行利立 Cheng Li and Lynn White, Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Mainland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and the Theory of Technocracy, China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp R. S. Milne, Technocrats and Politics in ASEAN Countries, Pacific Affairs, Vol.55, No.3 (Fall 1982), p 林僚略理 ( 北 )2001 年料見良六 ( 紐 2001 年 ) 23 良流行力 99

5 1950 利立 1953 19 Cheng Li and Lynn White, Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Mainland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and

6 來聯流 1955 聯量句利流寧流來年來李李念行來利紐流利紐流見來北 1958 年聯來北不北省行來行來領林易不了不 100

3 來利紐流利紐流見 1958.3.30 1958.8 來北 1958 年 1960.8 聯 1960.

7 1983 利利紐行流利紐行立不不見行不率行領率論利行理李利立論 412 論 1989 利紐行論領不利立行行行立李料來論度兩 101

8 論不不理不了論精度 1956 年了更立女了 24 來來 1958 年林說不不來不了念年烈行了 1960 年不了了論來 1953 年流了利利林什不來了 1954 年 1870 年來省 24 李寧論北料 ()1997 年 S 行北料 ()1997 年 S

9 26 更領李力年陸不領陸力 1960 年裂惡劣行 1960 年 8 聯來北更了行念 1969 年利力不年 10 北省省不了不 28 林力年來說來不不 29 了論 30 不了路來不路來領路 26 ( 北 ) 年行論歷北料 ()1997 年 S 林歷

不不 29 了論 30 不了路來不路來領路 26 ( 北 )25 11 1986 年 8

10 歷領年年年度來年領聯劉年理論僚兩流冷不僚弄領領識僚路度識利更不參見領不不了理不領更易了僚理論了來論兩領來見理更亂見參不路例林讀不狀力力行理不行 Lieberthal, Kenneth 理 ( 北立 1998 年 ) 論 ( 寧 1993 年 ) 林歷北料 ()1997 年 S

例林讀不狀力力行理不行 33 31 Lieberthal, Kenneth 理 ( 北立 1998

11 見略令留不參利領參論僚 LieberthalOksenberg Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes 列了來參利力流省流 36 來領行 37 論寧來論 38 流林林北歷不 1949 年便利利流參利丹利紐利領利識僚 34 Kenneth Lieberthal and Michel Oksenberg, Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988), pp 利力兩 1958 年 1 寧了來兩力利兩見李來北料 ()1997 年 S 利 1956 年流 37 陸北陸 1993 年林歷

Oksenberg, Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes (New Jersey: Princeton University Press,

12 流行論年寧年利紐流見爐了兩利紐年北度不見論行說 5-2 流 5-1 料來領識流行論論 39 金年 (1992 年 ) 來若 ( 北 )1993 年年 (1992 年 )

13 論行了念論論理行說領兩行領領行領了僚領領識 Mao-in-command model) 領識了例切識僚領行不參例 1958 年來聯 () 力力流不 () 力流 () 力林見 42 魯領 ( 北 ) 年 Lucian Pye( 北 1992 年 )

14 不理 44 不了不見 45 李 50 年 80 年不行不 46 來行論淪不量 1958 年 1 寧 1958 年年 8 北利識識 47 行領來兩領來不利論利論流論易論了識北省行論不 44 李來 Steven Mufson, The Yangtze Dam: Feat or Folly? Washington Post, November 9, 1997, < 46 李論 ( 北 )1988 年年劉來劉勞來度利 108

Dam: Feat or Folly? Washington Post, November 9, 1997, <http://www.washingtonpost.

15 度度行了數寧例論流林李兩兩 48 兩論 1956 年論立異兩利林李 49 兩林流領見李見不不 50 連領林不利 51 見亂來利領不 1970 年了例說不理利 1970 年 10 北北省行行林行不 48 李寧論不索年 2 < 50 李寧論李歷 < 109

82-101 49 不索 7 1999 年 2 <http://www.threegorgesprobe.org/big5/ch/3g9902b5.

16 利例不領兩了 () 不累 () 僚利僚年 12 來 () 年不良落理來勒令林見量了 54 了僚理論識 (apolitical ideology) 理量理論 55 殺了理力異識不論僚異論數例不烈領李例寧李領沈狀類李不見 56 李見了 52 林歷來北料 ()1997 年 S Lucian W. Pye, Jiang Zemin s Style of Rule: Go for Stability, Monopolize Power and Settle for Limited Effectiveness, China Journal, No.45 (January 2001), pp Frank Fischer, Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise, pp 李寧論

Pye, Jiang Zemin s Style of Rule: Go for Stability, Monopolize Power and Settle for Limited Effectiveness, China

17 李廬李了狀牢了年異不年不說李立 58 例見見領度數例烈見領僚來僚理論說僚理論論年論更論精度利年領了 59 來不行不什不了年 57 李參廬見李李六年 ( 北 1998 年 ) 58 陸 ( 北 ) 年 Kenneth Lieberthal and Michel Oksenberg, Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes, pp 林歷

) 58 陸 ( 北 )25 4 1992 年 4 8-9 59 Kenneth Lieberthal and Michel Oksenberg,

18 1991 年拉狀僚見不僚僚兩力僚例理李 1990 年論不什行更行力了若行 61 兩論 1982 年 11 利了兩略更理論力力不不僚更力度良 1985 年李論力 61 李李 < 62 論歷

19 來兩 64 見僚領年李年利僚度度利度了見僚理論僚理理念度僚見不領僚來不裡年年立度了論僚識立僚領利度來臨論 1986 年論 64 李李 65 Jiaqi Yan, The Nature of Chinese Authoritarianism, in Carol Lee Hamrin & Suisheng Zhao eds., Decision-Making in Deng s China: Perspectives from Insiders, pp 立度 ( 北立 2001 年 )

Authoritarianism, in Carol Lee Hamrin & Suisheng Zhao eds.

20 1986 年論論行立論領了行行論領更行論行論行論 5-2 論 5-2 僚料來論 ( 寧 1993 年 ) 40 僚理論理立僚理 67 理 67 林 ( 北 1991 年 )

21 利理論立不聯劣列說說利不來論理來度度論領識 (informal politics) 了論了論兩 () 論論領 412 不領論行立論 % 69 見來論流了更不論論利來行領 1. 力 68 ( 北 1992 年 ) 年 115

22 2. 論行數數了更論論六論年來理念 71 度論僚了不沈更率行例了力兩利金行金行金聯年 11 李立金 73 僚立理不見僚不不識年論論了度 70 領略理 ( 北 )2000 年 2000 年利北料 ()1997 年 S 聯 ( 北 )1992 年李李 116

23 行論兩 () 領識領識僚 () 領論兩論了年行六李林僚歷僚論兩年理李年兩年行參李力利力年論理領年年年理年兩不僚李更行領行念年 6 ( ) 李 ( 力力 )( 聯 ) 林 () ( 歷 ) 李 ( 北 ) 六 75 年 1994 年 ( 北 1995 年 )

24 念見僚了老李更僚理李力行行了行理力列年力力行理說力金金量力力來領論陸領力不領力來論論僚領 () 論領領 76 年 1994 年年 1994 年

25 易僚 78 李論易 79 () 1991 年 1991 年說 80 兩領 81 領力 () 見料利論領不見 1989 年不見利利利紐行索數不利料 82 僚不領度僚理論說力理僚論論領 % 84 利論讀 () 1988 年李論李李 82 聯 1992 年 Frank Fischer, Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise, p 年 119

26 領識識參論領領令 86 更度不行例來年 87 度列臨 88 連領立 89 說 90 識更見度例 1988 年論領了 91 度 92 異 1984 年 4 流利紐行例僚年 Jeremy Paltiel, Jiang Talks Politics-Who Listens? Institutionalization and Its Limits In Market Leninism, China Journal, No.45 (January 2001), p 聯 1991 年聯 1992 年李李 90 ( 北 )1992 年論 1988 年聯 1992 年

27 領不了 93 利見李論論利不論見浪立見 94 力不不論連不不不率 95 見領僚來 96 見見僚論立異參僚論異立省北料 ()1997 年 S 立省 Cheng Li and Lynn White, The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: From Mobilizers to Managers, pp

28 僚僚度路來領論論料來見例僚理論度見論了僚陸論僚見識行僚異領僚識僚利不理不論論了不力見了論 98 了僚理論論僚兩類類狀度度類類 97 ( 北 )1992 年 ( 北 )1989 年

29 類 (pluralism) (elitism) 度 (institutionalism) (politician-in-negotiation model) 力 (power-conflicts-oriented model) 利 (interest group model) (factional model) 僚 (bureaucracy-in-dominance model) () (Mao or Deng-in-command model) (generational model) 識 (ideology-conflict-oriented model) (structural model) (normative model) 兩路 (two lines struggle model) (fragmented authoritarianism model) 料來論例說異僚僚度識路領領識度例來說例年年論年力年年論說了度理 123

30 類年 70 年 80 年 (elitism) (pluralism) 度 (institutionalism) () (Mao or Deng-in-command model) (politician-in-negotiation model) 力 (power-conflicts-oriented model) 識 (ideology-conflict-oriented model) 兩路 (two lines struggle model) 料來利 (interest group mode) (factional model) (generational model) (structural model) (normative model)) (fragmented authoritarianism model) 僚 (bureaucracy-in-dominance model) 僚年度了亂立了領參度類理論理 rationalism model)incrementalist model)(mixed scanning model)(normative optimum model) LieberthalOksenberg 僚度說年理論來理 99 (1998 年 ) Kenneth Lieberthal and Michel Oksenberg, Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes, pp

31 (mixed scanning model) 更陸僚練 101 理 102 陸僚力領力理論行離識理略說不行浪不力 103 例浪不領異了領更論浪更僚理論行 2004 年力利說兩 104 僚聯領 1960 年 101 林林林略理 ( 北 )2000 年 2000 年聯 2004 年 6 9 聯 < 125

32 僚僚領更臨力不陸 126

4第四章.doc

4第四章.doc 123 1982 1997 4-1-1 2002 44.7 50 2002 307 1 2000 2002 72.89 2002 4-1-1 1982 1997 C2 2-2-3 19972002 A2 2-2-1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1997 1992 1987 1982 2002 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7