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1 43 3 Vol.43, No OCEANOLOGIA ET LIMNOLOGIA SINICA May, 2012 * ( ) 6, : (1), POM ; (2) POM,,, / ; /,, ; (3) 9,,, /,,, P731,, (, 2000),, (, 1989;, 2004;, 2006) ( 筰, 1992) (2001),, ; (2002),, ; (2001) 1983, ; (2007) HAMSOM 鳀,,, 鳀 ; (2011) FVCOM,,, Johnson (2001), ; Moon (2010) ROMS ( ), 70%,,,,,, * (973), 2011CB403606, 2010CB ;, , akamefan@qq.com :,,, weihao@ouc.edu.cn : , :

2 636 43, (POM) (NEMO),,,, POM t 0 (x 0, y 0 ),, V x V y, ( t = 12h) : x 1 = x 0 + V x t, y 1 = y 0 + V y t, 1.2 Princeton Ocean Model (POM), Guo (2003), ( : M 2 S 2 K 1 O 1 ), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO),, (1 ) (1/4 ),,, (, 2011) 1) 1.3 (, 2009; Yoon et al, 2008;, 2009; Kawahara et al, 2006),, ( 4911, 1),,,, 50m ( 1), 1, Fig.1 The releasing areas and statistics division of particles, 1999 : (m); 2003, 3 4 ; (, 2004); 5 (, 2008) 2) ; 5, 6, (, 2004;, 2005;, ) ); (2008) 2), 6 4 5, 8 9,, 4, 3 5,, 9 30 NEMO, POM,,, (Graham et al, 2001),,, 12h 1), :, ), :, 1 130

3 (, 2009; Yoon et al, 2008;, 2009; Kawahara et al, 2006),, ( 4911, 1),,,, 50m ( 1), 1, Fig.

3 3期 637 罗晓凡等: 黄东海水母质点追踪影响因素分析在表层, 12h 在底层, 忽略其它细节表层追踪时间步 (1) NEMO 模式中, 苏北浅滩释放的质点随流南下, 长与含垂直运动过程的质点追踪步长都设为 12h 在 6 月中旬开始通过朝鲜/对马海峡继续东移, 最后全部进入日本海; 海州湾质点部分向东北运移, 部分 2 结果 2.1 不同水动力模型的质点追踪模拟应用两个模式的环流结果, 分别从 3 月 1 日 4 被冷水团环流(苏纪兰等, 1995)向黄海北部推移, 约月 1 日 5 月 1 日开始追踪表层质点, 此部分仅对两海州湾和苏北浅滩质点在释放后大部分向偏北方向个模式 4 月初释放质点的空间分布进行比较分析移动并逐渐向外海扩散, 在 6 月部分质点随着东南向随南黄海中部一股较强的东南向海流运移, 但 7 月末从两个模式质点运移与分布(图 2)可以看出两者最显著的差异在于海州湾与苏北浅滩质点的路径: 图2 15%的海州湾质点进入了日本海 (2) POM 模式中, 海流向朝鲜海峡运移, 8 9 月份, 质点随冷水团环流向西聚集不同释放区表层质点在 4 9 月月末的空间分布 Fig.2 Distribution of surface particles from each releasing area in late April September 注: 质点的颜色含义与图 1 中释放区颜色一致; 等值线表示水深(m); a f 为 NEMO 模式结果; g l 为 POM 模式结果

在 6 月部分质点随着东南向随南黄海中部一股较强的东南向海流运移, 但 7 月末从两个模式质点运移与分布(图 2)可以看出两者最显著的差异在于海州湾与苏北浅滩质点的路径: 图2 15%的海州湾质点进入了日本海 (2) POM 模式中, 海流向朝鲜海峡运移, 8 9 月份, 质点随冷水团环流向西聚集不同释放区表层质点在 4

4 638 海洋与湖 43 卷沼 NEMO 模式不含潮汐过程, 表层流偏强, 水体混因质点每天有一半时间随底层流运动, 所有释合较弱, 因此不能很好地模拟出由于潮混合造成的放区质点运移速度较表层质点运移速度大大放慢下黄海潮汐锋以及清晰的黄海冷水团环流其模拟的长面以 4 月初释放质点为例分析: (1) 海州湾质点释放江冲淡水扩展区偏北, 北上的冲淡水与高盐海水由后大部分沿山东半岛沿岸北上, 5 月末该区南部质点于密度差异造成等压面相对于等势面倾斜, 在科氏力的作用下, 形成较强的流向东南方向的密度流(冯士筰等, 1999) 因此海州湾以及苏北浅滩释放的质点多数随该流运移, 苏北浅滩释放的质点很快进入朝鲜海峡, 沿着朝鲜半岛南部沿岸进入日本海, 没有继续向北运移的质点, 而近年已有研究表明夏季黄海浅于 30m 的环流是顺风向北的(刘志亮等, 2009) 此外, 2008 年青岛外海暴发的浒苔最早暴发现于 5 月底的黄海中部(乔方利等, 2008), 在表层风海流驱动下, 浒苔向北漂浮据黄海水产研究所北斗号 6 月 9 16 日对青岛以南黄海海域的调查, 在黄海 E N 范围海域发现大量浒苔, 6 月下旬大规模浒苔水华开始在山东半岛外海, 调查结果表明青岛浒苔源自 N 的黄海沿岸, 即苏北近岸 1) 乔方利等(2011)从动力学角度分析认为浒苔可能源于苏北浅滩; 易俊陶等(2009)指出渔民 4 5 月份在盐城沿海作业时发现少量浒苔; 郑向阳等 (2011)基于 FVCOM 模式对表层质点追踪, 通过与遥感影像对比, 也证实了青岛浒苔源于苏北近岸的结论而本文所用的 NEMO 模式, 对苏北浅滩处表层质点追踪结果显示, 在密度流的作用下, 没有质点北上, 6 月末以后大部分质点已不存在于黄东海, 这与浒苔运移路径相悖, 而 POM 模式苏北浅滩质点虽没有到达青岛近岸, 但其部分质点向东北方向运移至山东半岛外海, 这可能是受采用气候态数据进行模拟的影响, 从整体上看, 与浒苔漂浮路径较为一致因此, 采用含潮汐混合和潮汐非线性效应的动力模式进行质点追踪更为可靠 2.2 含昼夜垂直移动的质点追踪模拟水螅水母纲管水母目和钵水母纲的水母普遍存在受光调制的昼夜垂直迁移现象, 水母白天下沉到水体底层, 夜间上浮到水体表层(Graham et al, 2001) 我国夏秋季节在黄东海大量暴发的水母均属钵水母纲的沙海蜇和霞水母(张芳等, 2009), 因此考虑到水母这一生物特性, 本文基于 POM 模式设计质点垂向运动, 质点追踪分布结果如图 3 所示图3 不同释放区包含垂直运动的质点在 4 9 月月末的空间分布 Fig.3 Distribution of particles from each releasing area with vertical movement in late April September 注: 质点的颜色含义与图 1 中释放区颜色一致; 等值线表示水深(m) 1)

的环流是顺风向北的(刘志亮等, 2009) 此外, 2008 年青岛外海暴发的浒苔最早暴发现于 5 月底的黄海中部(乔方利等, 2008), 在表层风海流驱动下, 浒苔向北漂浮据黄海水产研究所北斗号 6 月 9 16 日对青岛以南黄海海域的调查, 在黄海 120 30 122 00 E 33 30 36 00 N 范围海域发现大量浒苔, 6 月下旬大规模浒苔水华开始在山东半岛外海, 调查

5 3 : 639, 8, 2% ; (2), 8 9, (, 1985;, 1993; Chen, 2009) ; (3), m, 9 50m, / ; (4), ; (5),, 9 ; (6) / 2.3 POM,, (3 4 5 ) 5 ( 1): 34 N, E A ; 34 N, B ; 30 N 34 N, E C ; 30 N, E D, E, E /, ( 1) : (1),, A, C D, D, B, E, 3 4 ; (2),, A, B / ;, ; 3, 6% E, 4 5 E, 90% D, 10% C ; 3 18%, 4 5 ;, C, / NEMO POM 表 1 不同释放时间各个释放区质点在 9 月末空间分布的分区统计 Tab.1 The statistics of particles from different released times and areas in late September A B C D E

1 NEMO POM 表 1 不同释放时间各个释放区质点在 9 月末空间分布的分区统计 Tab.

6 640 43, POM,, Moon (2010) ROMS, NEMO, Moon (2010) 70%,,, 3.2, POM, () ( 3f) , ( 4 3f)(, 2008) 1), 2011, ( 4 3p)(, 2008) 1),, ( 3b) , N, (, 2005, 1, 3), ( 3c, f) (, 2000),,, / ,,, 3 : (1),,, /,, ; (2) 3 /,,, 3, 4, 3, 3,,,,, 5 3, / (3) (, 1991),,,,,,,,,, /,,,,,,, 4,,, 1), :, 1 130

3b) 1999 2004, 6 30 30 33 00 N, (, 2005, 1, 3), ( 3c, f) (, 2000),,, / 3.

7 3 : 641,, /, 2011, 2009,,,,,, 致谢郭新宇博士为本研究提供 POM 模式数据, 鹿有余博士为本研究提供 NEMO 模式数据以及在本研究过程中给予大力支持和帮助, 谨致谢忱,, , 27(2): 筰,, :, 筰,,, :, ,,, , 26(3): ,,, , 56(18): ,,, , 19(3): 15 17,, , 7(2): 51 59,, , 31(2): 1 7,, , 32(1): ,,, , 26(1): 9 12,, , 26(5)( ): 1 7,,, , 19(2): ,, :, 65 95,,, , 28( 1): 57 58,,, , 31(5): ,,, , 35(7): 82 87,,, , 33(1): 23 29, , 16(6): , , 13(5): ,,, , 19(1): 1 8, , 52(5): ,,, , 25(3): ,,, , 28(10): ,,, 鳀., 37(3): ,, , 1: 1 7 Chen C T, Chemical and physical fronts in the Bohai, Yellow and East China seas. Journal of Marine Systems, 78: Graham W M, Pagès F, Hamner W M, A physical context for gelatinous zooplankton aggregations: a review. Hydrobiologia, 451: Guo X Y, Hukuda H, Miyazawa Y et al, A Triply Nested Ocean Model for Simulating the Kuroshio Roles of Horizontal Resolution on JEBAR. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33: Johnson D R, Perry H M, Burke W D, Developing jellyfish strategy hypotheses using circulation models. Hydrobiologia, 451: Kawahara M, Uye S I, Ohtsu K, Unusual population explosion of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) in East Asian waters. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 207: Moon J H, Pang I C, Yang J Y et al, Behavior of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai in the East China Sea and East/Japan Sea during the summer of 2005: A numerical model approach using a particle-tracking experiment. Journal of Marine Systems, 80: Yoon W D, Yang J Y, Shim M B et al, Physical processes influencing the occurrence of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) around Jeju Island, Korea. Journal of Plankton Research, 30(3):

.., 32(1): 94 100,,, 2004.., 26(1): 9 12,, 1995.., 26(5)( ): 1 7,,, 2009.., 19(2): 121 130,, 2000.. :, 65 95,,, 2009. 2008., 28( 1): 57 58,,, 2004.., 31(5): 224 227,,, 2011. 2008., 35(7): 82 87,,, 2002.

8 PROCESSES INFLUENCING JELLYFISH PARTICLE TRACKING IN THE YELLOW SEA AND EAST CHINA SEA LUO Xiao-Fan, WEI Hao, WANG Yu-Heng (College of Marine Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, ) Abstract Particle-tracking based on numerical model can provide estimates to drifting pathways and help us understand processes that influence jellyfish gathering and blooming. We released particles in six areas on March 1, April 1 and May 1, respectively, and tracked them until September 30. The following results were obtained. (1) By comparing the tracking of surface particles based on the hydrodynamic model excluding tides and including tides, we found that the temporal and spatial distribution of particles simulated by POM was more reliable. (2) On the basis of POM driven by tides and climatologic forcing and the diel vertical movement, particles drifted more slowly, and less of them entered the Korea/Tsushima Strait compared with the simulation without diel vertical movement. Nearly all of the particles released near the Jeju Island flowed through the Korea/Tsushima Strait and entered the Japan Sea while particles released in the other areas spread widely in the southern Yellow Sea and inner-middle shelf of the East China Sea. The simulated particles mainly aggregated near tidal fronts in the Yellow Sea and along the coastal front in the south of the Yangtze Estuary. (3) We analyzed the final positions of particles released in different months. The particles (i.e. larva medusa) released at an earlier time tended to reach the Korea/Tsushima Strait. Key words Drifting of the giant jellyfish, Particle-tracking, Dynamic process, Yellow Sea and East China Sea ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2011 年度海洋与湖沼动态 (1) 2011 ; 1.404, ; 18 (2) 2011 (3) 2011

gathering and blooming. We released particles in six areas on March 1, April 1 and May 1, respectively, and tracked them until September 30. The following results were obtained.

~ a 3 h NCEP ~ 24 3 ~ ~ 8 9 ~ km m ~ 500 m 500 ~ 800 m 800 ~ m a 200

~ a 3 h NCEP ~ 24 3 ~ ~ 8 9 ~ km m ~ 500 m 500 ~ 800 m 800 ~ m a 200 31 1 2013 3 Journal of Arid Meteorology Vol. 31 No. 1 March 2013. J. 2013 31 1 62-69. doi 10. 11755 /j. issn. 1006-7639 2013-01 - 0062 211101 2000 ~ 2010 3 h 2. 5 2. 5 NCEP 2 5 ~ 7 02 11 05 ~ 08 2 ~ 8