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Nutritionist New Fashion Pork Jackson, MN, USA Leman

1 Feeding Pigs without Antibiotics 无抗养猪 Kyle Coble, Ph.D. Senior Manager of Production Strategies Swine Nutritionist New Fashion Pork Jackson, MN, USA Leman China Swine Conference 李曼中国养猪大会 Nanjing, China October 2016

2 Presentation Outline 提纲 1) Introduction to NFP System 新时尚养猪体系介绍 2) Historical Use of Antibiotics 过去抗生素使用情况 3) Management Strategies 管理策略 4) Biosecurity 生物安全 5) Nutritional Therapies 营养疗法 6) Questions 问题

3 New Fashion Pork System 新时常养猪体系 Home office in Jackson, MN 办公室位于明尼苏达州的 Jackson 市 60,000 sows from Wyoming to Indiana 管理从怀俄明州到印第安纳州的 60,000 头母猪 YTD 1.2 M pigs marketed 年上市 120 万商品猪 50% Integrated & 50% Non-integrated sales 一半整合销售, 一半非整合销售 Owner member of Triumph Foods 是 Triumph 食品公司所有者成员 Farrow-to-finish production system 断奶到育肥生产体系 Wean >25,000 pigs per week 每周断奶 >25,000 头 Start most pigs in weaned-to-finish barns 大部分猪开始饲养在断奶 - 育肥一体舍 No feed-grade antibiotics since Jan 年 1 月以来没有饲料级抗生素

4 Industry Approach to Profitability 盈利方法 The swine industry does an excellent job of managing cost (current):( 当前 ) 养猪业确实是控制成本的极好工作 : 1. Feed Cost (60%) 饲料成本 (60%) 2. Weaned Pig Cost (25%) 断奶仔猪成本 (25%) 3. Facility Cost (9%) 设备设施成本 (9%) 4. Animal Health (4%) 动物健康保健 (4%) 5. Trucking (1%) 运输成本 (1%) 6. Genetics (1%) 基因成本 (1%) With feed cost accounting for 60%, feed efficiency becomes extremely important 随着饲料成本占 60%, 饲料效率变得极其重要

5 Largest Opportunity to further improve F/G 进一步改善料肉比的重大机会 (1=important, 重要, 10=least important 最不重要 ) Topic 主题 Average Ranking 平均得分 Health 健康 2.2 Genetics 基因 3.7 Feed Processing 饲料处理 ( 工艺 ) 4.3 Dietary energy 日粮能量 4.6 Digestive tract microbiology/health 消化道微生物 / 健康 5.5 Environment 环境 5.5 Amino acids 氨基酸 6.2 Feed additives (other than antibiotics) 饲料添加剂 ( 非抗生素 ) 6.9 Antibiotics 抗生素 7.7 Alternative feed ingredients 可选择的 8.1 饲料成份 Flohr et al., 2013

6 平均日增发病之前发病期间病后 Effect of Acute Swine Influenza on Growth Performance 急性猪流感对生长育肥猪生产性能的影响重饲0.4 ADG, kg Before During After ADG 平均日增重料:增重FG Before During After 发病之前发病期间病后 Feed Efficiency 饲料效率 Coble et al., 2013

7 Historical Perspective on Antibiotic Use 使用抗生素的历史 Common practice to utilize antibiotics in nursery and finishing diets: 实践中通常在保育和育肥日粮中使用 One-site product (Farrow-to-Finish) 单点生产 ( 分娩到育肥 ) Outdoor product 室外生产 Insufficient cleaning/biosecurity 清洗不彻底 / 生物安全 High bacterial bug loads 大量细菌的缺点 Predictable improvement in feed efficiency 预测饲料转化率改善 Now, we have many production practices that help combat those issues: 现在我们有很多生产实践帮助应对上述问题 : Multi-site product 多点式生产 Emphasis on biosecurity 强调生物安全 Vaccination protocols 免疫程序 Individual treatments 个体治疗 Advanced cleaning equipment and processes 先进的清洁设备和工艺 Working knowledge of feeds contribution to health 饲料方面的研究工作对猪群健康的帮助

8 Hays, V. W., and V. C. Speer, 1960 Item 项目 Gain (kg) 增重 Control 对照组 Antibiotic a 抗生素组 Improvement, % 改善 % Clean Building 清洁舍 Dirty Building 肮脏舍 Feed:Gain 料肉比 Clean Building 清洁舍 Dirty Building 肮脏舍 a Spiramycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline 螺旋霉素, 金霉素, 土霉素

9 Cromwell et al., 1991 Item 项目 ADG, g 平均日增重, 克 ADFI, g 平均日采食量, 克 Feed:Gain 料肉比 Control 对照组 Antibiotics a 抗生素组 Improvement, % 改善 % a chlortetracycline, penicillin, sulfamethazine 金霉素, 青霉素, 磺胺二甲基嘧啶

10 Coble et al., 2016 Item 项目 d 0 to 天 Control 对照组 Antibiotic A 抗生素组 A Antibiotic B 抗生素组 B Antibiotic C 抗生素组 C ADG, g 平均日增重, 克 ADFI, g 平均日采食量, 克 Gain:Feed 料肉比 $/kg gain 每 Kg 增重成本 Removals, % 淘汰率 a No statistical difference, P > 无统计差异,P>0.01

11 Feed Efficiency Components 饲料效率组成部分 Feed Efficiency 饲料效率 High feed 高耗料 disappearance Low ADG Low ADG 低平均日增重 Other Other factors 其它因素 Genetics 基因 Disease 疾病 Particle size 颗粒大小 Feed wastage 饲料浪费 Genetics 基因 Diet form 制料形式 Temperature 温度 Feed availability 供料 Mortality 死亡率 Water availability 供水 Feed delivery 饲料运输 Diet deficiency 采食不足 Amino acid deficiency 氨基酸缺乏 Low Energy diets 低能量日粮 Temperature 温度

12 Feed Efficiency is a Ratio 饲料效率是一个比值 Feed per Unit of Gain 每单位增重所需要的饲料 Many ways to calculate and express: 计算和表达有许多种方法 Whole Herd: 全群 Feed Consumed Live Weight Sold Close out: 平仓 Feed Consumed Live Weight Gain 猪饲养天数 Pig Days: ADFI ADG Caloric: 热量 Calories Carcass Weight 消耗的饲料消耗的饲料平均日采食量卡路里销售时活重活体增重平均日增重胴体重 Need to evaluate effects on the numerator and denominator. 需要评估分子和分母的影响

13 Effect of Dead Pig Feed Consumption on Feed Efficiency 死猪采食量对饲料效率的影响死亡猪饲料死亡率 Assumes all dead pigs died after consumption of the indicated amount of feed budget 假定所有的死猪是吃完饲料预算的指定量后死亡的

14 饲料效率Association between Mortality and Feed Efficiency 死亡率和饲料效率之间的关系 Feed Efficiency y = x R² = % $2.56/pig % 3% 4% 5% 6% Mortality, % 死亡率

2 Nursery 保育 Site 3 场地 3 Finishing 育肥 Site 1 场地 1

15 Implementation of Multisite Production 多点式生产的实施 Site 1 场地 1 Breeding/Gestation 配种 / 妊娠 Farrowing 分娩 Site 2 场地 2 Nursery 保育 Site 3 场地 3 Finishing 育肥 Site 1 场地 1 Breaking the disease cycle by all-in, all-out 通过全进全出切断疾病的循环

16 Biosecurity at the Slat Level 当前水平下的生物安全 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 人员保护设备设施 Shoe covers, gloves, mask, etc. 鞋套, 手套, 面罩等 Power washing between all groups 所有各组间清洗的力度 Disinfect and dry time 消毒和干燥时间 Depoping entire sites to break cycle 整个场地的清群切断疾病循环 Not only by barn (room), but by entire sites 不是仅一栋 ( 房间 ), 而是整个场 Transportation and truck washes 运输工具和卡车的清洗 Emphasizing importance of clean trucks during marketing 强调上市期间卡车清洁的重要性 Truck driver awareness 卡车司机的生物安全意识

Nutritional Therapies 营养疗法 Global pressure has increased to reduce feed grade antibiotic use in livestock 全球压力已促使减少饲料级抗生素在家畜中的使用 Specifically amongst antibiotics that are of human importance

17 Nutritional Therapies 营养疗法 Global pressure has increased to reduce feed grade antibiotic use in livestock 全球压力已促使减少饲料级抗生素在家畜中的使用 Specifically amongst antibiotics that are of human importance 特别是其中抗生素对人类的重要性 Example = Chlortetracycline 比如 = 金霉素 What other therapies can we utilize? 我们可以利用其他什么疗法? Nutrient density 营养浓度 Diet Complexity 日粮复杂性 Minerals 矿物质 Direct Fed Microbials? 直接饲喂微生物?

18 Effect of PCV2 vaccine and SID Lysine:ME ratio on ADG of 40 to 60 kg gilts PCV2 疫苗和 SID 赖能比对 40-60Kg 后备母猪 ADG 的影响平均日增重ADG, kg Vaccine Lys, 疫苗 Lys P = 0.33 Vaccine, 疫苗 P = Lys quadratic Lys 的二次方, P = Non-vaccinated PCV2 vaccinated 未免疫免疫 SID lysine:me ratio, 赖能比 g/mcal Shelton et al., 2012

19 Effect of PCV2 vaccine and SID Lysine:ME ratio on ADFI of 40 to 60 kg gilts PCV2 疫苗和 SID 赖能比对 40-60Kg 后备母猪 ADFI 的影响 ADFI, kg 平均日采食量 Vaccine Lys, 疫苗 Lys, LP = 0.88 Vaccine, 疫苗,P = Lys linear, Lys 线性, P = Non-vaccinated PCV2 Vaccinated 未免疫免疫 SID lysine:me ratio 赖能比, g/mcal Shelton et al., 2012

20 Effect of PCV2 vaccine and SID Lysine:ME ratio on FG of 40 to 60 kg gilts PCV2 疫苗和 SID 赖能比对 40-60Kg 后备母猪 FG 的影响料肉比 F/G Vaccine Lys, P = 0.67 Vaccine, P = 0.10 Lys quadratic, P = SID lysine:me ratio, 赖能比,g/Mcal Non-vaccinated PCV2 vaccinated Shelton et al., 2012 未免疫免疫

21 Influence of Immune Challenge and Diet Complexity on ADG 免疫应激与日粮复杂性对 ADG 的影响 d 5 to 18 postweaning 断奶后 5-18 天对照自由采食组配对限饲组 ( 每天喂与 LPS 一样多的饲料 ) Control Pair LPS 注射脂多糖组 Complex Medium Simple 复杂中等简单 Immune Status and Complexity Main Effects P < 0.01 免疫状态和复杂性主要效应 P <0.01 Dritz et al., 1996

22 Influence of Immune Challenge and Diet Complexity on Feed:Gain 免疫应激与日粮复杂性对料肉比的影响 d 5 to 18 postweaning 断奶后 5-18 天 Control Pair LPS 对照自由采食组配对限饲组 ( 每天喂与 LPS 一样多的饲料 ) 注射脂多糖组 Complex Medium Simple 复杂中等简单 Immune Status and Complexity Main Effects P < 0.01 免疫状态和复杂性主要效应 P <0.01 Dritz et al., 1996

23 Decreased CP level in the Diet 在日粮中降低粗蛋白水平 Lowers the need for soybean meal or other protein sources. 降低豆粕或其他蛋白源的需要 Decreases undigested nitrogen presented to large intestine which decreases diarrhea (Heo et al., 2012). 减少向大肠输送未消化的氮, 从而降低腹泻 Decreases the ammonia concentration in the small intestine (Bikker et al., 2006). 降低小肠中的氨浓度 Decreases urea nitrogen and volatile fatty acids in the ileum (Nyachoti et al., 2006). 降低回肠中尿素氮和挥发性脂肪酸 Thought to be due to reduced protein fermentation by the bacteria (De Lange et al., 2010). 认为是由于减少由细菌引发的蛋白质发酵

24 Lower CP Diets reduce Ammonia Production in Gut 低粗蛋白日粮减少肠道氨产量 Fecal ammonia N, mg/kg 粪便中氨氮 High protein 高蛋白 Non-infected 未感染 Low protein 低蛋白 Infection P= Dietary protein P<0.01 E. coli Infected Heo et al., 2009 感染大肠杆菌

25 Lower CP Diets reduce Ammonia Production in Gut 低粗蛋白日粮减少肠道氨产量 Fecal dry matter, % 粪便干物质未感染感染大肠杆菌 High protein Low protein Infection P = 高蛋白低蛋白感染 Dietary protein P <0.01 Non-infected 日粮蛋白 E. coli Infected Heo et al., 2009

26 Dietary Fiber and Environment on ADG 日粮纤维和环境对 ADG 的影响 d 0 to 天平120 均日增重 Control 对照组 = 12% TDF 总日粮纤维 Fiber 纤维组 = 17% TDF Montagne et al., 2012 ADG, g Effect of added dietary fiber, (P < 0.10) 添加纤维的效果 Clean 127 洁净 132 Dirty 91 Control 对照组 Fiber 肮脏纤维组

27 料肉比Dietary Fiber and Environment on FG 日粮纤维和环境对 FG 的影响 d 0 to 天 F/G Effect of added dietary fiber, (P < 0.10) 添加纤维的效果 Control Fiber 对照组纤维组 Clean 洁净 Dirty 肮脏 Control 对照组 = 12% TDF 总日粮纤维 Fiber 纤维组 = 17% TDF Montagne et al., 2012

28 Effect of Dietary Fiber on Diarrhea 日粮纤维对腹泻的影响 Diarrhea incidence 腹泻率 g/kg NDF 72 g/kg NDF g/kg CP 200 g/kg CP CP= 粗蛋白 NDF= 总日粮纤维 Hemes et al., 2009

29 Effect of Zinc and Copper in Nursery Diets on ADG 保育料中锌铜对 ADG 的影响 ADG, g 平均日增重 d 0 to 天 Zn, P < 0.03 Cu, P < Control Cu Zn Zn, Cu 对照组加铜组加锌组加锌铜组 Shelton et al., 2011

30 Effect of Zinc & Copper in Nursery Diets on GF 保育料中锌铜对 GF 的影响料肉比0.70 d 0 to 天 Zn, P < 0.46 Cu, P < 0.68 Gain:Feed Control Cu Zn Zn, Cu 对照组加铜组加锌组加锌铜组 Shelton et al., 2011

31 Direct Fed Microbials 直接饲喂微生物 Recent increase in industry prevalence 最近在业内有所增加 E.g. lactobacillus 比如 : 乳酸菌 Different strains of lactobacillus work on different types of E. Coli and salmonella 不同乳酸菌的菌株针对不同类型的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌 Most research has not repeatable demonstrated effectiveness 大多数研究不具有可重复的有效性试验 Likely because your individual strain of bacteria needs to be identified before the proper direct fed microbial (DFM) can offer any benefit. 可能是因为你的个体菌株需要事先被确认, 然后相应的直接饲喂微生物才能提供益处

32 Conclusion 总结 Biosecurity is the key to eliminating or reducing antibiotic usage. 生物安全是消除或减少抗生素使用量的关键 Keep the pigs healthy!!! 保持猪只健康!!! Current production practices have limited the need for high amounts of feed grade antimicrobials. 当前生产实践已经限制了巨量饲料级抗生素的需求 Resist the urge to alter the diet or add expensive feed additives. 呼吁抵制抗生素, 导致饲料日粮的改变或添加昂贵的饲料添加剂 In dirty environments, only add enough fiber to reduce diarrhea prevalence but not growth performance. 在肮脏的环境, 只有添加足够纤维才能降低腹泻率, 但是不能提高生产成绩 Evidence is sparse for increasing nutrient requirements during an immune challenge in commercial production. 证据表明商品猪生产中受到免疫应激时, 要提高相应的营养需求

33 THANK YOU

PowerPoint Presentation

PowerPoint Presentation Considerations in Nutrition and Management for starting Weaned Pigs 断奶仔猪营养和管理要点 Kyle Coble, Ph.D. Senior Manager of Production Strategies Swine Nutritionist New Fashion Pork Jackson, MN, USA Leman China