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1 Ξ 20 30,,,,,,,, ;, ( ), Ξ,, 56

2 , ( ),,,,?,, ;,,,,, : ( ),, 1999 ( ), 400,, :, ( ) ( ) , ; :, , ;, : ( ), 2000 ( ) :, 1934, 9 ; :, 1936, 1973,

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6 ,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1927 :,,,,,, :, 1 5, , 735, :?, ( ), 1981, 28, 7,, 1980,

7 2000 6,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,?,,,, :, ,,, 1998,

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11 2000 6, :, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, :, :, :,,, ;,,,,,, 66

12 ,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,, ( ), :, ;,, :, ,,,,,, ( :, 2 13, , 5 ),,, :, 736 ;, 48 55,, 10 :,

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14 ??,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,, :,, ;,,, :, 45 :, 1999, :, 2-3,,,,

15 2000 6,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19,,,,,,,,, :,, :, 1-3, :, 1 70

16 ,,,,,, ;, (, ),, ;,,,?,,??? :,???, :,,,,,,,, ;,, ;, :, 39 :, 49 71

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18 ,,?,,, :,,,,,,, : ( ) :,,?,?, :,,,,,, ;,,, (P ragm atism : A N ew N am e fo r Som e O ld W ays of T h ink ing), :, ;, 745 :, 2 ; :,

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20 ?,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,, ;,,,,, :, 1 :, :, 6,

21 2000 6, ( ),,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) :,

22 ,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, :,,,,,!,,,,,, :, 1 1, , 1-3 ; :, 14 4, ,, 1975, :, 3, , 1 :, 51 77

23 2000 6,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,? ( ),,,,,,, :, ; :,,,,,,,,,,, :, 3, , 1,

24 ,,,,,, ; (Sug2 gestion s),,, ;,,, (?),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 1902,, :,

25 2000 6,,,?,,,,, 11,,, :?,,, (1902 ),, 1983, 277 ; :, : 1, 1960, (?) :,?,,,, :,, 1997 ( ), , ( 3 3 ),, system atize ( : 17, 1939, 1166 ), :, 4, 1920,

26 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,,,, 1995,,,,,,,

27 2000 6,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, ; 1914,,,,,,,,, ;,, :, :, 142, , 24 (1908 ) (1914 ), :,

28 ,,,, 1917 (, ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,, ;,,, (H isto rical M ethod),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (9), 1998 ( ), ,, 11, 1984,

29 2000 6, :,,, ;, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, ,, , 1989, (, 1989, ),, ( ,, 329 ),,,

30 ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,?,,,,,,,, 1918 :,, ;,, , :, ( ),, ,

31 , :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, :, ; :, 3, 1984, 210 ;, 4, 1984, ( ), 2 1, 55 :, 65-66,,,,, 86

32 ,, ;,,,,, ( ),,, (, ), ;,,,,,!,,,,,,, :, 744, :, : ( ), 2 4, ,

33 2000 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,?,, (,, ),, :, 1, 1989, ( ) (1920 ), 2 4, ,

34 ?, ;,,,,, ;,,,, :, ;,,, ( ),,,, 1912,,,,,,,, : 3, 1986, 605 :, 3, 837, ,,, :, ( 5 ), , 22 89

35 2000 6,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 1998, , 2 4, ,

36 ,, (, ),,,,, ( ) :,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 3, :,, 3, 1983, 53 91

37 2000 6,,,,, ;, ( ),, 1916,,,,,,,,,,, 1908, : ( :, 44, : 3, 1977, 192 ),, 1921,,?!, ,,?,,, 1990,

38 ,,!,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ), ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ),, :, (2), 1994, 283 :, ,,,, , 3 93

39 2000 6,, ( ), :,,,, ;,,,, 1921,,,, 1923 :,,,, 1919,,,,!,? ( ), 1 4, , 708 ; : ( ), 1, ,, , 2 ( ), ( ), 1996,

40 ,,,,, : 1919,,,,,,,,,,!,, :,, 1989, 114, ;, ( ) ( , ),,,,, ( ) :, 45 95

41 2000 6,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,, :,,, :, 2 13, , 3,,, 96

42 ,, ( ) :, : ( ),,, :,,,,,,,, ;,,, : ( ) ( ), 1, ( 14 1, ), (V era Schw arcz, T he Ch inese E n lig h tm en t : In tellectua ls and the L eg acy of m ent of 1919, Berkeley: U niversity of Califo rnia P ress, 1986, p. the M ay F ou rth M ove2 125),,

43 2000 6, ( ) :,,?,,,,,, ;,,,,,, :, (,, ),,,,, :, 11, 1984, , 1984,, 98

44 ,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, (H ere and N ow ),,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,, :, 17 1, , :, 2 5, , :, 39 99

45 2000 6,, (,,, ) :, ;,,,, (, ), :, ( ), (O ther &gvs Self), ( ),,, 100

46 ,,,, ( ) ; ( ) ;,,,,,,, ;,, ; :, :,, ( ) ( ),,,,, ( :, 8 6, , 6-7 ),,, :, ( ), 1991, 22 ; :,, 1981,

47 2000 6,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1919,,,,,, ;,, (science),, :,

48 ,? ;,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 338, 2, 1924,

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50 , :,,,, : ( ) ;,,,,,,!,,, ;,,, ;,,,, :, 1993, 97,?? ( ) 105

51 2000 6,,, 1919,,, ,,,, : : ,, :, (CN R S) (M arianne BA ST ID 2BRU GU IER E),!

52 M odern Ch inese H istory Stud ies No. 6, 2000 In M emo ry of the F irst A nn iversary of the D eath of M arx ist H is2 to rian L iu D an ian (1) Space2T im e In teraction s betw een the A ncien t and M odern, Ch i2 nese and Fo reign: In tellectual Con troversies abou t R eo rga2 n izing the N ational H eritage L uo Z h itian (56) In the first th ree decades of the tw entieth century, Ch ina experienced a continuous academ ic and ideo logical struggle over the status of N ational H eritage : from p reserving national essence, to reo rganizing the national heritage, to finally refusing to adm it Ch inese N ational Culture Studies as a field of study. In the course of th is struggle, there w ere at least four m ajo r controversies w h ich invo lved extensive social participation. F rom the view 2 po int of ideo logy, th is article exam ines the ideo logical debate dom inated by students at Beijing U niversity at the tim e w hen the slogan of reo rganizing the national heritage first appeared, focusing on tho se parts of the debate w h ich related to yet exceeded the bounds of academ ic research. T he arti2 cle first review s the ideas of the tw o disagreeing group s, then exam ines them in the context of the though t and discourse of the tim e, w ith an emphasis on the sim ilarities and differences of the ideas of various intellectuals. F inally, it briefly analyzes the h isto rical enligh tenm ent of these controversies, from the angle of space2tim e interactions betw een the ancient and modern and the Ch inese and fo reign to w h ich peop le at that tim e paid clo se attention. T he Ph ilan th rop ic and R elief A ctivities of the R ed C ro ss Society du ring the Pek ing Governm en t Period of R epub lican Ch ina Z hou Q iug uang (107) D uring the Pek ing Governm ent period of R epublican Ch ina ( ), the R ed C ro ss Society of Ch ina s ph ilanth rop ic and relief activities m igh t be divided into tw o parts: first, w ar relief during the various w ars of 1

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