5 : 979 ( GAM E/ Ti2 bet, ) ( CAMP/ Tibet, ),,, [9-17 ] (Simultaneous Heat and Water, SHA W) Flerchinger [18 ] 1989, Flerchinger [

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1 No. 5 Vol PLA TEAU M ETEOROLO GY October, 2009 : (2009) , 1, 3, 4 (1., ; 2. -, ; 3., ; 4., ) : (CAMP/ Tibet) BJ (Simultaneous Heat and Water, SHAW),, SHAW,,,,, Bowen : ; SHAW ; : P404 : A 1,, 25,, 4000 m,, [1 ],,,, GCM, (Q XPM EX, ; TIPEX, [2-3 ],, [4 ],,, [5 ],,,, ( ), [6-7 ] 8 ), [8 ],,,,,,, : ; : : (29O827B11) ; ( ) ( ) ; (973) (2005CB422004) : (1983 ),,,,. E2mail : iap. ac. cn

2 5 : 979 ( GAM E/ Ti2 bet, ) ( CAMP/ Tibet, ),,, [9-17 ] (Simultaneous Heat and Water, SHA W) Flerchinger [18 ] 1989, Flerchinger [19-21 ] SHAW, [22 ], [23 ], [ 24 ], [25 ], [26 ], SHA W SHAW, SHA W CAMP/ Tibet BJ SHAW,, SHA W 2 SHA W ( 1) : (1) ; (2) ; (3) Tk ; Stefan - Boltzman ; [33 ] ac,, ( ) s = dexp [ - a l ], (1) 1 SHAW Fig. 1 The physical system described by the SHAW Model d ; l ; a, sp = Cv d 1/ 2 s, (2) Cv ; ds, Li = ac T 4 k, (3) : Rn + H + L v E + G = 0, (4)

3 Rn ( W m - 2 ), H ( W m - 2 ), L v E ( W m - 2 ), G ( W m - 2 ), L v (J kg - 1 ), E ( kg m - 2 s), (1), (1) SHAW ( ),,,,,,, SHAW ; ; ;,,, SHA W, ; ( Hydraulic parameter), 3 CAMP/ Tibet BJ BJ, N, E, 4509 m,,, 4 5 cm [13 ] CAMP/ Tibet - AMS : (1. 0, 5 10 m), (10 m), (8. 2 m 1 m), (8. 2 m 1. 0 m),,, ( ) ( ),, (0, - 4, - 10, cm), ( - 4 cm - 20 cm), ( - 10 cm - 20 cm),, ; CAMP/ Tibet - SM TMS : ( - 4, - 20, - 40, - 60, - 80, - 100, - 130, - 160, - 200, cm), ( - 4, - 20, - 60, - 100, - 160, cm) ,, 8 1,, BJ,,, [13 ], m [27 ], 1 km MODIS ( ftp :/ / primavera. bu. edu/ p ub/ dataset s/, ), 12, 0, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 130, 160, 200, 250 cm, [16 ], 4, 20, 60, 100, 160 cm SM TMS, 3. 2 SHAW,, : ( ) (mp h) ( %) ( ) (inches) (g cm - 3 ) ( W m - 2 ) CAMP/ Tibet - AMS, [16 ] AMS ( N, E, 4508 m) BJ ( N, E, 4509 m), BJ AWS, ( p < 0. 01, n = 92) ( 2), BJ

4 5 : 981 AWS 10, > 1 mm 3,, ( 120 ), BJ,, BJ,, 3 ( ) BJ AWS Fig. 2 Comparison of the observed precipitation from AWS at BJ site and Naqu meteorological station in (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) Fig. 3 Input forcing data of the model in period of simlation. (a) temperature, (b) wind speed, (c) specific humidity, (d) precipitation, (e) downward solar radiation 4. 1,,, W m - 2,,, 1 1, 1 1,, W m - 2, 1 1,, 4, ( p < 0. 01, n = 396) ( 1), ;, 0. 93,, W m - 2, W m - 2,, 1 Table 1 Comparison of bias of the simulated and observed surface energy flux / ( W m - 2 ) / ( W m - 2 )

5 (a), (b), (c), (d) Fig. 4 The observed and simutlated daily mean surface energy flux. (a) shortwave net radiation, (b) longwave net radiation, (c) net radiation, (d) soil heat flux, : (1) BJ, [28 ], (2) MODIS 1 km, ; (3) [29 ], ( (1) (3) ) 5,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 2 [30 ] : G0 gc( sfc 9T sfc + 5cm 9T 5cm + 10cm 9T 10cm) / 9t + G10cm, (5), sfc = m, 5cm = m, 10cm = m, G0, G10cm 10 cm, T4cm T5cm ; gc, : gc = Cdry + liq cliq 4cm, (6), liq = kg m - 3 K - 1, cliq = J kg - 1, 4cm 4cm, Cdry ( = kg m - 3 K - 1 ) G0

6 5 : :, L :, 4 Fig. 5 Comparison of the simulated and observed daily mean surface energy. Dashed line represent s isoline, L represent s regression line. Others are the same as Fig. 4 4,,, W m ( p < 0. 01, n = 396), 2. 3 W m - 2 ( 1) ( 5),,,,,,, 1 1, 1 18 (4),, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1 ( 3d) ;, 4. 3 Bowen,, 1 1,,,, 1 1,, Ma [31 ] BJ ( 6a b),, : :00 ( 7),, ( p < 0. 01, n

7 (a) (b) Bowen (c) Fig. 6 The simulated sensible heat flux (a), latent heat flux (b) and Bowen ratio (c) = 146), W m - 2 ( 2) 7c d,,,,,,, 2 Table 2 Comparison of bias of the simulated and observed sensible and latent heat fluxes / ( W m - 2 ) / ( W m - 2 ) ,,,,,,,, ;,, [1 ], 6 [29 ],,,,,, ( 6b), 2, 10, W m - 2, 1 1, 1 20, 20, 4 (, ) 3 1, 7 26, 3 1 5, Bowen Bowen ( 6c), , Bowen ,, , Bowen 1,, [32-33 ] Bowen > 1,,, ( 6a),, 10, Bowen,, Bowen,, , 5 10, Bowen >, 20 1, ,, Bowen 1, Bowen < 1,, ,

8 5 : (a), (b), (c), (d), :, L : Fig. 7 Hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux and their comparisons. (a) sensible heat flux, (b) latent heat flux, (c) comparison of the sensible heat flux, (d) comparison of the latent heat flux. Dashed line represent s isoline, L represent s regression line 5 CAMP/ Tibet BJ SHAW, BJ, : (1),,, W m - 2, W m - 2,,, W m - 2 (2) SHAW, 0. 86, ;, 0. 93, W m - 2, W m , 2. 3 W m - 2,,, 0. 92, W m - 2,,,,, SHA W BJ Bowen, 11

9 , 6 10, 5 10 (3) ,,,, 20,, (4),,, SHA W,, ; ;, 0, [34 ], SHA W,,, SHA W ( RegCM3), : [1 ],. [ M ]. :, 1979 : [ 2 ],. [J ]., 2005, 24 (1) : 9-15 [ 3 ],,. - GAME/ Tibet CAMP/ Tibet [ J ]., 2006, 25 (2) : [ 4 ] Tanaka K, H Ishikawa, H Hayashi, et al. Surface energy budget at Amdo on Tibetan Plateau using GAME/ Tibet IOP98 data [J ]. J Meteor Soc Japan, 2001, 79 (1B) : [ 5 ],,,. [J ]., 2000, 24 (5) : [ 6 ],,. [J ]., 2003, 46 (3) : [ 7 ] Yang M, T Yao, X Gou. The soil moisture distribution, t ha2 wing2freezing processes and their effects on the seasonal transi2 tion on the Qinghai2Xizang ( Tibetan ) Plateau [ J ]. J Asian Eart h Sciences, 2003, 21 : [ 8 ],. [J ]., 2006, 17 (6) : [ 9 ],. [J ]., 2002, 26 (3) : [ 10 ],,,. [J ]., 2003, 25 (5) : [ 11 ],,,. [J ]., 2003, 22 (5) : [12 ],,. [J ]., 2003, 22 (2) : [ 13 ] Gao Z Q, N Chae, J Kim, et al. Modeling of surface energy partitioning, surface temperature and soil wetness in the Ti2 betan prairie using t he Simple Biosphere Model 2 (SiB2) [J ]. J Geophys Res, 2004, 109 : D06102 [ 14 ],,. [J ]., 2008, 27 (2) : [ 15 ]. [J ]., 2007, 29 (1) : [ 16 ],,,. CoL M BJ [J ]., 2008, 27 (2) : [ 17 ],. RegCM3 : [J ]., 2008, 30 (2) : [ 18 ] Flerchinger C L, C L Hanson. Modeling soil freezing and t ha2 wing on a rangeland watershed [ J ]. Transactions of the ASA E. 1989, 32 (5) : [ 19 ] Flerchenger G N, J M Baker, E J A Spaans. A Test of t he Ra2 diative Energy Balance of the SHAW Model for Snowcover[J ]. Hydrological Processes, 1996a, 10 : [ 20 ] Flerchinger G N, C L Hanson, J R Wight. Modeling evapo2 transpiration and surface energy budgets across a watershed [J ]. Water Resources Res, 1996b, 32 (8) : [ 21 ] Flerchinger G N, W P Kustas, M A Weltz. Simulating surface energy fluxes and radiometric surface temperatures for two arid vegetation communities using the SHAW model [J ]. J Appl Meteor, 1997, 37 : [ 22 ]. - - [J ]., 2004, 34 (6) : [23 ],,. SHAW [J ]., 2005, 25 (7) : [24 ]. SHAW [J ]., 2007, 23 (11) : 1-7

10 5 : 987 [25 ]. SHAW [ D]., 2007 [ 26 ],,. [J ]., 2008, 30 (2) : [ 27 ] Ma Y M, O Tsukamoto, J M Wang, et al. Analysis of aerody2 namic and thermodynamic parameters on the grassy marshland surface of Tibetan Plateau [ J ]. Progress in Nature Science, 2002, 12 (1) : [ 28 ] Yang M, T Yao. The spatially heterogeneous distribution of precipitation of the Anduo area, Tibetan Plateau, in summer 1998[J ]. Hydrological Science Journal, 2007, 52 (4) : [29 ] Yang M, T Yao, X Gou, et al. Diurnal freeze/ t haw cycles of the ground surface on the Tibetan Plateau[J ]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2007, 52 (1) : [ 30 ] Tanaka K, I Tamagawa, H Ishikawa, et al. Surface energy budget and closure of the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the GAME - Tibet IOP 1998 [J ]. J Hydrology, 2003, 283 : [ 31 ] Ma Y, S Fan, H Ishikawa, et al. Diurnal and inter2mont hly variation of land surface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau area [J ]. Theor Appl Climato, 2004, 80 : [ 32 ],,,. [J ]., 2004, 62 (5) : [ 33 ],,. [J ]., 2008, 27 (1) : 1-9 [ 34 ] Flerchinger. The simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model : Technical documentation [ R ]. North Watershed Research Center USDA Agricultural Research Service. 2000, 9 Analysis on Simulation of Characteristic of Land Surface Energy Flux in Seasonal Frozen Soil Region of Central Tibetan Plateau GUO Dong2lin 1-2, YAN G Mei2xue 1, L I Min 3, QU Peng 4 (1. Col d and A ri d Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese A cademy of Sciences, L anz hou , China; 2. N ansen2zhu International Research Centre, Institute of A tmospheric Physics, Chinese A cadem y of Sciences, Beijing , China; 3. International Centre f or Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of A tmospheric Physics, Chinese A cademy of Sciences, Beijing , China; 4. Gansu Geographic Inf ormation Centre, L anz hou , China) Abstract : U sing t he observed BJ site data from CEOP Asia2Australia Monson Project on the Tibetan Plateau (CAMP, ) from 1 August 2002 to 31 August 2003, t he land surface energy flux char2 acteristics in seaso nal f rozen soil regio n of cent ral Tibetan Plateau were simulated by t he Simultaneo us Heat and Water (SHA W) model. The model closely capt ures t he pattern of t he surface energy flux, in2 cluding net short wave radiation, net long wave radiation, net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux. Net short wave radiation and net long wave radiation were simulated well. The simu2 lated result s of net radiation and soil heat flux during summer half year were also well, but t hat of t hem during winter half year is slightly larger t han t he o bserved. The simulated sensible heat and latent heat flux have a reaso nable seaso nal change. Furt hermore, t he Bowen ratio calculated by simulated sensible heat and latent heat can indicate energy conversion of solar radiation during different seasons. Key words : Tibetan Plateau ; SHAW model ; Land surface energy flux