3 : ( 1),,,,,,, 1 F ig11 D istribution of N eolith ic Cultural Sites in the Three Gorges of Changjiang R iver and the J ianghan P lain,,, 518 m

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1 A CTA GEO GRA PH ICA S IN ICA V ol. 52, N o. 3 MA Y, (, ) (, ), 4 : g (8 000 a BP a BP), 9 ; g (4 700 a BP a BP), 9 ; g (2 200 a BP 700 a PB), 91 ; g (500 a BP 100 a BP ), 52, (300 a BP 100 a BP ) 40 3, g, g,,, 1,, 15 17, mm mm,, ( ) (27, 423 ) ; 180, 14 C [1, 2 ], 4 : (1) (8 200 a BP a BP), (2) (6 000 a BP a BP), (3) (5 000 a BP a BP), (4) (4 600 a BP a BP) (4 000 a BP a BP) 3 ( ) ( ) : ; :

2 3 : ( 1),,,,,,, 1 F ig11 D istribution of N eolith ic Cultural Sites in the Three Gorges of Changjiang R iver and the J ianghan P lain,,, 518 m 615 m, 1315 m 1513m 015 m ;, 2 ; F ig12 Changes of m ean heigh t above local river level of cultural sites in the Three Gorges of Changjiang R iver and the J ianghan P lain as w ell as comparison among that of the H ulu R iver Basin, Gansu P rovince and sea level of the East Ch ina,

3 ) H r H r = 1 A i N N N i= 1 A i (221) ( ( 2), :, a BP a BP 5 ; 200 [5 ],, [6 ] [7 ] 3,,,, ( 3) 3, a BP a BP 5,, (1) (7 000 a BP a BP) (2) (5 500 a BP 5 000a BP) (3) (4 700 a BP a BP) (4) (4 000 a BP a BP) (5) (2 500 a BP a BP),, 6,,,,,, D t: N t N t- 1 D t = N t - N t- 1 N t (321) D t [8 ] ( 4) a BP a BP 5 (D t< 0),,,

4 3 : F ig13 Corresponding colum ns show ing the cultural interrup tions of N eolith ic Culture Sites in the Three Gorges of Changjiang R iver and the J ianghan P lain, [9, 10 ] 14 C a BP 110 a BP [11 ] a BP 60 a BP [12 ], 1 ; a BP 100 a BP [13 ], 2 4 ; F ig14 Comparison betw een the ancient clutural de a BP 120 a BP [12 ], 3 velopm ent index of the T h ree Gorges of Changjiang ; a BP R iver and the J ianghan P lain and the air temperature 39 a BP [14 ], 3 of the East Ch ina

5 272 52, 3, 14 C a BP a BP a BP a BP a BP a BP, (2 400 BC BC),,,,,,, 9,,, (3 000 a BP a BP), 412 (221 BC 220 AD ) (2 770 a BP a BP), 3, (185 BC), (181 BC),,,, 413 (220 AD 581 AD ) (1 700 a BP a BP),, 5 ( 1), 3, 1 (220 AD 581 AD ) Tab11 Extreme f loods in the Three Gorges of Changjiang R iver dur ing W e i-j in and Nan-Be id yna sties (220 AD 581 AD ) (AD ) ,, 441,,, ,,, ,, (581 AD 960 AD ) (1 400 BC BC), 32 ( 2).., 1991.

6 3 : (581 AD 960 AD ) Tab12 Extreme f loods in the Three Gorges of Changjiang R iver dur ing Sui-Tang and W uda i-sh iguo D yna sties (581 AD 960 AD ) (AD ) 653,,, 9 786,, , 9 836,, , (960 AD AD ), a BP 800 a BP, 18 ; 800 a BP 700 a BP, 27 ( 3) 23 (1 153 AD ), m, (1 227 AD ) m, m 3 (960 AD 1368 AD ) Tab13 Extreme f loods in the Three Gorges of Changjiang R iver dur ing Song-Y uan D yna sties (960 AD 1368 AD ) (AD ) 968,, ,, , ,, , , 1153, 1172, , 1188,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 1976

7 (1368 AD 1911 AD ) (700 a BP 100 a BP) 54, 40 (300 a BP 100 a BP) ( 4) m ( ), m 3 gs, ; ; ; [15 ] 4 (1368 AD 1911 AD ) Tab14 Extreme f loods in the Three Gorges of Changjiang R iver dur ing M ing-qing D yna sties (1368 AD 1911 AD ) (AD ) ,, ,, , , ,, ,, , ,,,, , ,,,, ,, , ,, , , , , , 19

8 3 : (1911 AD 1996 AD ) m, m 6, 4 ( 5) a BP [16 ] g ( 800 a BP a BP), 8, 70 1 (7 000 a BP a BP) [8 ], ,, [17 ], 4 m, [18 ],,, 5 g (4 700 F ig15 F requency of extrem e floods in the Three Gorges a BP a BP), of Changjiang R iver and J ianghan P lain in Holocene (5 000 a BP a BP),, 2 3 [19 ], 211 m [17 ], g (2 200 a BP 700 a BP ), , 17 1, 35 (1 100 a BP a BP), 110 m [17 ] ;,,, ;,,, g (500 a BP 100 a BP), 52, ,, 6 7, 1 [20 ],, H adley,

9 276 52,,, PA GES a BP 1.., , ,,.., 1993 (9) , , 1984, 15 (1) , 1991, 46 (4) , , Xu Xin, Shen Zhida, Zhu M inglun. The Holocene Environm ent in China. Guiyang: Guizhou Publishing House of Science and technology, , , ,,.., 1996 (2) , C. ( )., 1974 (4) (13 )., ( ), 1992, , 1975 (1) L isa L E ly, Yehouda Enzel, V ictor R Baker et al. A 50002year record of extrem e floods and clim ate change in the South2 w estern U nited Stateṡ S cience, 1993, 262 (15) , ,,.., , 1973 (2) B ryson RA, Goodm an BM. Volcanic activity and clim ate change. S cience, 1980, , 1997.

10 3 : 277 THE STUDY OF HOLOCENE ENV IRONM ENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND EXTREM E FLOOD D ISASTER IN THE THREE GORGES OF THE CHANGJ IANG R IVER AND THE J IANGHAN PLA IN Zhu Cheng Yu Sh iyong (D ep artm ent of Geo. & O cean. S ciences, N anj ing U niversity, N anj ing ) L u Chuncheng (M eteorolog y Institiu te of A ir Force, N anj ing ) Key words the T hree Gorges of Changjiang R iver and the J ianghan P lain, extrem e flood disasters, environm ental archaeo logy, Ho locene period Abstract T he culture of N eolithic A ge in the T hree Gorges of Changjiang R iver and the J ianghan P lain can be divided into 4 stages, that is, (1) Chengbeixi Culture (8 300 a BP a BP) ; (2) Daxi Culture (6 300 a BP a BP) ; (3) Q ujialing Culture (5 000 a BP a BP) ; (4) Shijiahe Culture (4 600 a BP a BP). It is found by excavation that most of ancient cultural sites of N eo lith ic A ge in th is area are distributed in the broad2valley regions on the south bank of the Changjiang R iver and located on the first or second2graded terraces (80 m a. ṡ l. ), w here as, in the J ianghan P lain, m any ancient cultural sites are under the current flood level of the Changjiang R iv2 er, som e of these sites are buried 5 m 6 m deep or in the lay at the bottom of the lakes like as X i2 antao, Yuezhou etc.. A cco rding to the data from Shandoup ing hydro logic station, the modern m ean flood level is m a. ṡ l., the sites, therefore, could not be subm erged at all in a general flood of now adayṡ But archaeo logic excavations in recent years show that in m any ancient cultural sites along the Changjiang R iver and its branches, there are several natural layers of sludge and sand betw een upper and low er cultural layers, w hich are nam ed cultural interrup tion. T he fine2grained sedim ents of the cultural interrup tion w ere depo sited and p reserved on the h igh terraces of the Changjiang R iver w hen they experience abnorm al extrem e floods and w hen they w ere far aw ay from m ain current line and the velocities of currents w ere slow ed dow n. H ence, they demonstrate the flood dam age and their tim es in the p rehistory period. T he duration of them could be determ ined from the archaeologic chronology of its upper and low er cultural layerṡ By the authors study, the 12 ancient cultural sites reveal that, in N eolithic A ge, there are 12 tim es of extrem e flood disasters in this area. Emphatically, there are 6 tim es took p lace in Daxi Cultural period, and the last one w as devastating, m an had to em igrate from the T h ree Go rges to the east of J ingbei and Edong moutains. M o reover, during the engineering constructions and Q uaternary geo logic survey, p lenty of fossil trees and peat deposition w ere discovered in m any p laces, their ages are the sam e as those

11 natural layers in ancient cultural sites, most of the trees are w ell round and deposit m ixed w ith coarse sands and gravelṡ In addition, based on the statistics to the num ber and m ean heigh t above river level of the sites in each ancient cultural period, it w as found that there are 5 tim es of obvious ancient cultural fluctuations ( cultural low tide), w h ich ch rono logy is co rresponding to the above flood periodṡ A ll of them are also evidences of flood disasters in p reh isto ry period. In addition, there are a lot of history m aterials, inscrip tions and flood traces recording flood disasters in the his2 to ry period. Based on the paleoflood sedim ents from 12 sites and the h isto ry literature, a ch rono logy of paleofloods reveals that the frequency (tim es per 100 years) changes of large floods in this region could be clustered into 4 distinct tim e intervals: (1) Deluge g, from a BP to a BP, there w ere 9 tim es of extrem e floods this period w as the second w arm period (7 000 a BP a BP) of Holocene N eotemperate Phase, at that tim e, the East China sea levelw as 4 m eters higher than that of today, and the J ianghan lakes w ere also in the second highest w ater level period (6 000 a BP a BP). (2) Deluge g, from abp to abp, there w ere 9 tim es of extrem e floods at least, this period w as in the first w arm period of the Chinese history (5 000 a BP a BP), at that tim e, air temperature w as 2 3 and sea levelw as 2. 1 m higher than that of to2 day, the J ianghan lakes w ere in the third high w ater level period (4 000 a BP a BP). (3) Deluge g, from a BP to 700 a BP, there w ere 91 tim es of extrem e floodṡ But only in the M edieval w arm period (1 100 AD AD ), 35 tim es of floods occured. T hese 3 tim es of deluge period above are all correlated w ith pow erful activity of the East A sia monsoon in high temperature and h igh sea level periodṡ M o reover, deluge g is also derived from the unreasonable land use such as dike2building and reclaim land from m arshes etc. in the J ianghan P lain. (4) D eluge g, from 500 a BP to 100 a BP, there w ere 52 tim es of extrem e floods totally. In the coldest phase of the L ittle Ice A ge (300 a BP 100 a BP), 40 tim es of floods took p lace. A ccording to the record of the Chi2 nese history chronicles, the p lum rains start about 30 days later than that of today. T his p robably results in the resistances of w inter monsoon to the advance of Subtrop ic high. W here as, sim ultane2 ously, the anom alous sea surface temperature (SST ) of the equato r east of Pacific ocean enlarged the H adley Circulation, and the Subtrop ic high can affect the Changjiang R iver Basin. F rom a BP to a BP and 700 a BP 500 a BP, the extrem e flood disasters recorded in history litera2 ture decreased m arkedly. T he frequency changes of extrem e floods in this region coincide w ith that of the Southw estern U nited States fundam entally.

() 21 3(1998),,, [9 ].,,.,,,,,,, [12 ] ;,,, [13 ].,,,.,,,,.,, [11 ] ; 44m, M 2 [15 ] ; [2 ],, ( ) [2 ].,,,,,., [7, 8, 10, 13, 16 ],,,M 2, [15 ].,,., [

() 21 3(1998),,, [9 ].,,.,,,,,,, [12 ] ;,,, [13 ].,,,.,,,,.,, [11 ] ; 44m, M 2 [15 ] ; [2 ],, ( ) [2 ].,,,,,., [7, 8, 10, 13, 16 ],,,M 2, [15 ].,,., [ 21 3 1998 () JOU RNAL O F NAN J IN G NORM AL UN IV ERS IT Y (N atural Science) V o l. 21 N o. 3 1998 Ξ, 3915000,.,, ( ).,,.,, 10, 0008, 500BP..,,. 10, 000,,..,,.,,.,,, P51213,,. 80,,,., 39 [1 ],, 15, 000a