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3 ( N ) N N m T = x= y= x 2 y( yv r ( y) ( z) ) V + r y ( z) ( x) z= x V( z) Z r( z)

4 t t = A λ + B P i λ 2 λ = 2 N 2 ( n k )( N k) λ2 = n( n )( n k) P exp{ exp[ ( t a ) / b ]} E i i

5 2 2 µ i = Ini /( α β rinp), σ i = ( Ini)[ r( Inp) ]/( α β r( Inp) * * t = a b In( Inp ) i i 3

6 H ) t = H 0 ( / 2N e

7 N MK 2 = e K + V / K = + N 4L M K T (4L F K L ) m br m m = e m br N L N f K L N e = M br + M Nr + F br + F nr br f f

8 2 N = 4πρa F F F e Gt t t N e = [ ( ) ] 2 2N H = H i= Rs e( i) t t 0 / 2 N e ( i ) ] i = [ k

11 Allendorf F W and Leary R E 986 Heterozygosity and fitness in natural populationof animal In Soule M E (ed ) Conservation Biology A Science of Scarcity and Diver-sity Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates Belovsky G 987 Extinction models and mammalian persistence In soule M E (ed ) Viable Population for Conservation Cambridge Cambridge University Press Berger J 990 Persistence of different-sized populations an empirical assessment of rapid extinctions in Bighorn Sheep Conservation Biology 4 (l) 9-98 Brown J H 97 Mammals on mountaintops nonequilibrium insular biogeography

12 Amer Nat Burgman M et al 992 Shrews in suburbia an application of Goodman's extinction model Biological Conservation Diamond J M 975a Assmebly of species communities In Cody M L and Diamond, J M (ed ) Ecology and Evolution of Communities The Beckrap Press of Harvard University Diamond J M 975b The island dilemma lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves Biol Conserv (7) Ehrlich P R 965 The population biology of the butterfly(euphydryas editha)ii the structure of the Jasper ridge colony Evolution Ehrlich P R et al 975 Checkerspot butterflies a historical perspective Science, Ewens W J et al 987 MVP size in the presence of catastrophe In Soule M E (ed ) Viabie Population for Conservation Cambridge Cambridge University Press Frankel O H and M E Soule 98 Conservation and Evolution Cambridge Cambridge University Press Franklin I A 980 Evolutionary change in small populations In M E Soule and B A Wilcox(eds ) Conservation Biology An Evolutionary-Ecological Ferspective Sun-derland Mass Sinauer Associates Gilpin M E 957 Spatial structure and population vulnerability In Soule M E (ed ) Viable Population for Conservation Cambridge Cambridge University Press Gilpin M E and Soule M E 986 Minimum viable population the processes of species extinctions In Soule M E (ed ) Conservation Biology the Science of Scarcityand Diversity Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates 3-34 Ginzburg L R et al 990 Reconsturctibility of density dependence and the conservation assessment of extinction risks Conservation Biology 4(l) Goodman D 987 The demography of chance extinction In Soule M E (ed ) Viable Population for Conservation Cambridge Cambridge University Press -34 Grumbine R E 990 Viable population reserve size and federal lands management a critique Conservation Biology 4(2) Howe R W and Davis G J 99 The demographic significance of "sink" population Biological Conservation Koenig W D 988 On determination of viable population size in birds and mammals Wildl Soc Bull Lacava J and Hughes J 984 Determining minimum viable population levels Wildl, Soc Bull Lande R and Barrowclough G F 987 Effective population size genetic variation,

13 and their use in population managemaent In Soule M E (ed ) Viable Population for Conservation Cambridge Cambridge University Press Ledig F T 986 Heterozygosity heterosis and fitness in outbreeding plants In Soule M E (ed ) Conservation Biology A Science of Scarcity and Diversity Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates Mace G M and Lande R 99 Assessing extinction threats toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories Conservation Biology 5(2):48-57 Moore N W 962 The heaths of dorset and their conservation J Ecol 50: Murphy D D et al 990 An environment-metapopulation approach to population viability analysis for a threatened invertebrate Conservation Biology 4(l):4-5 Newmark W D 985 Legal and biotic boundaries of Western North American national parks a problem of congruence Biological Conservation 33: Noss R F 990 Can we maintain biological and ecological integrity? Conservation Biology 4(3): Patterson B D and Atmar W 986 Nested subsets and structure of insular mammalian faunas and archipelagos Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28:65-82 Ralls K et al 986 Inbreeding in natural populations of birds and mammals In Soule,M E (ed ) Conservation Biology A Science of Scarity and inversity Sunderland,Mass Sinauer Associates Reddingius J and Boer P J D 970 Simulation experiments illustrating stabilization of animal numbers by spreading of risk Oecologia 5: Reed J M et al 986 Determining minimum population sizes for birds and mammals Wildl Soc Bull 4: Richterk Dyn N and Goel N S 972 On the extinction of a colonizing species Theor Pop Biof 3: Roff D A 974a The analysis of a population model demonstrating the importance of dispersal in a heterogeneous environment Oecologia 5: Roff D A 974b Spatial heterogeneity and the persistence of population Oecologia, 5: Samson F B et al 985 On determining and managing minimum population size Wildl Soc Bull 3(4): Schonewald-Cox C M 983 Guidelines to management a beginning attempt In C M Schonewald-Cox et al (eds) Genetics and Conservation Benjamin Commings Menlo Park Calif Seal U S et al 990a Bali Starling Viability Analysis and Species Survival Plan Workshop Report Captive Breeding Specialist Group Species Surrival Commission/IUCN Seal U S et al 990b Florida Key Deer Population Viability Assessment Captive Breeding Specialist Group Species Survival Commission/IUCN Shaffer,M L 98 Minimum population sizes for species conservation BioScience 3

14 (2):3-34 Shaffer M L 987 Minimum viable populations coping with uncertainty In Soule, M E (ed ) Viable Population for Conseroation Cambridge Cambridge University Press Shaffer M L 990 Population viability analysis Consereatzon Biology 4(l):39-40 Shaffer M L and Samson F B 985 Population size and extinction a note on determining critical population sizes Amer Nat 25:44-52 Simberloff D 988 The contribution of population and community biology to conservation science Ann Rer Ecol Syst 9:473-5 Soule E M 987a Introduction In Soule M E (ed ) Viable Population for Conservation Cambridge Cambridge University Press -9 Soule M E 987b Where do we go from here? in Soule M E (ed ) Viable Population for Conservation Cambridge Cambridge University Press Soule M L and D Simberloff 986 What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserve? Biological Conservatzon 35:9-40 Suchy W J et al 985 New estimates of minimum viable population size for grizzly bears of the yellowstone ecosystem Wildl Soc Bull 3(3): Thomas C D 990 What do real population dynamics tell us about minimum viable population sizes Conservation Biology 4(3): WWF 990 Importance of Biological Diversity WWF

CC-04.PDF

CC-04.PDF ) / 1 (1 ) ( m e p p p m dt dp = dp = m( 1 p) ep dt e m m p + = Andrewartha H G & Brieh L G 1954 The Dstribution of Abundance of Animals Chicago Univer-sity of Chicago Press Boorman S A & Levitt P