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漱滨常
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12 languages include language variations and vocabulary proliferation t heories and remote comparison met hods. New development s and major achievement s in historical linguistics last cent ury also include tone genetic linguistics, mixed language t heory, linguistic chronology, t he t heory of language contact and union, and linguistic geographical typology. (16) A Text Reflecting the True Origin of the Tibetan People An Interpretation of the Connotations ofmonkeyandsrin2mo in the Tibetan Legend of Ancestral Origin S hi S huo 167 The story that a monkey mated with a srin2mo (girl monster) and gave birth to the Tibetans is usually considered a myth describing the creation of the Tibetan people. The author questions the tra2 ditional view, and suggests that the story is not a myth but an important legend related to the creation of the Tibetan ancestors, and a text that reveals the true origin of the Tibetans. The author points out that the legendarymonkeyandsrin2moare consanguineous totem symbols, with the latter repre2 senting the indigenous Tibetan group and the former the people from the Hengduan Mountain to the east ; t he union of t he two implies t he marriage between t he two ancient clans. This implication tallies with the Tibetan historical record of marriages between the four or six large clans in the heartland of Tibet and the clans in Hengduan Mountains, and is strikingly similar in logical structure, anthropolog2 ical background and locations. The paper also elaborates on the significance of this legend in the study of the origin of the Tibetans and its possible connotations. (17) On the Trend Towards Social Modernization in China During the Early Qing Dynasty Gao Xiang 178 One of the basic problems in the study of Qing history is how to assess social development in Chi2 na during the early Qing dynasty. Based on his own interpretation of the theory and method of mod2 ernization, the author analyses three aspects of the social transformation in early Qing China : (1) The loosening of government control over grass2roots society and the expansion of the personal freedom of t he common people ; (2) The prospering commodity economy and t he budding of capitalism ; and, (3) The emergence and spread of anti2t raditional concept s. The aut hor suggest s t hat conditions existed for Chinese society to t ransform f rom t radition to modernity. In st udies on recent Chinese history, no hard and fast line can be drawn between the two periods before and after the Opium War without tak2 ing into consideration the achievements made prior to In comparison with the West, Chinese so2 ciety progressed slowly in the early Qing, but not stop developing altogether. It was full of hope but not dynamic. Steady progress is an important feat ure of Chinese history. (18) Tradition : FromKnowledge Resource toacademic Resource An Analysis of the Decline of the Chinese Cultural Tradition in the 20th Century and Its Causes Zhang Qi ng 190 The so2calledtradition is somet hing defined by late generations, not an accurate description of tradition itself. The most important part of a tradition is the relevant classics. During the May Fourth Movement, tradition was not used as a knowledge resource to legitimize the political system, but be2 gan to change from a knowledge to an academic resource. The transition of the cultural tradition from classics to abstract symbols since the May Fourth Movement signifies that the recognition of tradi2 tional cult ure is affected by t he cult ural attainment of intellect uals and t he historical background. Chi2 nese intellect uals have always attempted to redefine t radition and express it wit h new symbols, whether they have criticized it or tried to carry it forward. The fact that theclassicsare taken only as anacademic resourcereflects the fate of traditional Chinese culture which is no longer seen as a knowledge resource. 208

contact and union, and linguistic geographical typology.

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