公共政策における交渉と合意形成

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堪俊男许
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1 UN system, bilateral agreements (e.g., FTA) NGOs, track-2 diplomacy NPO TMO 2-level game (Putnam 1988)UNFCCC/US NGO Consultative status, observer organizations 3 4

2 Problems/Policies/Politics Streams (Kingdon) Opportunity Structures (Tarrow) 5 6 technocratic participatory collaborative deliberative Expressway , (authority) (Jacobs, 1961) (Caro, 1974) 7 8

3 DAD Decide NIMBYism Not In My BackYards Announce Defend vs. 1960s: Paul Davidoff Sherry Arnstein Arnstein, S. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal 9 10 The Solomon Trap Carpenter & Kennedy (1988) Managing Public Disputes Planner as Mediator Susskind & Ozawa (1984). JPER, 4(1)

4 Deliberative Democracy DialogueNegotiation moral disagreement Gutmann and Thompson (1996). Critical theory/post-positivism st Century Town Meeting America Speaks Washington, D.C. NGO ICT LAN New OrleansWTC WEF N.E. town meeting public 18 21

Including people who are underserved by transportation Ethnic, minority, and low-income groups Americans with disabilities C.

5 22 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR TRANSPORTATION DECISION-MAKING Chapter 1.INFORMING PEOPLE THROUGH OUTREACH AND ORGANIZATION A. Bringing a core participation group together Civic advisory committees Citizens on decision and policy bodies Collaborative task forces B. Including people who are underserved by transportation Ethnic, minority, and low-income groups Americans with disabilities C. Providing substantive information and establishing methods of communication Mailing lists Public information materials Key person interviews Briefings Video techniques Telephone techniques Media strategies Speakers' bureaus and public involvement volunteers D. Taking initial action steps Chapter 2.INVOLVING PEOPLE FACE-TO-FACE THROUGH MEETINGS A. Determining the type of meeting Public meetings/hearings Open houses/open forum hearings Conferences, workshops, and retreats B. Selecting an organizing feature for a meeting Brainstorming Charrettes Visioning Small group techniques C. Taking initial action steps Chapter 3.GETTING FEEDBACK FROM PARTICIPANTS A. Establishing places people can find information and interact On-line services Hotlines Drop-in centers B. Designing programs to bring out community viewpoints and resolve differences Focus groups Public opinion surveys Facilitation Negotiation and mediation C. Taking initial action steps Chapter 4. USING SPECIAL TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE PARTICIPATION A. Holding special events Transportation fairs Games and contests B. Changing a meeting approach Improving meeting attendance Role playing Site visits Non-traditional meeting places and events C. Finding new ways to communicate Interactive television Interactive video displays and kiosks Computer presentations and simulations Teleconferencing D. Taking initial action steps 25 H UN America Speaks 28

6 e.g. e.g. & 29 non-partisan legitimacy 30 (collaborative) i.e., live with 31 32

7 live with 100% dispute resolution (1974)

19745 1974 197412 1982$300mil. B/C 1999$3mil. 37 10 Chairman 39 1960 etc.

8 $300mil. B/C 1999$3mil Chairman etc. L P&R 7,500->2, Alewife Task Force (1976). Alewife. An insert in the Arlington Advocate 38 40

10 (DELIBERATING) (inventing)(committing) (DECIDING) (single text procedure) (IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENTS) (monitoring) CB NPO 47 48

Ansell Gash ~ ~ Rhodes ~ H. Haken 20 90

Ansell Gash ~ ~ Rhodes ~ H. Haken 20 90 2012 4 162 2012 7 Comparative Economic & Social Systems No. 4 2012 Jul. 2012 C916 A 1003-3947 2012 04-0157-12 158 2012 4 1999 284 1 Ansell Gash 2007 543 ~ 571 2006 34 ~ 35 2009 2011 2011 1 2001 200 2002