20 1 (eingeboren) 2 ; 3 ; Ferenc Fehér Lukács in Weimar in Lukács Revalued edited by Heller Oxford: Blackwell 1983 p : : Gy 觟 r

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1 Philosophical Analysis Vol.1 No.4 Dec : : ; ; ; : B507 : A : (2010) : : 124

2 20 1 (eingeboren) 2 ; 3 ; Ferenc Fehér Lukács in Weimar in Lukács Revalued edited by Heller Oxford: Blackwell 1983 p : : Gy 觟 rgy Márkus Life and the Soul: the Young Lukács and the Problem of Culture in Lukács Revalued p Ibid. p :

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10 Philosophical Analysis Remarks on the Idea of Universal History in the Wake of Kant Thomas McCarthy Abstract: We try to present some remarks on the idea of universal history in the wake of Kant. Our reflections start from the premise that it can be no part of thinking about the global present in terms of the universal-historical past and with an eye to a practically projected future that we try to justify the historical record of humankind s horrific inhumanity by pointing to desirable outcomes or in any other way. I shall begin (I) with some reflections on the philosophy of history in the eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries and then offer (II) some thoughts on the dialectic of progress in those philosophies and in the general theories of social change that succeeded them. The major burden of these two sections is to sort out what is living and what is dead in developmental thinking and to get clearer about the costs and benefits of progress. I shall conclude with(iii) some remarks on the contemporary discourse of global modernity from the perspective of the preceding critical-historical reflections. Key words: philosophy of history; the idea of universal history; dialectic of progress; contemporary discourse of global modernity Personal Givenness and Cultural A prioris Anthony J. Steinbock Abstract: I treat the phenomenological notion of givenness and in particular the necessity of taking into account personal givenness where culture is concerned(1). After examining the notion of person and describing culture in terms of the collective person (2) I take up the notion of cultural a prioris (3). Finally I develop the issue of intercultural a prioris with an example of an intercultural relation of West and East respectively in terms of the personal structure of Generativity and emptiness(4). Key words: a priori; culture; generativity; givenness; person; Scheler Practical or Special Ethics? Reflection on the Nature of Applied Ethics as a Discipline LUO Ya-ling Abstract: Applied ethics is always regarded as applied or practical ethics in contrast to theoretical ethics or ethical theory a new paradigm of the ethics or an interdiscipline beyond the realm of ethics. This opinion is based on a misunderstanding of ethics and its concept of application. Applied ethics as a discipline addresses ethical issues in special fields. And as such it is different from general ethics but still remains in the realm of ethics. Key words: applied ethics; ethics; application Critical Theory about Everyday Life from the Aesthetic Perspective DU Hong-yan Abstract: Lukács critical theory of everyday life is a microscopic exploration of human alienation from the aesthetic perspective. It reveals that alienation has infiltrated into the experiential aspects of life in advanced industrial societies and become more serious when non -daily life deviated from everyday life and failed to go back which finally caused the 195

11 Abstracts stagnant status of the latter. According to Lukács the only hope for the retracement of nondaily life lies in art which is connected with everyday life in a subtle way even though they have been separated. Key words: everyday life; non-daily life; aesthetic; art Do the Computational Discovery Systems Demonstrate an Empirical Refutation of the Strong Programme? An Analysis of the Debate Arising out of the Computer Simulation of Scientific Discovery WANG Xiao-hong Abstract: Computationalists took the computational discovery systems in AI as an empirical refutation to the strong programme. This brought forth a debate on whether scientific discoveries were totally causally determined by social factors. This paper analyzes in details what the ideas of mentalism and sociologism on scientific discoveries are respectively and unfolds the key cause of their divergences is whether to distinguish two kinds of social contexts or not. That is intrinsic/extrinsic social factors. We give our viewpoints about the results and the meanings of this debate. Meanwhile through analyzing on the heuristics we conclude that AI system s rediscovery justified the rationality to distinguish two social factors. We could not separate the real scientist from the broader social contexts but we can do through the AI programs. Moreover AI programs can instantiate some results of those controversies in the long history of philosophical debating. Key words: scientific discovery; strong programme; artificial intelligence (AI) Rational Belief and New Interpretation of Keynesian Revolution: Research based on Keynes s A Treatise on Probability ZHANG Xue-kui Abstact: In A Treatise on Probability Keynes has developed a logical theory of probability and created a new conception of reason i.e. rational belief. Essentially Keynesian revolution employs the rational belief assumption as a substitute for the complete rationality assumption to fight against new classical economics and makes way for modern macroeconomics. Key word: A Treatise on Probability; rational belief; the General Theory; Keynesian revolution 196

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1 4 2010 12 Philosophical Analysis Vol.1, No.4 Dec., 2010 :,, ; ;,, : ; ; ; ; : B821 : A : 2095-0047(2010)04-0100-15, :, (decisive) (not definitive),, 1, ( ), :, 2 :, ;, ;, ;,, 3 : (Anthony J. Steinbock),